St. Augustine, Florida

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
St. Augustine
San Agustín (
Top, left to right: Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine Light, Flagler College, Lightner Museum, statue near the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Old St. Johns County Jail
Top, left to right: Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine Light, Flagler College, Lightner Museum, statue near the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Old St. Johns County Jail
St. Augustine is located in the United States
St. Augustine
St. Augustine
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 29°53′41″N 81°18′52″W / 29.89472°N 81.31444°W / 29.89472; -81.31444
FIPS code
12-62500[4]
GNIS feature ID0308101[3]
WebsiteCity of St. Augustine

St. Augustine (/ˈɔːɡəstiːn/ AW-gə-steen; Spanish: San Agustín [san aɣusˈtin]) is a city in and the county seat of St. Johns County on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the contiguous United States.

St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement "San Agustín", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine.[5] The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was established in 1763; Great Britain returned Florida to Spain in 1783.

Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated the capital of the Florida Territory upon ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters that same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital of Florida in 1824.

St. Augustine is part of Florida's

Jacksonville metropolitan area. Since the late 19th century, St. Augustine's distinctive historical character has made the city a tourist attraction. The old Spanish fort, the walls of which are made of coquina, continues to attract tourists.[6]

History

Main article: History of St. Augustine, Florida
Historical Affiliations

Kingdom of Spain 1565–1763
British Empire 1763–1784
Kingdom of Spain 1784–1821
Confederate States of America 1861–1862
 United States
1821–present

St. Augustine in 1891 from the former San Marco Hotel, Spanish St. on left, Huguenot Cemetery
lower left corner, Cordova St. on right
Florence, Italy at the approach to the Bridge of Lions donated by Andrew Anderson

Founding by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

Main article: Spanish Florida

Founded in 1565 by the Spanish

1560, King Philip II of Spain appointed Menéndez as Captain General, and his brother Bartolomé Menéndez as Admiral, of the Fleet of the Indies.[10] Thus Pedro Menéndez commanded the galleons of the great Armada de la Carrera, or Spanish Treasure Fleet
, on their voyage from the Caribbean and Mexico to Spain, and determined the routes they followed.

In early 1564 he asked permission to go to Florida to search for La Concepcion, the galeon Capitana, or flagship, of the New Spain fleet commanded by his son, Admiral Juan Menéndez. The ship had been lost in September 1563 when a hurricane scattered the fleet as it was returning to Spain, at the latitude of Bermuda off the coast of South Carolina.[11] The crown repeatedly refused his request.

The crown approached Menéndez to fit out an expedition to Florida

Huguenot French,[13] whom the Catholic Spanish considered to be dangerous heretics.[14]

Menéndez was in a race to reach Florida before the French captain

Franciscan outpost, Mission Nombre de Dios, was founded at the landing point, perhaps the first mission in what would become the continental United States.[21]

The mission served nearby villages of the Mocama, a Timucua group, and was at the center of an important chiefdom in the late 16th and 17th century. The settlement was built in the former Timucua village of Seloy; this site was chosen for its strategic location facing the waterways of St. Augustine bay with their abundant resources, an eminently suitable site for water communications and defense.[22]

A French attack on St. Augustine was thwarted by a violent squall that ravaged the French naval forces. Taking advantage of this, Menéndez marched his troops overland to Fort Caroline on the

Fort Matanzas
, built in 1740–1742 by the Spanish.

Invasions by pirates and enemies of Spain

Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years. On May 28 and 29, 1586, soon after the Anglo-Spanish War began between England and Spain, the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine.[26] The approach of his large fleet obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to evacuate the settlement. When the English got ashore, they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats (which was the garrison payroll).[27] The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the town razed to the ground.[28][29]

In 1609 and 1611, expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English colony at Jamestown.[30] In the second half of the 17th century, groups of Indians from the colony of Carolina conducted raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at the Catholic missions. Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio’s garrison and fortifications were ignored by the Spanish Crown which had other priorities in its vast empire. The charter of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles II of England, was revised in 1665, claiming lands as far southward as 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of the existing settlement at St. Augustine.[31][32]

The English buccaneer Robert Searle sacked St. Augustine in 1668, after capturing some Spanish supply vessels bound for the settlement and holding their crews at gun point while his men hid below decks. Searle was retaliating for the Spanish destruction of the settlement of New Providence in the Bahamas. Searle and his men killed sixty people and pillaged public storehouses, churches and houses.[33] This raid and the establishment of the English settlement at Charles Town spurred the Spanish Crown to finally acknowledge the vulnerability of St. Augustine to foreign incursions and strengthen the city's defenses. In 1669, Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the construction of a permanent masonry fortress, which began in 1672.[34] Before the fortress was completed, French buccaneers Michel de Grammont and Nicolas Brigaut planned an ill-fated attack in 1686 which was foiled: their ships were run aground, Grammont and his crew were lost at sea, and Brigaut was captured ashore by Spanish soldiers.[35] The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, not long before an attack by James Moore's forces from Carolina in November, 1702. Failing to capture the fort after a siege of 58 days, the British set St. Augustine ablaze as they retreated.[36]

In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida,

Fort Mose, would serve as a military outpost and buffer for St. Augustine, as the men accepted into Fort Mose had enlisted in the colonial militia and converted to Catholicism in exchange for their freedom.[37][38]

In 1740, however, St. Augustine was again besieged, this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, who was also unable to take the fort.[39]

Loyalist haven under British rule

Main articles: Treaty of Paris (1763), East Florida, and Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War
See also: Seven Years' War, French and Indian War, American Revolutionary War, and Spain and the American Revolutionary War

The 1763 Treaty of Paris, signed after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War, ceded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for the return of Havana and Manila. The vast majority of Spanish colonists in the region left Florida for Cuba, Florida became Great Britain's fourteenth and fifteenth North American colonies, and because of the political sympathies of its British inhabitants, St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary War.[40]

After the mass exodus of St. Augustinians, Great Britain sought to repopulate its new colony. The London Board of Trade advertised 20,000-acre lots to any group that would settle in Florida within ten years, with one resident per 100 acres. Pioneers who were "energetic and of good character" were given 100 acres of land and 50 additional acres for each family member they brought. Under Governor James Grant, almost three million acres of land were granted in East Florida alone. Second stories were added to existing Spanish homes and new houses were built. Cattle ranching and plantation agriculture began to thrive.[41]

During the twenty-year period of British rule, Britain took command of both the Castillo de San Marcos (renamed Fort St. Mark) and of

Bernardo de Gálvez, harassed the British in West Florida and captured Pensacola. Fears that the Spanish would then move to capture St. Augustine, however, proved unfounded.[42]

The

Greek islands.[43][44]

Second Spanish period

Main article: Treaty of Paris (1783)
See also: War of 1812, Creek War, and Seminole Wars § First Seminole War

During the Second Spanish period (1784–1821) of Florida, Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War, and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept South America. The royal administration of Florida was neglected, as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown. The United States, however, considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in North America, and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it.[45] On October 5, 1811, a hurricane hit St. Augustine that caused extensive damage to the city. The damage was further exacerbated by the economic situation of Spanish Florida.[46] The Adams–Onís Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, ceded Florida and St. Augustine, still its capital at the time, to the United States.[47]

Territory of Florida

Main articles: Adams–Onís Treaty and Florida Territory

According to the Adams–Onís Treaty, the United States acquired East Florida and absolved Spain of $5 million of debt. Spain renounced all claims to West Florida and the Oregon Country. Andrew Jackson returned to Florida in 1821, upon ratification of the treaty, and established a new territorial government. Americans from older plantation societies of Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas began to move to the area. West Florida was quickly consolidated with East and the new capital of Florida became Tallahassee, halfway between the old capitals of St. Augustine and Pensacola, in 1824.[48]

Once many Americans had begun to immigrate to the new territory, it became apparent that there would be continued skirmishes with local Creek and Miccosukee peoples and white settlers encroaching on their land. The United States government favored removal policies, but local indigenous groups in Florida refused to leave without fighting. The nineteenth century saw three Seminole Wars. In 1823, territorial governor William Duval and James Gadsden signed the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, forcing Seminoles onto a four million acre reservation in central Florida. The Second Seminole War (1835–1842) was the longest war of Indian removal and resulted when the United States government attempted to move the Seminole people from Central Florida to a Creek reservation west of the Mississippi River. As a result of the Seminole War, Seminole prisoners, including the prominent leader Osceola, were held captive in the Castillo de San Marcos, renamed Fort Marion after General Francis Marion, who fought in the American Revolution, in the 1830s.[48][49][50]

By 1840, the territory's population had reached 54,477 people. Half the population were enslaved Africans. Steamboats were popular on the Apalachicola and St. Johns River and there were several plans for railroad construction. The territory south of present-day Gainesville was sparsely populated by whites.[48]

In 1845 the Florida Territory was admitted into the Union as the State of Florida.[51]

Civil War

Main article: Florida in the American Civil War
Slave Market
, St. Augustine, Florida in 1886

On January 7, 1861, only three days before Florida would secede and join the Confederacy, a group of 125 Florida militia marched on Fort Marion. The fort was guarded by a single sergeant, who surrendered the fort after being provided with a receipt. Gen. Robert E. Lee, who was commander of coastal defenses at the time, ordered that the fort's cannons be removed and sent to more strategic locations, such as Fernandina and the mouth of the St. Johns River.[52]

The town raised a militia unit, known as the Florida Independent Blues or the Saint Augustine Blues.[53] They were soon joined by the Milton Guard, another militia unit.[54]

In an effort to help blockade runners avoid capture, the Confederate government ordered all lighthouses to be extinguished. In St. Augustine, the customhouse officer, Paul Arnau, organized the "Coastal Guard," a group who worked to disable the lighthouses along Florida's east coast. They started by removing and hiding the lenses from the St. Augustine Light before moving south. After successfully dismantling the lighthouses at Cape Canaveral, Jupiter Inlet, and Key Biscayne, Arnau returned to St. Augustine. He would then serve as mayor from 1861 until early 1862, just before the Federals took over the city.[55]

The Confederate authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for fourteen months, although it was barely defended. The Union conducted a blockade of shipping. In 1862 Union troops gained control of St. Augustine and controlled it through the rest of the war. With the economy already suffering, many residents fled.[56][57]

Henry Flagler and the railroad

Standard Oil Company, spent the winter of 1883 in St. Augustine and found the city charming, but considered its hotels and transportation systems inadequate.[58] He had the idea to make St. Augustine a winter resort for wealthy Americans from the north, and to bring them south he bought several short line railroads and combined these in 1885 to form the Florida East Coast Railway. He built a railroad bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888, opening up the Atlantic coast of Florida to development.[59][60]

Flagler finished construction in 1887 on two large ornate hotels in the city, the 450-room

Hotel Ponce de Leon and the 250-room Hotel Alcazar. The next year, he purchased the Casa Monica Hotel (renaming it the Cordova Hotel) across the street from both the Alcazar and the Ponce de Leon. His chosen architectural firm, Carrère and Hastings, radically altered the appearance of St. Augustine with these hotels, giving it a skyline and beginning an architectural trend in the state characterized by the use of the Spanish Renaissance Revival and Moorish Revival styles. With the opening of the Ponce de Leon in 1888, St. Augustine became the winter resort of American high society for a few years.[61]

When Flagler's

Florida East Coast Railroad was extended southward to Palm Beach and then Miami in the early 20th century, the wealthy stopped in St. Augustine en route to the southern resorts. Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in South Florida, where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare. St. Augustine nevertheless still attracted tourists, and eventually became a destination for families traveling in automobiles as new highways were built and Americans took to the road for annual summer vacations. The tourist industry soon became the dominant sector of the local economy.[62]

Civil Rights Movement

Main article: St. Augustine movement

In 1963, nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in

African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the city. They were also trying to integrate public accommodations, such as lunch counters,[63] and were met with arrests[64] and Ku Klux Klan violence.[65][66] Local students held protests throughout the city, including sit-ins at the local Woolworth's, picket lines, and marches through the downtown. These protests were often met with police violence. Homes of African Americans were firebombed,[67]
black leaders were assaulted and threatened with death, and others were fired from their jobs.

In the spring of 1964, St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert Hayling[68] asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther King Jr. for assistance.[69] From May until July 1964, King and Hayling, along with Hosea Williams, C. T. Vivian, Dorothy Cotton, Andrew Young and others, organized marches, sit-ins, pray-ins, wade-ins and other forms of protest in St. Augustine. Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested,[70] and the jails were filled to capacity.[71] At the request of Hayling and King, civil rights supporters from elsewhere, including students, clergy, activists and well-known public figures, came to St. Augustine and were arrested together.[72][73][74]

St. Augustine was the only place in Florida where King was arrested; his arrest there occurred on June 11, 1964, on the steps of the

Monson Motor Lodge's restaurant. The demonstrations came to a climax when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel's segregated swimming pool
. In response to the protest, James Brock, the manager of the hotel and the president of the Florida Hotel & Motel Association, poured muriatic acid into the pool to scare the protesters. Photographs of this, and of a policeman jumping into the pool to arrest the protesters, were broadcast around the world. One appeared on the front page of the Washington paper the day the senate went to vote on the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. It became the most famous photograph ever taken in St. Augustine.

The Ku Klux Klan and its supporters responded to these protests with violent attacks that were widely reported in national and international media.[75] Popular revulsion against the Klan and police violence in St. Augustine generated national sympathy for the black protesters and became a key factor in Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[76] leading eventually to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[77] both of which provided federal enforcement of constitutional rights.

St. Augustine's historically Black college, now

Dade County.[78]

Modern St. Augustine

In 1965, St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding,[79] and jointly with the State of Florida, inaugurated a program to restore part of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more than thirty-six buildings to their historical appearance, which was completed within a few years. When the State of Florida abolished the Board in 1997, the City of St. Augustine assumed control of the reconstructed buildings, as well as other historic properties including the Government House. In 2010, the city transferred control of the historic buildings to UF Historic St. Augustine, Inc., a direct support organization of the University of Florida.

In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with a four-day long festival and a visit from

Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain.[80]

On October 7, 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine.[81]

Geography and climate

View of St. Augustine from the top of the lighthouse on Anastasia Island

St. Augustine is located at 29°53′41″N 81°18′52″W / 29.89472°N 81.31444°W / 29.89472; -81.31444 (29.8946910, −81.3145170). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (27.8 km2), 8.4 square miles (21.7 km2) of which is land and 2.4 square miles (6.1 km2) (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River.

St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. The low latitude and coastal location give the city a mostly warm and sunny climate. Unlike much of the contiguous United States, St. Augustine's driest time of year is winter. The hot and wet season extends from May through October, while the cool and dry season extends November through April.

In summer, highs are in the 80s to 90s and lows are in the 70s. The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico, which help create the daily thundershowers that are typical in summer months. Intense but very brief downpours are common in summer in the city. Fall and spring are warm and sunny with highs from 74 °F to 87 °F and lows in the 50s to 70s.

In winter, St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December through February, with highs from 67 °F to 70 °F and lows from 47 °F to 51 °F. From November through April, St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather. April can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place. St. Augustine averages 4.6 frosts per year. The record low of 10 °F (−12 °C) happened on January 21, 1985.

Hurricanes occasionally impact the region; however, like most areas prone to such storms, St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane. The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016.[82]

Climate data for St. Augustine, Florida (St. Augustine Light), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–2016
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 86
(30) 		87
(31) 		93
(34) 		95
(35) 		98
(37) 		101
(38) 		103
(39) 		101
(38) 		99
(37) 		94
(34) 		89
(32) 		86
(30) 		103
(39)
Average high °F (°C) 67.5
(19.7) 		69.7
(20.9) 		74.4
(23.6) 		79.8
(26.6) 		85.1
(29.5) 		88.6
(31.4) 		91.0
(32.8) 		89.9
(32.2) 		87.4
(30.8) 		81.8
(27.7) 		74.9
(23.8) 		68.9
(20.5) 		79.9
(26.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 57.6
(14.2) 		60.0
(15.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		70.2
(21.2) 		76.3
(24.6) 		80.4
(26.9) 		82.4
(28.0) 		82.1
(27.8) 		80.3
(26.8) 		74.2
(23.4) 		66.2
(19.0) 		60.1
(15.6) 		71.2
(21.8)
Average low °F (°C) 47.8
(8.8) 		50.2
(10.1) 		54.6
(12.6) 		60.6
(15.9) 		67.4
(19.7) 		72.3
(22.4) 		73.8
(23.2) 		74.2
(23.4) 		73.1
(22.8) 		66.5
(19.2) 		57.5
(14.2) 		51.3
(10.7) 		62.4
(16.9)
Record low °F (°C) 10
(−12) 		21
(−6) 		23
(−5) 		34
(1) 		41
(5) 		52
(11) 		59
(15) 		61
(16) 		54
(12) 		36
(2) 		29
(−2) 		16
(−9) 		10
(−12)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.74
(70) 		2.69
(68) 		3.43
(87) 		2.93
(74) 		3.66
(93) 		6.27
(159) 		4.88
(124) 		7.18
(182) 		7.18
(182) 		4.37
(111) 		2.32
(59) 		2.99
(76) 		50.64
(1,286)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.4 7.8 8.6 6.8 7.2 12.3 11.6 15.0 13.5 9.1 8.1 8.4 117.8
Source: NOAA[83][84]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18301,708—
18402,45043.4%
18501,934−21.1%
18601,914−1.0%
18701,717−10.3%
18802,29333.5%
18904,742106.8%
19004,272−9.9%
19105,49428.6%
19206,19212.7%
193012,11195.6%
194012,090−0.2%
195013,55512.1%
196014,7348.7%
197012,352−16.2%
198011,985−3.0%
199011,692−2.4%
200011,592−0.9%
201012,97511.9%
202014,32910.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[85]

As of the

Pacific Islander
, 5.9% Hispanic or Latino, and 4.2% from two or more races.

2.2% of the population were under 5 years old, 8.7% under 18 years old, and 25.5% were 65 years and over. 57.9% of the population were female.

There were 1,230 veterans living in the city between 2016-2020 and 6.6% of the population were foreign born persons.

The median value of owner-occupied housing units was $294,600. The median gross rent was $1,118. 91.2% of households had a computer and 83.0% of households had a broadband internet subscription.

93.8% of the population 25 years and older had a high school degree or higher and 37.4% of that same population had a Bachelor's degree or higher.

The median household income was $60,455. The per capita income was $33,060. 17.0% lived below the Poverty threshold.

Government and politics

St. Augustine is the county seat of St. Johns County, Florida.[87][88]

The city of St. Augustine operates under a

city clerk, and various city boards.[89]

Transportation

Highways

Major roadways, St. Augustine and vicinity

Buses

Bus service is operated by the Sunshine Bus Company, based in

St. Augustine Beach.[90] Buses operate mainly between shopping centers across town, but a few go to Hastings and Jacksonville, where one can connect to JTA
for additional service across Jacksonville.

Airport

Main article: Northeast Florida Regional Airport

St. Augustine has one public airport 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the downtown. It has three runways and two

Charlotte in 2018. Various private jets and tour helicopters also operate from the airport. Northrop Grumman runs a large manufacturing plant on the grounds, where the E-2 Hawkeye is produced. Jacksonville International Airport
is 40 miles to the north along I-95.

Points of interest

First and second Spanish eras

British era

Pre-Flagler era

Flagler era

Historic churches

Lincolnville National Historic District – Civil Rights era

Main article: Lincolnville Historic District

Other points of interest

See also:
List of St. Augustine parks

Education

Ray Charles Center and the Theodore Johnson Center, at the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind

Primary and secondary education in St. Augustine is overseen by the St. Johns County School District.

There are four zoned elementary schools with sections of the city limits in their attendance boundaries: John A. Crookshank (outside the city limits),[92] R. B. Hunt,[93] Ketterlinus,[94] and Osceola (outside the city limits).[95] There are two zoned middle schools (both outside the city limits): R. J. Murray Middle School,

St. Augustine High School is the designated senior high school for residentially-zoned land in St. Augustine.[98] Additionally Pedro Menendez High School, and St. Johns Technical High School
are located in the vicinity.

The

St. Joseph Academy, Florida's oldest Catholic high school, to the west of the city.[100]

There are several institutions of higher education in and around St. Augustine.

state college in the Florida College System, has its St. Augustine campus just west of the city. Also in the area are the University of North Florida, Jacksonville University, and Florida State College at Jacksonville in Jacksonville.[102]

The institution now known as

Signal Corps. Among its faculty members was Zora Neale Hurston; a historic marker was placed in 2003 at the house at 791 West King Street where she lived while teaching at Florida Memorial[103] (and where she completed her autobiography Dust Tracks on a Road.)[104][105]

Notable people

United States Senator David Levy Yulee
Author Zora Neale Hurston

Sister cities

See also: List of sister cities in Florida

St. Augustine's

sister cities are:[106]

Gallery

  • Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San Marcos

    Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San Marcos

  • North bastions and wall of the Castillo, looking eastward toward Anastasia Island

    North bastions and wall of the Castillo, looking eastward toward Anastasia Island

  • Seawall south of the Castillo

    Seawall south of the Castillo

  • The city gates of St. Augustine, built in 1808, part of the much older Cubo Line

    The city gates of St. Augustine, built in 1808, part of the much older Cubo Line

  • The Government House. East wing of the building dates to the 18th-century structure built on original site of the colonial governor's residence.[107]

    The Government House. East wing of the building dates to the 18th-century structure built on original site of the colonial governor's residence.[107]

  • Facade of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Augustine

    Facade of the Roman Catholic

    Cathedral of St. Augustine

  • Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de Dios

    Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de Dios

  • Statue of Ponce de León

    Statue of Ponce de León

  • The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City Hall

    The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City Hall

  • Bridge of Lions, looking eastward to Anastasia Island

    Bridge of Lions, looking eastward to Anastasia Island

  • Tolomato Cemetery

    Tolomato Cemetery

See also

References

  1. ^ "GNIS Detail – Saint Augustine". geonames.usgs.gov. Geographic Names Information System. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  2. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". geonames.usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ "U.S. Census website". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  5. ISBN 978-0-19-802036-3. Archived
    from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  6. ^ Staff (10 April 2020). "Coquina | The rock that saved St. Augustine)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
  7. ^ "Florida: St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2015-04-30. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
  8. ^ "Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First". NPR. Archived from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
  9. ISBN 978-1-62513-185-0
    .
  10. ^ Lowery, Woodbury (1911). The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United States: Florida, 1562-1574. G.P. Putnam. p. 144.
  11. ^ Turner, Sam (18 July 2015). "Menéndez anguishes in prison as son is lost at sea". Tallahassee Democrat. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  12. ^ Pickett Pickett 2011, p.84
  13. ^ Lowery 1911, p.100
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