St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw

Coordinates: 52°14′56″N 21°00′49″E / 52.24889°N 21.01361°E / 52.24889; 21.01361
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St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw
)
St John's Archcathedral
Archcathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist
Bazylika archikatedralna św. Jana Chrzciciela
Style
Brick Gothic
Administration
ArchdioceseWarsaw
Clergy
ArchbishopKazimierz Nycz
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, vi
Designated1980
Part ofHistoric Centre of Warsaw
Reference no.30bis
Historic Monument of Poland
Designated1994-09-08
Part ofWarsaw – historic city center with the Royal Route and Wilanów
Reference no.M.P. 1994 nr 50 poz. 423[1]

St John's Archcathedral (

Archdiocese of Warsaw and one of Poland's national pantheons. Along with the old city, the church has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site
.

History

Eleonora
in St John's Cathedral in 1670.

Originally built in the 14th century in Masovian Gothic style, the cathedral served as a coronation and burial site for numerous

Dukes of Masovia
.

The archcathedral was connected with the

Sigismund III in front of the cathedral.[2]

After the resolution of the

Constitution of May 3, 1791, at the end of the session at the Royal Castle, King Stanisław August Poniatowski went to the Cathedral of St John to repeat the Oath of the Constitution in front of the Altar, in the face of God. Also the Marshals of the Great Sejm
were carried to the archcathedral on the shoulders of the enthusiastic deputies of the Sejm.

The church was rebuilt several times, most notably in the 19th century, it was preserved until

Gothic Revival
.

In 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944), the cathedral was a place of struggle between insurgents and advancing German army.[3] The Germans managed to induct a tank loaded with explosives into the cathedral, a huge explosion destroyed large part of the building.[3] After the collapse of the Uprising, German Vernichtungskommando (Destruction Detachment) drilled holes into the walls for explosives and blew up the cathedral destroying 90% of its walls.[3]

The cathedral was rebuilt after the war. The exterior reconstruction is based on the 14th-century church's presumed appearance (according to an early-17th-century Hogenberg illustration and a 1627 Abraham Boot drawing), not on its prewar appearance.

Interior

Interior of cathedral, 1836, by Marcin Zaleski
Interior of cathedral

The profuse Early

Planned destruction of Warsaw, which had officially begun after the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising
.

The painting of the Virgin and Child was created in 1618 for King Sigismund III Vasa especially to place on the central altar of the St John's Cathedral.[2] As a masterpiece it was confiscated on Napoleon's order and transported to Paris.[5] It was retrieved by Warsaw authorities in 1820s after the Congress of Vienna. It survived many wars and the bombing of Warsaw since it was painted, but did not survive World War II. Among the sculptures lost due to German bombardment, the most worthy of mentioning was a marble bust of Jan Franciszek Bieliński, voivode of Malbork (died 1685), carved by Jean-Joseph Vinache.[6]

The interior reconstruction design considerably differed from the pre-war cathedral, taking it back in time to its raw Gothic look, because very little of the cathedral's original furnishings has been preserved. The cathedral is a three-nave building, two aisles are the same height as the main nave. On the right side from the front a belfry is situated, a passage to Dziekania Street is situated underneath it. There is a pulpit from 1959, designed by Józef Trenarowski and stalls which are a replica of the destroyed baroque ones, founded by King John III Sobieski.[4] Moreover, there are many chapels, gravestones and epitaphs in the cathedral. By the left aisle are numerous chapels. They are, in turn, from the main altar:

  • Baryczka Chapel, at the end of the left aisle (it contains a wooden crucifix, regarded as the most precious element of the cathedral's furnishings; it was brought from Nuremberg in 1539 by the merchant Jerzy Baryczka),[4]
  • The Chapel of Whipped Christ (the oldest chapel, it dates back to 15th century)
  • The Baptistery (with a valuable baptismal, which dates back to 1631)
  • The Chapel of John the Baptist
  • Saint Stanisław Chapel, from 15th century
  • Among the reconstructed elements of the original interior is the rococo altar in the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception, the so-called Literary Chapel, with an effigy of the Virgin Mary from the destroyed St Andrew's Church at the Theatre Square, dating back to the 17th century.[7]

The painting that once belonged to the Polish kings

Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki and John III Sobieski, was used during the battles.[7]

Burials

Presidential burials (Second Polish Republic)
Mausoleum of Cardinal Wyszyński in St John's Archcathedral
Tomb of Cardinal Glemp in St John's Archcathedral

The crypts beneath the main aisle hold the remains of notable persons, including:

Gallery

Historic images

  • Warsaw, late 16th century, by Frans Hogenberg.
    Warsaw, late 16th century, by Frans Hogenberg.
  • St John's Cathedral (left) and Jesuit Church, 1627.
    St John's Cathedral (left) and Jesuit Church, 1627.
  • Cathedral with over-80-meter-tall Sobieski Tower. Early-18th-century view.
    Cathedral with over-80-meter-tall
    Sobieski
    Tower. Early-18th-century view.
  • Cathedral in 1865
    Cathedral in 1865
  • Altar and presbytery in 1899
    Altar and presbytery in 1899
  • Prewar photo of cathedral, with distinctive English-Gothic façade.
    Prewar photo of cathedral, with distinctive English-Gothic façade.

Sculptures

See also

References

  1. ^ Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 września 1994 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii., M.P. z 1994 r. Nr 50, poz. 423
  2. ^
    ISBN 83-01-03323-1
    .
  3. ^ a b c Stefan Wyszyński. "Historia". www.katedra.mkw.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2011-08-18. W 1944 roku podczas Powstania Warszawskiego. Katedra była terenem walki. Wojska powstańcze walczyły tutaj w obronie niemal każdego metra posadzki. Niemcy zdołali wprowadzić do archikatedry czołg naładowany materiałami wybuchowymi: wybuch zniszczył ogromną część budowli. Po upadku Powstania Warszawskiego. Vernichtungskommando ładunkami trotylu wysadziło w powietrze katedrę i zniszczyło 90% murów.
  4. ^ a b c d Paweł Giergoń. "Katedra św. Jana (Archikatedra)". www.sztuka.net.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
  5. ^ Maria Irena Kwiatkowska, Krystyna Kozłowska (1978). Katedra św. Jana (St. John's Cathedral) (in Polish). pp. 241–242.
  6. ^ Józef Poklewski (1959). Prace Wydziału Filologiczno-Filozoficznego, Tomy 3-4 (Studies of the Faculty of Philology and Philosophy, Volumes 3-4) (in French). p. 309.
  7. ^
    ISBN 83-06-00595-3
    .
  8. ^ a b c d Paweł Giergoń. "Pomnik Stanisława Nałęcz hr. Małachowskiego". www.sztuka.net (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2008-10-13.

External links

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