Sredny Stog culture
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Dnieper-Donets culture | |
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The Sredny Stog culture (Russian: Среднесто́говская культу́ра, romanized: Srednestogovskaja kul'tura, Ukrainian: Середньостогівська культура, romanized: Serednʹostohivsʹka kulʹtura) is a pre-Kurgan archaeological culture from the 5th–4th millennia BC. It is named after the Dnieper river islet of today's Serednii Stih (Ukrainian: Середній Стіг; Russian: Средний Стог, romanized: Sredny Stog), Ukraine, where it was first located.[1]
Distribution
The Sredny Stog culture was situated across the Dnieper river along its shores, with sporadic settlements to the west and east.[2]
It seems to have had contact with the agricultural
Sites
One of the sites most associated with this culture is
Characteristics
The Sredny Stog people lived rather mobile lives. This was seen in their temporary settlements, particularly their dwellings, which were simple rectilinear structures.[7]
Burials
In its three largest cemeteries, Oleksandriia (39 individuals), Igren (17) and Deriivka II (14), evidence of burial in flat graves (ground level pits) has been found.[9][10] This parallels the practice of the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture, and is in contrast with the later Yamnaya culture, which practiced tumuli burials.
In Sredny Stog culture, the deceased were laid to rest on their backs with the legs flexed. The use of ochre in the burial was practiced, as with the kurgan cultures. For this and other reasons, Yuri Rassamakin suggests that the Sredny Stog culture should be considered as a real term, with at least four distinct cultural elements co-existing inside the same geographical area.
Language
In the context of the modified
It has been theorized that Cernavodă culture, together with the Sredny Stog culture, was the source of Anatolian languages and introduced them to Anatolia through the Balkans after Anatolian split from the Proto-Indo-Anatolian language, which some linguists and archaeologists place in the area of the Sredny Stog culture.[11][12][13] Other studies have suggested that the Indo-European language family may have originated not in Eastern Europe, but among West Asian populations south of the Caucasus.[14]
Guus Kroonen et al. 2022 found that the "basal Indo-European stage", also known as
Physical type
Examination of physical remains of the Sredny Stog people has determined that they were
Genetics
Mathieson et al. (2018) included a genetic analysis of a male buried at Olexandria (Ukraine) and dated to 4153-3970 calBC,
A preprint by Matilla et al. (2022) presented whole-genome analysis of a Sredny Stog individual, dated to 4320-4052 calBC, from the Deriivka II archaeological site in the Middle Dnieper Valley.[23] The authors conclude that a third of the genetic ancestry of the individual was derived from the local Neolithic Dnieper Valley ancestry, while the rest was of the Yamnaya-related steppe ancestry.
Another Eneolithic individual (4049-3945 calBC) carrying steppe ancestry, potentially from a Serednii Stig population, was identified at the Trypillian settlement of Kolomyitsiv Yar Tract (KYT) near Obykhiv in central Ukraine.[24] At the whole genome level, the KYT individual was close to the Yamnaya from Ukraine and Russia, without forming a clade with Yamnaya. The authors suggested that genetic ancestry of the KYT individual was plausibly derived from a proto-Yamnaya population, with admixture from Iron Gates Mesolithic.
The steppe ancestry, otherwise known as
Recent genetic research found the Yamnaya to be a result of admixture between EHGs, CHGs, Anatolian Neolithic farmers and Levantine Neolithic farmers, with the mixture happening between an EHG + CHG population (Sredny Stog-like) and a CHG-like (CHG + Anatolia Neolithic + Levant Neolithic) population with the admixture occurring around 4000BCE. [27][28][29]
Successors
The culture ended at around 3500 BC, when the Yamnaya culture expanded westward replacing Sredny Stog, and coming into direct contact with the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture culture in western Ukraine.
Notes
- ^ "[M]assive broad-faced proto-Europoid type is a trait of post-Mariupol’ cultures, Sredniy Stog, as well as the Pit-grave culture of the Dnieper’s left bank, the Donets, and Don. The features of this type are somewhat moderated in the western part of the steppe... All the anthropological types of the Pit-grave culture population have indigenous roots... The heir of the Neolithic Dnieper–Donets and Sredniy Stog cultures was the Pit-grave culture. Its population possessed distinct Europoid features, was tall, with massive skulls. The second component were the descendants of those buried in the Eneolithic cemetery of Khvalynsk. They are less robust."[16]
References
- ^ a b Telegin, Dmytro Yakovych (1973). Serednʹo-stogivsʹka kulʹtura epokhy midi (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka.
- ^ J. P. Mallory, In the search of Indo-Europeans, 1989 p. 198, Distribution of the Sredny Stog and Novodanilovka sites
- ^ "7,000 years ago, Neolithic optical art flourished – Technology & science – Science – DiscoveryNews.com". NBC News. 22 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2015-12-24.
- OCLC228808567. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
- ^ "Trypilian culture". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ^ Mallory, J.P., 1997. "Khvalynsk Culture", in Mallory, J.P., & Douglas Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago, p. 328.
- ISBN 0415215978.
- ISBN 9781405188951.
- ^ The Journal of Indo-European studies, Vol 18, p. 18
- ^ Рассамакін, Ю.Я. (2017). "Могильники Ігрень (Огрінь) 8 та Олександрія доби енеоліту". Археологія. 4: 26–48.
- PMID 36223379.
- ^ Краткая история освоения индоевропейцами Европы (in Russian)
- OCLC 1102387902.
- PMID 36007055.
- PMID 36223379.
- ^ Kuzmina 2007, pp. 383–384.
- ^ Mallory 1991, p. 201.
- ^ a b Mathieson 2018.
- ^ a b c Anthony 2019a, pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Anthony 2019b, pp. 36–37.
- ^ David Reich Lab, (October 2021), "Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): Downloadable genotypes of present-day and ancient DNA data", (.anno file), Sample No. 5935, individual I6561.
- ^ Haplotree Information Project (HIP). "I6561-Aleksandria", Retrieved: 31 December 2021.
- PMID 37558731.
- )
- ^ Anthony 2019a, pp. 13–19.
- )
- ISSN 0036-8075.
- PMID 38200295.
- PMID 35635751.
Sources
- Anthony, David (Spring–Summer 2019a). "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 47 (1–2). Retrieved 9 January 2020.
- ISBN 978-9004416192.
- ISBN 978-9004160545.
- Mallory, J. P. (1991). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth. Thames & Hudson.
- J. P. Mallory, "Sredny Stog Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
- Mathieson, Iain (21 February 2018). "The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe". PMID 29466330.