Saint Kitts and Nevis

Coordinates: 17°20′N 62°45′W / 17.333°N 62.750°W / 17.333; -62.750
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Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
Motto: "Country Above Self"
Anthem: "
multiracial
  • 2.1% European
  • 1.6% Indian
  • 0.5% other
  • 0.3% unspecified
  • Religion
    (2020)[2]
    • 2.6%
      Prime Minister
    Terrance Drew
    Legislature
    Associated State
    27 February 1967
    • Independence declared
    19 September 1983
    +1 869
    ISO 3166 codeKN
    Internet TLD.kn
    1. Or "Saint Kitts and Nevis".

    Saint Kitts and Nevis (/-ˈkɪts ...ˈnvɪs/ ), officially the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis,[7] is an island country consisting of the two islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, both located in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles. With 261 square kilometres (101 sq mi) of territory, and roughly 50,000 inhabitants, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population, as well as the world's smallest sovereign federation.[1] The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as King and head of state.[1][8]

    The capital city is Basseterre, located on the larger island of Saint Kitts.[1] Basseterre is also the main port for passenger entry (via cruise ships) and cargo. The smaller island of Nevis lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) to the southeast of Saint Kitts, across a shallow channel called The Narrows.[1]

    The British dependency of

    British overseas territory.[1] The islands of Sint Eustatius, Saba, Saint Barthélemy, Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten and Anguilla lie to the north-northwest of the country. To the east and northeast are Antigua and Barbuda, and to the southeast is the small uninhabited island of Redonda (part of Antigua and Barbuda) and the island of Montserrat
    .

    Saint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonised by Europeans. Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French Caribbean colonies, and thus has also been titled "The Mother Colony of the West Indies".[9] It is also the most recent British territory in the Caribbean to become independent, gaining independence in 1983.

    Etymology

    Clouds covering Nevis Peak

    The Kalinago, the pre-European inhabitants of Saint Kitts, called the island Liamuiga, roughly translating as "fertile land".[10]

    It is thought that Christopher Columbus, the first European to see the islands in 1493, named the larger island San Cristóbal, after Saint Christopher, his patron saint and that of travellers. New studies suggest that Columbus named the island Sant Yago (Saint James), and that the name San Cristóbal was in fact given by Columbus to the island now known as Saba, 32 km (20 mi) northwest. Saint Kitts was well documented as San Cristóbal by the 17th century.[1] The first English colonists kept the English translation of this name, and dubbed it St. Christopher's Island. In the 17th century, a common nickname for Christopher was Kit(t); hence, the island came to be informally referred to as Saint Kitt's Island, later further shortened to Saint Kitts.[1]

    Columbus gave Nevis the name San Martín (Saint Martin).[10] The current name Nevis is derived from a Spanish name Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, meaning "Our Lady of the Snows", a reference to the 4th-century Catholic miracle of a summertime snowfall on the Esquiline Hill in Rome.[1] It is not known who chose this name for the island, but it is thought that white clouds which usually wreath the top of Nevis Peak reminded someone of the miracle.[11][1]

    Today, the Constitution refers to the state as both Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Christopher and Nevis; the former is the one most commonly used, but the latter is generally used for diplomatic relations. Passports list the nationality of citizens as St. Kitts and Nevis.[12]

    History

    Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza

    Pre-colonial period

    The name of the first inhabitants,

    Island Caribs invaded about 800 AD.[14]
    : 10 

    European arrival and early colonial period

    Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493.[15][8] The first settlers were the English in 1623, led by Thomas Warner, who established a settlement at Old Road Town on the west coast of St Kitts after achieving an agreement with the Carib chief Ouboutou Tegremante.[14]: 15–18 [8] The French later also settled on St Kitts in 1625 under Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc.[8] As a result, both parties agreed to partition the island into French and English sectors. From 1628 onward the English also began settling on Nevis.[8]

    The French and English, intent on exploitation of the island's resources,

    massacre the Kalinago at a place that became known as Bloody Point, allegedly to preempt a Carib plan to expel or kill all European settlers.[19][20] Thereafter, the English and French established large sugar plantations which were worked by imported African slaves. This made the planter-colonists rich, but drastically altered the islands' demographics as black slaves soon came to outnumber Europeans.[15][14]
    : 26–31 

    A Spanish expedition of 1629 sent to enforce Spanish claims

    the war settlement in 1630, the Spanish permitted the re-establishment of the English and French colonies.[14]: 19–23  Spain later formally recognised Britain's claim to St Kitts with the Treaty of Madrid (1670), in return for British cooperation in the fight against piracy.[21]

    As Spanish power declined, Saint Kitts became a key base for English and French expansion in the Caribbean. From St Kitts the British settled the islands of

    Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.[14]: 55–60 [8] The islands' economy, already shattered by war, was further harmed by natural disasters: In 1690 an earthquake destroyed Jamestown, capital of Nevis, forcing the construction of a new capital at Charlestown; further damage was caused by a hurricane in 1707.[22]
    : 105–108 

    British colonial period

    The colony had recovered by the turn of the 18th century, and St Kitts had become the richest British Crown Colony per capita in the Caribbean as result of its slave-based sugar industry by the close of the 1700s.[23] The 18th century also saw Nevis, formerly the richer of the two islands, being eclipsed by St Kitts in economic importance.[14]: 75 [22]: 126, 137  Alexander Hamilton, the future U.S. secretary of the Treasury, was born on Nevis in 1755 or 1757.[24]

    The fortress on Brimstone Hill, focus of the successful French invasion of 1782

    As Britain became embroiled in

    Treaty of Versailles (1783).[8][15]

    The African slave trade was terminated within the British Empire in 1807, and slavery outlawed completely in 1834. A four-year "apprenticeship" period followed for each slave, in which they worked for their former owners for wages. On Nevis 8,815 slaves were freed, while St Kitts freed 19,780.[22]: 174 [14]: 110, 114–117 

    Saint Kitts and Nevis, along with Anguilla, were federated in 1882. In the first few decades of the 20th century economic hardship and lack of opportunities led to the growth of a labour movement;

    the Great Depression prompted sugar workers to go on strike in 1935.[25] The 1940s saw the founding of the St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla Labour Party (later renamed the Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party, or SKNLP)[26] under Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw. Bradshaw later became Chief Minister and then Premier of the colony from 1966 to 1978; he sought to gradually bring the sugar-based economy under greater state control.[14]: 151–152  The more conservative-leaning People's Action Movement party (PAM) was founded in 1965.[27]

    After a brief period as part of the

    Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General.[citation needed
    ]

    Post independence era

    Timothy Harris, Prime Minister 2015–2022

    Kennedy Simmonds went on to win elections in 1984, 1989 and 1993, before being unseated when the SKNLP returned to power in 1995 under Denzil Douglas.[15][8]

    In Nevis, growing discontent with their perceived marginalisation within the federation

    referendum to separate from St Kitts in 1998, which though resulting a 62% vote to secede, fell short of the required two-thirds majority to be legally enacted.[32][15][8]

    In late-September 1998, Hurricane Georges caused approximately $458,000,000 in damages and limited GDP growth for the year and beyond. Meanwhile, the sugar industry, in decline for years and propped up only by government subsidies, was closed completely in 2005.[8][33]

    The 2015 Saint Kitts and Nevis general election was won by Timothy Harris and his recently formed People's Labour Party, with backing from the PAM and the Nevis-based Concerned Citizens' Movement under the 'Team Unity' banner.[34]

    In June 2020, Team Unity coalition of the incumbent government, led by Prime Minister Timothy Harris, won general elections by defeating Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party (SKNLP).[35]

    In snap general elections held in August 2022, the SKNLP again won, and Terrance Drew became the fourth prime minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis.[36]

    Politics

    Government House, Basseterre, is the official residence of the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
    .
    Government headquarters of Saint Kitts and Nevis
    The Nevis Island Assembly

    Saint Kitts and Nevis is a sovereign, democratic, and federal state.

    Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party of the House, and the cabinet conducts affairs of state.[citation needed
    ]

    St. Kitts and Nevis has a

    National Assembly. It is composed of fourteen members: eleven elected representatives (three from the island of Nevis) and three senators, who are appointed by the Governor-General.[1] Two of the senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, and one, on the advice of the leader of the opposition. Unlike in other countries, the senators do not constitute a separate senate or upper house of parliament, but sit in the National Assembly alongside representatives. All members serve five-year terms. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet answer to the Parliament. Nevis also maintains its own semi-autonomous assembly.[citation needed
    ]

    Foreign relations

    Saint Kitts and Nevis has no major international disputes. Saint Kitts and Nevis is a full and participating member of the

    Organisation of American States (OAS).[1]

    St Kitts & Nevis entered the OAS system on 16 September 1984.[39]

    Agreements which impact on financial relationships

    Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994

    At a CARICOM meeting, representative of St. Kitts and Nevis Kennedy Simmons signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994, on 6 July 1994.[40]

    The representatives of seven CARICOM countries signed similar agreements at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados.[40] The countries whose representatives signed the treaties in Barbados were: Antigua & Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago.[40] This treaty covered income, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.[citation needed]

    FATCA

    On 30 June 2014, St. Kitts and Nevis signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).[41]

    Military

    Saint Kitts and Nevis has a defence force of 300 personnel. It is mostly involved in policing and drug trade interception.[citation needed]

    Human rights

    Male homosexuality has been legal in St. Kitts and Nevis since 29 August 2022.[42] In 2011, the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis said it had "no mandate from the people" to abolish the criminalisation of homosexuality among consenting adults.[43]

    Administrative divisions

    The federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is divided into fourteen parishes, nine of them on Saint Kitts and five on Nevis.[citation needed]

    Parishes Capital Population
    2011
    Area
    (km2)
    Population
    density
    per km2
    Island
    Christ Church Nichola Town Nichola Town 1,922 18 107 Saint Kitts
    Saint Anne Sandy Point Sandy Point Town 2,626 13 202 Saint Kitts
    Saint George Basseterre Basseterre 12,635 29 436 Saint Kitts
    Saint John Capisterre Dieppe Bay Town 2,962 25 118 Saint Kitts
    Saint Mary Cayon Cayon 3,435 15 229 Saint Kitts
    Saint Paul Capisterre Saint Paul Capisterre 2,432 14 174 Saint Kitts
    Saint Peter Basseterre Monkey Hill 4,670 21 222 Saint Kitts
    Saint Thomas Middle Island Middle Island 2,535 25 101.4 Saint Kitts
    Trinity Palmetto Point Trinity 1,701 16 106 Saint Kitts
    Saint George Gingerland Market Shop 2,496 18 139 Nevis
    Saint James Windward Newcastle 2,038 32 64 Nevis
    Saint John Figtree Figtree 3,827 22 174 Nevis
    Saint Paul Charlestown
    Charlestown
    1,847 4 462 Nevis
    Saint Thomas Lowland Cotton Ground 2,069 18 115 Nevis

    Geography

    A map of Saint Kitts and Nevis
    A view of Nevis island from the southeastern peninsula of Saint Kitts

    The country consists of two main islands,

    volcanic origin, with large central peaks covered in tropical rainforest.[1] The majority of the population live along the flatter coastal areas.[1] St Kitts contains several mountain ranges (the North West Range, Central Range and South-West Range) in its centre, where the highest peak of the country, Mount Liamuiga 1,156 metres (3,793 ft) can be found.[8] Along the east coast can be found the Canada Hills and Conaree Hills. The land narrows considerably in the south-east, forming a much flatter peninsula which contains the largest body of water, the Great Salt Pond. To the southeast, in The Narrows, lies the small isle of Booby Island. There are numerous rivers descending from the mountains of both islands, which provide fresh water to the local population. Nevis, the smaller of the two main islands and roughly circular in shape, is dominated by Nevis Peak 985 metres (3,232 ft).[1]

    Saint Kitts and Nevis contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Leeward Islands moist forests and Leeward Islands dry forests.[44] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.55/10, ranking it 121st globally out of 172 countries.[45]

    Fauna

    The national bird is the brown pelican.[46] 176 species of bird have been reported from the country.[47]

    Flora

    The national flower is Delonix regia. Common plants include palmetto, hibiscus, bougainvillea, and tamarind. Pinus species are common in the dense forests of islands, and are usually covered by various species of ferns.[48]

    Climate

    By the Köppen climate classification, St Kitts has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) and Nevis has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am).[49] Mean monthly temperatures in Basseterre varies little from 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) to 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Yearly rainfall is approximately 2,400 millimetres (90 in), although it has varied from 1,356 millimetres (53.4 in) to 3,183 millimetres (125.3 in) in the period 1901–2015.[50]

    Climate data for Saint Kitts and Nevis (1991–2015)
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Daily mean °C (°F) 23.9
    (75.0)
    23.8
    (74.8)
    24.0
    (75.2)
    24.7
    (76.5)
    25.5
    (77.9)
    26.2
    (79.2)
    26.3
    (79.3)
    26.6
    (79.9)
    26.4
    (79.5)
    26.0
    (78.8)
    25.4
    (77.7)
    24.4
    (75.9)
    25.3
    (77.5)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 150
    (5.9)
    102
    (4.0)
    99
    (3.9)
    153
    (6.0)
    219
    (8.6)
    181
    (7.1)
    214
    (8.4)
    232
    (9.1)
    222
    (8.7)
    289
    (11.4)
    286
    (11.3)
    225
    (8.9)
    2,372
    (93.3)
    Source: Climate Change Knowledge Portal[50]

    Demographics

    Downtown Basseterre, St Kitts

    Population

    The population of Saint Kitts and Nevis is around 53,000 (July 2019 est.)

    Charlestown (1,900), both on Nevis.[citation needed] It ranks number 209 on the list of countries and dependencies by population.[52]

    Racial and ethnic groups

    The population is primarily Afro-Caribbean (92.5%), with significant minorities of European (2.1%) and Indian (1.5%) descent (2001 estimate).[1]

    Emigration

    As of 2021, there were 47,606 inhabitants; their average life expectancy is 76.9 years. Emigration has historically been very high, so high that the total estimated population in 2007 was little changed from that in 1961.[53]

    Emigration from St Kitts and Nevis to the United States:[46]

    • 1986–1990: 3,513
    • 1991–1995: 2,730
    • 1996–2000: 2,101
    • 2001–2005: 1,756
    • 2006–2010: 1,817

    Languages

    English is the sole official language. Saint Kitts Creole is also widely spoken.[citation needed]

    Religion

    Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis (2011)[54][55]

      Christianity (87.6%)
      No religion (atheism, agnosticism, etc) (8.7%)
      Hinduism (1.82%)
      Rasta (1.3%)
      Muslim (0.52%)
      Other (5.6%)

    Most inhabitants (82%) are

    ]

    Hinduism is the largest non-Christian religion, followed by 1.82% of the population;[54] these are primarily Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians.[citation needed]

    According to the 2011

    Seventh-day Adventist, and Wesleyan Holiness, 4 per cent "Other", and 2 per cent each Brethren, evangelical Christian, and Hindu.[56]

    Culture

    Music and festivals

    The Mongoose Play, a popular production of folk theatre and music

    Saint Kitts and Nevis is known for a number of musical celebrations including

    St Kitts Music Festival, while the week-long Culturama on Nevis lasts from the end of July into early August.[57]

    Additional festivals on the island of Saint Kitts include Inner City Fest, in February in Molineaux; Green Valley Festival, usually around Whit Monday in village of Cayon; Easterama, around Easter in village of Sandy Point; Fest-Tab, in July or August in the village of Tabernacle; and La festival de Capisterre, around Independence Day in Saint Kitts and Nevis (19 September), in the Capisterre region. These celebrations typically feature parades, street dances and salsa, jazz, soca, calypso and steelpan music.[citation needed]

    The 1985 film Missing in Action 2: The Beginning was filmed in Saint Kitts.[58]

    Media

    Sports

    Cricket is common in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Top players can be selected for the West Indies cricket team. The late Runako Morton was from Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis was the smallest country to host 2007 Cricket World Cup matches,[59] which were played at the Warner Park Stadium.[60]

    Rugby and netball are also common in Saint Kitts and Nevis as well.[citation needed]

    The

    US Virgin Islands and Barbados before they were outmatched by Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. Despite not representing the country, Marcus Rashford is of descent,[61] as is Cole Palmer.[62]

    The national team achieved its greatest success of the modern era when it qualified for the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup defeating the Curaçao national football team and the French Guiana national football team in a penalty shootout in the preliminary round. It was drawn into Group A with Jamaica, the United States, and Trinidad & Tobago, but lost all three games.[63]

    The St Kitts and Nevis Billiard Federation, SKNBF, is the governing body for cue sports across the two islands. The SKNBF is a member of the Caribbean Billiards Union (CBU) with the SKNBF President Ste Williams holding the post of CBU Vice-president.[citation needed]

    Jason Rogers, Antoine Adams, and Brijesh Lawrence ran the other three relay legs with Collins.[citation needed
    ]

    American writer and former

    dual citizenship in an attempt to make the 2008 Summer Olympics representing St Kitts and Nevis in women's cycling. Her story was chronicled online at ESPN.com as a part of its E-Ticket feature entitled "So You Wanna Be An Olympian?" She ultimately failed to earn the necessary points for Olympic qualification.[65]

    St Kitts and Nevis had two athletes ride in the time trial at the 2010 UCI Road World Championships: Reginald Douglas and James Weekes.[66]

    Economy

    The capital, Basseterre

    Saint Kitts and Nevis is a twin-island federation whose economy is characterised by its dominant tourism, agriculture, and light manufacturing industries.[1] Sugar was the primary export from the 1940s on, but rising production costs, low world market prices, and the government's efforts to reduce dependence on it have led to a growing diversification of the agricultural sector. In 2005, the government decided to close down the state-owned sugar company, which had experienced losses and was a significant contributor to the fiscal deficit.[8][1]

    St Kitts and Nevis is heavily dependent upon tourism to drive its economy, a sector which has expanded significantly since the 1970s.

    global financial crisis and has rebounded slowly.[1] In the 21st century the government has sought to diversify the economy via agriculture, tourism, export-oriented manufacturing, and offshore banking.[1]

    In July 2015, St Kitts & Nevis and the Republic of Ireland signed a tax agreement to "promote international co-operation in tax matters through exchange of information." The agreement was developed by the OECD Global Forum Working Group on Effective Exchange of Information, which consisted of representatives from OECD member countries and 11 other countries in the Caribbean and other parts of the world.[67]

    Transport

    Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport on St Kitts
    Vance W. Amory International Airport on Nevis

    Saint Kitts and Nevis has two international airports. The larger one is Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport on the island of Saint Kitts with service outside to the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. The other airport, Vance W. Amory International Airport, is located on the island of Nevis and has flights to other parts of the Caribbean.

    The St Kitts Scenic Railway is the last remaining running railroad in the Lesser Antilles.

    Economic citizenship by investment

    St. Kitts and Nevis allows foreigners to obtain the status of St. Kitts and Nevis citizen by means of a government sponsored investment programme called Citizenship-by-Investment.[68][1] Established in 1984, St. Kitts and Nevis's citizenship programme is the oldest prevailing economic citizenship programme of this kind in the world. However, while the programme is the oldest in the world, it only catapulted in 2006 when Henley & Partners, a global citizenship advisory firm, became involved in the restructuring of the programme to incorporate donations to the country's sugar industry.[69]

    Citizenship-by-Investment Programmes have been criticised by some researchers due to the risks of corruption, money laundering and tax evasion.[70] According to the official website of St. Kitts and Nevis's Citizenship-by-Investment Programme, they offer multiple benefits, including citizenship for life that can be passed down for generations, no residency or language requirements, and citizenship in a financially favourable country.[71] Once an applicant is vetted and successfully becomes a citizen, he or she is eligible to apply for a Saint Kitts and Nevis passport.[72]

    To qualify for citizenship under the investment programme, each candidate must complete a vetting process which includes several background and due diligence checks, an interview, and other various legal requirements. This is followed by a qualifying investment into the country.[73] The applicant must make at least a minimum investment in either approved real estate; or a donation, known as the Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC) into the Federal Consolidated Fund; or a donation to an Approved Public Benefactor.[73][71][74]

    The official website of St. Kitts and Nevis's Citizenship-by-Investment Programme lists the following investment options:

    • An investment in designated real estate with a minimum value of US$400,000, plus the payment of government fees and other fees and taxes.[73][74][75][76]
    • A contribution to the Federal Consolidated Fund, or to an Approved Public Benefactor, of at least US$250,000, inclusive of all government fees but exclusive of due diligence fees which are the same as the real estate option. [73][71]

    Education

    There are eight publicly administered high and secondary level schools in St. Kitts and Nevis, and several private secondary schools. Education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16.[8]

    See also

    References

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    3. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    4. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    5. ^ a b "World Economic Outlook October 2023 (Saint Kitts and Nevis)". International Monetary Fund. October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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    28. ^ See section 3 and 4 about Nevis Island Legislature and Administration in The Saint Christopher and Nevis Constitution Order 1983. Published online by Georgetown University and also by University of the West Indies. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
    29. ^ Nevis (St Kitts and Nevis), 18 August 1977: Separation from St Kitts Direct Democracy (in German)
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    33. ^ Team Unity wins St Kitts and Nevis 2015 general election Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean Elections, 17 February 2015
    34. ^ Reporter, WIC News (6 June 2020). "Election 2020 - Landslide victory for Team Unity in St Kitts and Nevis". WIC News.
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