Sri Lanka Navy
Sri Lanka Navy | ||
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ශ්රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාව (Sinhala)
இலங்கை கடற்படை ( Headquarters SLNS Parakrama, Colombo | | |
Motto(s) | Sinhala: රට වට බැඳි රන් වැට Rata Wata Baņdi Ran Wéta English: "The golden fence around the country" | |
Colours | Navy blue and white | |
Anniversaries | Navy Day: 9 December | |
Equipment |
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Engagements |
Sri Lanka Navy |
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Components |
History |
Ships |
Leadership and ranks |
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The Sri Lanka Navy (SLN) (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාව, romanized: Śrī Laṃkā nāvika hamudāva; Tamil: இலங்கை கடற்படை, romanized: Ilaṅkai kaṭaṟpaṭai) is the naval arm of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces and is classed as the country's most vital defence force due to its island geography and is responsible for the maritime defence of the Sri Lankan nation and its interests. The role of the Sri Lanka Navy is to conduct operations at sea for the defence of the nation and its interests and conduct prompt and sustainable combat operations at sea in accordance with the national policies.[3]
Sri Lanka, situated in the middle of major sea lanes passing through the Indian Ocean, was always a magnet for seafarers and has a long history of naval campaigns. The current Sri Lankan Navy was established on 9 December 1950 when the Navy Act was passed for the formation of the Royal Ceylon Navy. The roots of the modern Sri Lankan Navy date back to 1937 when the Ceylon Naval Volunteer Force was established, which was renamed and absorbed into the Royal Navy as the Ceylon Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II. The current name Sri Lanka Navy was constituted in 1972 when Sri Lanka became a republic and the introduction of new constitution.
It played a key role in the
The professional head of the navy is the
History
The Beginning and World War II
In January 1938 the Ceylon Naval Volunteer Force (CNVF) was created with Commander W.G. Beauchamp as
Formation
With Ceylon gaining self-rule from the British in 1948, the
Stagnation
In the aftermath of the attempted coup, the armed forces saw major budget cuts that dramatically halted the expansion it enjoyed in the 1950s. Under N. Q. Dias, the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence changed its defence policy taking steps to prevent a further coup attempts. Joint operations among armed services were stopped, with the army to focused on internal security and the role of the navy was scaled down. As a result, several of its ships were sold off and its size reduced by the stoppage of recruitment of officers cadets and sailors for over seven years, the loss of important bases and barracks and the stoppage of training in the United Kingdom. Two batches of 300 ratings were recruited in 1966 and 1969.[10][11][12]
Insurrection
As a result, in 1971 the navy was poorly equipped and short of personnel when the
With the JVP insurection, the Government felt the limitations of the RCyN and the need to strengthen the navy. The
In July 1972 the "Dominion of Ceylon" became the "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" and the Royal Ceylon Navy became the Sri Lanka Navy. The ensign, along with the Flag Officers' flags, were redesigned. The term "Captain of the Navy", introduced in the Navy Act, was changed to "Commander of the Navy", in keeping with the terminology adopted by the other two services. Finally, "Her Majesty's Ceylon Ships" (HMCyS) became "Sri Lankan Naval Ships" (SLNS).[14]
SLN received three more Type 062-class gunboats in December 1972, while the
Civil war
At the begin of the civil war in the 1980s the navy found itself poorly equipped to face the new threats the
During the war the navy increased its fleet of larger vessels by introducing two locally built
In the early 1980s a land combat force named Naval Patrolmen was created which at first limited itself to base defence and, as its numbers increased, took part in offensive operations against the
In order to support ground operations of the army, landing ships and boats were acquired. In early 1990s the SLN carried out in conjunction with the army its first
The mid-1990s saw a slow expansion of larger fleet assets with addition of newer Type 062-class gun boats and a
Following the resumption of hostilities between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE since early 2006, the navy took up an active role in limiting the LTTE's use of the seas. This resulted in several major sea battles occurring during the course of 2006, 2007 and 2009. Most significant of the events during this time was the interception and sinking of several large cargo ships that were bringing
During the war the navy, along with the army, developed its own weapons development programmes to produce and maintain weapon systems suited for indigenous requirements in collaboration with
Major combat operations
Apart from continued deployments at sea the navy has played a significant role in supporting all major operations carried out by the Army including several amphibious operations.
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After the war
With the end of the civil war, the navy has begun reorienting itself for the future defence of the island. This has led to force redeployment, training exercises and transfer of certain duties to the newly formed Sri Lanka Coast Guard. In the post war years the navy has expanded its maritime operations to fisheries control and to counter human trafficking. Operations to counter illegal poaching by Tamil Nadu fishermen have led to allegations that personnel from the Sri Lanka Navy have attacked more than twelve fishermen, two of whom have died, in a series of disputes.[17][18] Australia transferred two Bay-class patrol boats to the Sri Lanka Navy, following its Prime Minister's visit to the island for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in November 2013.[19] The first of these vessels was delivered in April 2014.
Expanding its blue water capability the navy began commissioning larger fleet assets equivalent to Patrol frigates, which it termed as Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels. In April and August 2018 two 105m long vessels of the Saryu-class were commissioned. Built by Goa Shipyard on order to the Sri Lanka navy, these were the largest purpose built ships for the Sri Lanka Navy.[20]
In 2017, SLNS Sayurala took part in Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) International Fleet Review 2017 in Thailand. This is the longest foreign tour (21 days) an SLN Ship undertook after the year 1965 with 127 sailors including 18 officers.[21] This followed in 2018 by SLNS Sagara which sailed to Indonesia to attend the Multilateral Naval Exercise “Komodo” and “International Fleet Review” (IFR) 2018,[22] while SLNS Samudura and SLNS Suranimala sailed to India to take part in Milan.[23] The navy participated in Exercise RIMPAC for the first time in 2018, sending a contingent of marines to the international maritime exercise.[24]
In August 2018, the navy took over a Hamilton-class high endurance cutter which was transferred to the Navy from United States under the EDA program. Commissioned in June 2019 as an Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel, it became the largest combat vessel in the Sri Lankan navy at 3250 tonnes and second former United States cutter in its service.[25]
In June 2019, the navy took over a Type 053H2G frigate which was transferred to the Navy from China. It will be armed with dual Type 79 100 mm naval guns and two Type 76A dual-37 mm anti-aircraft guns to function as an Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessel.[26][27]
In August 2021, the navy dispatched its
In March 2022, the Government of Sri Lanka signed several defence agreements with the Government of India which included the establishment of a Maritime Rescue Coordinating Centre on an Indian grant as well as the acquisition of Dornier 228 maritime reconnaissance aircraft to the Sri Lanka Air Force to operate with naval personal. A 4,000 ton floating dock constructed by Goa Shipyard was also acquired as part of a grant from India, to facilitate repair and maintenance of larger fleet units based at Trincomalee instead of having to depend dry dock facilities in Colombo.[30]
In January 2024, the President of Sri Lanka announced plans to deploy a navy ship to the
Current deployments
As of present, most of the Sri Lankan Navy is deployed for domestic defence with the end of combat operations, while foreign deployments are carried out from time to time.
Domestic
Due to the Sri Lankan Civil War the navy has been on a constant mobilized (including reservist) state since the 1980s (except for a brief period from 2002 to 2005). The majority of the naval units both at sea and ground-based are deployed in the North and Eastern provinces of the country, as well as in other parts of the country. The security of all major ports of the country is the responsibility of the navy, due to terrorist activity.
Foreign
- United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.[33]
- Red Sea - Since January 2024, the navy has deployed a ship as part of the Operation Prosperity Guardian.
Command, control and organisation
The professional head of the navy is the
Leadership
Post | Rank | Incumbent |
---|---|---|
Commander of the Navy | Vice Admiral | Priyantha Perera
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Chief of Staff
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Rear Admiral | Vacant |
Deputy Chief of Staff | Rear Admiral | Pradeep Rathnayake |
Board of Management
The following posts make up the Board of Management:[34]
- Director General Operations
- Director General Health Services
- Director General Logistics
- Commandant Volunteer Naval Force
- Director General Budget & Finance
- Director General Personnel
- Director General Administration
- Director General Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Director General Training
- Director General Engineering
- Director General Civil Engineering
- Director General Services
- Naval Assistant to The Commander of The Navy
Commands
The Navy has seven commands known as Naval Area Commands, each under the control of a flag officer for effective command and administrative control. This is in order to efficiently maintain all ships, crafts and vehicles; and to ensure the operational readiness of commands and units each area shall have its own harbour/ base, repair and refitting facilities, signal centres, logistic, civil engineering and medical facilities.
Seven Naval Area Commands (see image to the right)
- Northern Naval Area (NNA)
- North Central Naval Area (NCNA)
- North Western Naval Area (NWNA)
- Western Naval Area (WNA)
- Southern Naval Area (SNA)
- Eastern Naval Area (ENA)
- South Eastern Naval Area (SENA)
Units
- 3rd Fast Gun Boats Squadron (3 FGS)
- 4th Fast Attack Flotilla (4 FAF)
- 7th Surveillance Command Squadron
- Special Boat Squadron
- Rapid Action Boat Squadron
- Sri Lanka Marine Corps
- Naval Boat Building Yard
Branches
Sri Lanka Navy consists following branches to which personnel are attached to;
- Executive Branch
- Navigation and Direction
- Communications
- Gunnery
- Missiles
- Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)
- Diving
- Hydrography
- Engineering Branch
- MedicalBranch
- Logistics Branch
- Electrical & ElectronicsEngineering Branch
- Naval Patrolman Branch
- Information Technology Branch
- Musical Branch
- Legal Branch
- Provost Branch
Training
At the formation of the Royal Ceylon Navy in 1950, it looked to the
All pre-commissioning training for officers are carried out at the
Basic training for new recruits (approximately six months) are conducted at Advanced Naval Training Centre, SLNS 'Nipuna'; Naval Institute of Technology, SLNS 'Thakshila', Welisara; and at Naval Recruit Training Centres at several shore establishments. This basic training will be followed by on-the-job training on-board fleet units and at shore establishments. Combat Training School at SLNS 'Pandukabaya' conducts combat training for Naval Patrolmen.
Additional training is carried out in
.- Main training establishments,
- Naval & Maritime Academy- SLN Dockyard
- Advanced Naval Training Centre - SLNS Nipuna
- Naval Artificer Training Institute - SLNS Thakshila
- Naval Recruit Training Centre - SLNS Shiksha
- Naval Recruit Training Centre/Combat Training School - SLNS Pandukabaya
Current Fleet
The Sri Lankan Naval fleet consists of above 250 combat, support ships and inshore patrol craft, with most originating from the United States, China, India, Israel. While Naval Boat Building Yard, Colombo Dockyard provide locally.[36]
Ships
Type | Vessels | Image | |
---|---|---|---|
Advanced Offshore Patrol Vessels equivalent to traditional patrol frigates |
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Offshore Patrol Vessels Deployed on the high seas to carry out surveillance and interception of illegal arms smuggling and to monitor naval activity within the EEZ .
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Fast Missile Vessels | added to the SLN in 2001 when two Israeli anti-ship missiles, increased the SLN's conventional warfare capability and provide a multi-role platform for different operations undertaken by the navy.[44]
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Fast Gun Boats (FGB) | carry out a multi-role missions from coastal patrols to shore bombardment in support of amphibious operations. FGBs consist of ships from the Chinese Lushun class, | - | |
Patrol Boats | Bay-class patrol boats are the latest type of craft to be added to the fleet. They were given to Sri Lanka by the Australian government in 2013, to help the Sri Lanka Navy's efforts to reduce smuggling and other illegal trafficking. The first of these was delivered in April 2014. They were commissioned in July 2014 as SLNS Rathnadeepa and SLNS Mihikatha. | ||
Fast Attack Craft | They are primarily deployed in offensive operations for the denial of sea, they were also used for defensive operations to prevent Sea Tiger suicide craft from attacking both naval and civilian ships by operating as escorts. There are several classes of FACs in SL Navy.
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Inshore Patrol Craft | Inshore Patrol Craft are small vessels (14 metres long) which are capable of operating inshore as well as for beaching. They are capable of speeds in excess of 30 knots and are used for small boat operations, harbour defence and amphibious operations.[36] | - | |
Littoral Attack Craft | Littoral Warfare Craft are small (7 metres long) and highly manoeuvrable Arrow class attack speedboats. They also have a high degree of firepower for vessels their size. Introduced in 2006, these boats are manufactured by the SLN's own boatyard and used by the elite Special Boat Squadron (SBS) and the Rapid Action Boat Squadron (RABS) for small boat operations .
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- | |
Amphibious Warfare Vessels | The SLN has several vessels to support amphibious operations it carries out. These include | ||
Auxiliary Vessels | The Navy also has several replenishment ships. Fast personnel carriers are catamarans which were used for both troop and civilian transport, running the gauntlet of LTTE suicide craft. SLNs fleet of non-commissioned underway replenishment ships have been used recently for replenishment at sea in international waters .
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- Anti-ship missile
- Oto Melara 76 mm naval artillery
- PJ33A 100 mm dual gun naval artillery
- Typhoon- Naval Optronic Stabilized Weapon Platforms
- M242 Bushmaster - 25 mm (25x137mm) chain-fed autocannon
- Naval variant of a locally developed
Sri Lanka often conducts and participate naval exercises with other friendly forces and countries designed to increase naval cooperation and also to strengthen cooperative security relationship.
Exercise | Navy/Navies/Air Forces | First Edition | Last Edition | Total Editions | Notes/ References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONEX | Sri Lanka Coast Guard, Sri Lanka Air Force | 2019 | 2023 | 5 | [49] |
SLINEX | Indian Navy | 2012 | 2022 | 9 | [50][51] |
Exercise Dosti | Indian Coast Guard, Maldives National Defence Force | 2024 | 16 | [52] |
Marine battalion
In 2016, the Sri Lanka Navy formed its first
The first group consisting of 164 Marines, consisting of 6 officers and 158 sailors, passed out on 27 February 2017 from Naval Base SLNS Barana in Mullikulam in a ceremony attended by the President
Personnel
Parama Weera Vibhushanaya recipients
The Parama Weera Vibhushanaya is the highest award for valour awarded in the Sri Lankan armed forces. Navy recipients include;
- Jude Lakmal Wijethunge †
- Chief Petty Officer K. G. Shantha †
Notable fallen members
Over 23,790 Sri Lankan armed forces personnel were killed since the start of the civil war in 1981 to its end in 2009, this includes 2 admirals killed in active duty or assassinated.[59] 659 service personnel were killed due to the second JVP insurrection from 1987 to 1990. 53 service personnel were killed and 323 were wounded in the first JVP insurrection from 1971 to 1972.[60] Notable fallen members includes;
- Admiral W.W.E. Clancy Fernando †- Commander of the Navy
Women
Women in the Sri Lanka Navy were taken by the help of Women's Royal Naval Service (Britain) in 1985;[62] however, for women in the Sri Lanka Navy, there is no separate branch or department. Women can join both as officers and sailors.
Today women are recruited to both the regular and volunteer forces. Although at first limited to the medical branch, currently females are able to join any branch of the navy. In 2007, the navy appointed its first-ever female Commodore, Surgeon Commodore Indranee Y. Amarasinghe.[63]
Ranks
The following tables present the military ranks and insignia of the Sri Lanka Navy. These ranks generally correspond with those of Western or Commonwealth Nations militaries, and reflect those of the British warrant officer, non-commissioned officer and enlisted ranks and the Commissioned officer ranks. Sri Lanka does have an Admiral rank, but it is usually only awarded to the
- Officers
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka Navy[64] |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Admiral of the fleet
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Admiral
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Vice admiral
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Rear admiral
|
Commodore
|
Captain
|
Commander | Lieutenant commander | Lieutenant | Sub-lieutenant | Acting Sub-lieutenant
|
Midshipman |
- Other ranks
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sri Lanka Navy[64] |
No insignia | No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Master chief petty officer | Fleet chief petty officer | Chief petty officer | Petty officer | Leading seaman | Able seaman | Seaman recruit |
The Sri Lanka Navy set a medium-term fleet expansion goal targeting ten new vessels in its 'Sri Lanka Navy 2025' plan as part of its expansion of
According to the Maritime Doctrine of Sri Lanka (MDSL) published in 2020, the establishment of Naval Aviation consisting of helicopters and drones have been proposed and initial steps have been taken.[66]
Naval variant of a locally developed
The Navy planned to purchase a locally constructed 110m OPV and 10 45m Fast Patrol Boats from the Colombo Dockyard PLC, alongside a 95.6m corvette from China. However, the plans were suspended in 2022 due to the lack of funds and instead the navy decided to obtain similar vessels for free from friendly countries.[69] In January 2024 the United States deputy secretary of state for management and resources Richard R. Verma stated that the US will provide another Offshore Patrol Vessel to the Sri Lanka Navy.[70]
See also
- Military of Sri Lanka
- Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)
- Military ranks and insignia of the Sri Lanka Navy
- Fast Attack Flotilla
- Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)
- Rapid Action Boat Squadron
- Naval and Maritime Academy
- Hoods Tower Museum
- Sri Lankan Civil War
- Sri Lanka portal
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- ^ https://news.navy.lk/eventnews/2024/02/23/202402231930/