St. Louis
St. Louis | |
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UTC−5 (CDT) | |
ZIP Codes | List |
314/557 | |
FIPS code | 29-65000 |
Website | stlouis-mo |
St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs, sənt-/ saynt LOO-iss, sənt-)[11] is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578,[8] while its bi-state metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the second largest in Illinois. The city's combined statistical area (CSA) is the 20th largest in the United States.[12]
The land that is now St. Louis had been occupied by Native American cultures for thousands of years before European settlement. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau.[13] They named it for king Louis IX of France, and it quickly became the regional center of the French Illinois Country. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the Summer Olympics.[14][15]
Designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, the GDP of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022.[16][17] St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and aviation industries.[18] It is home to fifteen Fortune 1000 companies, seven of which are also Fortune 500 companies.[19] Federal agencies headquartered in the city or with significant operations there include the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
Major research universities in Greater St. Louis include Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, and the University of Missouri–St. Louis. The Washington University Medical Center in the Central West End neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of medical and pharmaceutical institutions, including Barnes-Jewish Hospital.
St. Louis has
History
Mississippian culture and European exploration
Kingdom of France 1690s–1763
Kingdom of Spain 1763–1800
French First Republic 1800–1803
United States 1803–present
The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the
European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane, also known as Louisiana.
The earliest European settlements in the Illinois Country (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, such as Kaskaskia, also founded Ste. Genevieve in the 1730s.
In 1764, after France lost the
During the negotiations for the 1763 Treaty of Paris, French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to New Spain to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the French First Republic. During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.[25]
City founding
The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent and Pierre Laclède (Liguest) in the fall of 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though Ste. Genevieve was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. This place, declared Laclède, "might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America." He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, Auguste Chouteau, to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.[26]
Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.[26]
For the first few years of St. Louis's existence, the city was not recognized by any of the governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis".[27] In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain Pontiac began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region, but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments.
St. Louis was transferred to the
19th century
The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy port and trade connections.
Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.
Settled by many Southerners in a
After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge, named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to East St. Louis, Illinois. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.
On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877.[28] 1877 was a year of significant upheaval for the city when a general strike occurred there, in a fight for the eight-hour day and the banning of child labor.[29][page needed]
Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the
20th century
In 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a several months-long strike, with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.[31]
In 1904, the city hosted the
After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the
In 1926,
In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, civil rights activists protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.[38]
In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst air pollution in the United States. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only anthracite was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.[39]
De jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.[40]
St. Louis, like many
Several urban renewal projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, Pruitt–Igoe, became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built.
Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on Downtown St. Louis.
21st century
The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s continued into the new century. The city's old garment district, centered on Washington Avenue in the Downtown and Downtown West neighborhoods, experienced major development starting in the late 1990s as many of the old factory and warehouse buildings were converted into lofts. The American Planning Association designated Washington Avenue as one of 10 Great Streets for 2011.[42] The Cortex Innovation Community, located within the city's Central West End neighborhood, was founded in 2002 and has become a multi-billion dollar economic engine for the region, with companies such as Microsoft and Boeing currently leasing office space.[43][44] The Forest Park Southeast neighborhood in the central corridor has seen major investment starting in the early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2018, over $50 million worth of residential construction has been built in the neighborhood.[45] The population of the neighborhood has increased by 19% from the 2010 to 2020 Census.[46]
The St. Louis Rams of the National Football League controversially returned to Los Angeles in 2016. The city of St. Louis sued the NFL in 2017, alleging the league breached its own relocation guidelines to profit at the expense of the city. In 2021, the NFL and Rams owner Stan Kroenke agreed to settle out of court with the city for $790 million.[47][48]
Geography
Landmarks
Name | Description | Photo |
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Gateway Arch | At 630 feet (190 m), the Gateway Arch is the world's tallest westward expansion of the United States, it is the centerpiece of Gateway Arch National Park which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018.
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St. Louis Art Museum | Built for the 1904 World's Fair, with a building designed by Cass Gilbert, the museum houses paintings, sculptures, and cultural objects. The museum is located in Forest Park, and admission is free. | |
Missouri Botanical Garden | Founded in 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. It spans 79 acres in the Shaw neighborhood, including a 14-acre (5.7-hectare) Japanese garden and the Climatron geodesic dome conservatory. | |
Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis | Dedicated in 1914, it is the mother church of the Archdiocese of St. Louis and the seat of its archbishop. The church is known for its large mosaic installation (which is one of the largest in the Western Hemisphere with 41.5 million pieces), burial crypts, and its outdoor sculpture. | |
City Hall
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Located in Renaissance Revival style. It is reminiscent of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris .
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Central Library | Completed in 1912, the Central Library building was designed by Cass Gilbert. It serves as the main location for the St. Louis Public Library. | |
City Museum | City Museum is a play house museum, consisting largely of repurposed architectural and industrial objects, housed in the former International Shoe building in the Washington Avenue Loft District .
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Old Courthouse | Built in the 19th century, it served as a federal and state courthouse. The Scott v. Sandford case (resulting in the Dred Scott decision) was tried at the courthouse in 1846.
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St. Louis Science Center
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Founded in 1963, it includes a science museum and a planetarium, and is situated in Forest Park. Admission is free. It is one of two science centers in the United States which offers free general admission. | |
St. Louis Symphony
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Founded in 1880, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra is the second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States, preceded by the Powell Symphony Hall .
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Union Station
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Built in 1888, it was the city's main passenger intercity train terminal. Once the world's largest and busiest train station, it was converted in the 1980s into a hotel, shopping center, and entertainment complex. Today, it also continues to serve local rail (MetroLink) transit passengers, with Amtrak service nearby. On December 25, 2019, the St. Louis Aquarium opened inside Union Station. The St. Louis Wheel, a 200 ft 42 gondola ferris wheel, is also located at Union Station. | |
St. Louis Zoo | Built for the 1904 World's Fair, it is recognized as a leading zoo in animal management, research, conservation, and education. It is located in Forest Park, and admission is free. |
Architecture
The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial, residential, and monumental
styles.Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period, and most reflect the common residential styles of the time. Among the earliest is the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France (referred to as the Old Cathedral). The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style. Other religious buildings from the period include SS. Cyril and Methodius Church (1857) in the Romanesque Revival style and Christ Church Cathedral (completed in 1867, designed in 1859) in the Gothic Revival style.
A few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century. The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico. However, this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s. The
Because much of the city's commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront, many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch. The city's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast-iron warehouses called
St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The largest and most ornate of these is the
By the
During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse(2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: One Hundred in the Central West End neighborhood and One Cardinal Way in the Downtown neighborhood.
Neighborhoods
The city is divided into 79 officially-recognized neighborhoods.[51]
Topography
According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles (170 km2), of which 62 square miles (160 km2) is land and 4.1 square miles (11 km2) (6.2%) is water.[52] The city is built on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.
Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground.[53] Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993.
The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.
Climate
The urban area of St. Louis has a
St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average.[54] Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Lying within the hotbed of Tornado Alley, St. Louis is one of the most frequently tornado-struck metropolitan areas in the U.S. and has an extensive history of damaging tornadoes. Severe flooding, such as the Great Flood of 1993, may occur in spring and summer; the (often rapid) melting of thick snow cover upstream on the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers can contribute to springtime flooding.
Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1874−present[b] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 77 (25) |
85 (29) |
92 (33) |
93 (34) |
98 (37) |
108 (42) |
115 (46) |
110 (43) |
104 (40) |
94 (34) |
86 (30) |
76 (24) |
115 (46) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 64.7 (18.2) |
71.0 (21.7) |
79.4 (26.3) |
86.4 (30.2) |
90.4 (32.4) |
95.5 (35.3) |
99.2 (37.3) |
99.1 (37.3) |
93.4 (34.1) |
87.0 (30.6) |
75.5 (24.2) |
66.9 (19.4) |
100.7 (38.2) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.4 (4.7) |
45.8 (7.7) |
56.6 (13.7) |
68.0 (20.0) |
77.1 (25.1) |
85.9 (29.9) |
89.6 (32.0) |
88.3 (31.3) |
81.1 (27.3) |
69.2 (20.7) |
55.5 (13.1) |
44.5 (6.9) |
66.8 (19.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 32.1 (0.1) |
36.7 (2.6) |
46.6 (8.1) |
57.5 (14.2) |
67.5 (19.7) |
76.5 (24.7) |
80.4 (26.9) |
78.8 (26.0) |
71.0 (21.7) |
59.1 (15.1) |
46.5 (8.1) |
36.5 (2.5) |
57.4 (14.1) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 23.8 (−4.6) |
27.6 (−2.4) |
36.7 (2.6) |
47.0 (8.3) |
57.9 (14.4) |
67.2 (19.6) |
71.1 (21.7) |
69.3 (20.7) |
60.9 (16.1) |
49.1 (9.5) |
37.4 (3.0) |
28.5 (−1.9) |
48.0 (8.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 4.4 (−15.3) |
9.6 (−12.4) |
17.8 (−7.9) |
32.2 (0.1) |
43.5 (6.4) |
55.5 (13.1) |
61.4 (16.3) |
60.1 (15.6) |
47.1 (8.4) |
33.6 (0.9) |
22.0 (−5.6) |
11.0 (−11.7) |
1.2 (−17.1) |
Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) |
−18 (−28) |
−5 (−21) |
20 (−7) |
31 (−1) |
43 (6) |
51 (11) |
47 (8) |
32 (0) |
21 (−6) |
1 (−17) |
−16 (−27) |
−22 (−30) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.59 (66) |
2.23 (57) |
3.50 (89) |
4.73 (120) |
4.82 (122) |
4.49 (114) |
3.93 (100) |
3.38 (86) |
2.96 (75) |
3.15 (80) |
3.42 (87) |
2.50 (64) |
41.70 (1,059) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 5.7 (14) |
4.3 (11) |
2.3 (5.8) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.9 (2.3) |
3.2 (8.1) |
16.6 (42) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.3 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 113.8 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.7 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 14.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73.0 | 72.0 | 68.3 | 63.5 | 66.5 | 67.1 | 68.0 | 70.0 | 71.6 | 68.7 | 72.2 | 75.8 | 69.7 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 20.1 (−6.6) |
24.1 (−4.4) |
33.1 (0.6) |
42.3 (5.7) |
52.9 (11.6) |
62.1 (16.7) |
66.6 (19.2) |
65.1 (18.4) |
58.6 (14.8) |
46.0 (7.8) |
36.0 (2.2) |
25.5 (−3.6) |
44.4 (6.9) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 161.2 | 158.3 | 198.3 | 223.5 | 266.5 | 291.9 | 308.9 | 269.8 | 236.1 | 208.4 | 140.9 | 129.9 | 2,593.7 |
Percent possible sunshine | 53 | 53 | 53 | 56 | 60 | 66 | 68 | 64 | 63 | 60 | 47 | 44 | 58 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1.7 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 5.3 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961−1990)[56][57][58] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[59] |
Flora and fauna
Before the founding of the city, the area was mostly prairie and open forest. Native Americans maintained this environment, good for hunting, by burning underbrush. Trees are mainly
Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found. The most notable invasive species is
Large mammals found in the city include urbanized
Winter populations of bald eagles are found along the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The Eurasian tree sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species, including Tower Grove Park.
Frogs are found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1810 | 1,600 | — | |
1830 | 4,977 | — | |
1840 | 16,469 | 230.9% | |
1850 | 77,860 | 372.8% | |
1860 | 160,773 | 106.5% | |
1870 | 310,864 | 93.4% | |
1880 | 350,518 | 12.8% | |
1890 | 451,770 | 28.9% | |
1900 | 575,238 | 27.3% | |
1910 | 687,029 | 19.4% | |
1920 | 772,897 | 12.5% | |
1930 | 821,960 | 6.3% | |
1940 | 816,048 | −0.7% | |
1950 | 856,796 | 5.0% | |
1960 | 750,026 | −12.5% | |
1970 | 622,236 | −17.0% | |
1980 | 453,805 | −27.1% | |
1990 | 396,685 | −12.6% | |
2000 | 348,189 | −12.2% | |
2010 | 319,294 | −8.3% | |
2020 | 301,578 | −5.5% | |
2023 (est.) | 281,754 | [9] | −6.6% |
U.S. Decennial Census[61] 2020 Census[8] |
St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom. Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, African American and white migrants came from the South; the former as part of the Great Migration out of rural areas of the Deep South. Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas. Italians, Serbians, Lebanese, Syrians, and Greeks settled in St. Louis by the late 19th-Century.[62]
After years of immigration, migration, and expansion, the city reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis's population as 82% White and 17.9% African American.[63] After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, unhappiness with city services, ease of commuting by highways, and later, white flight.[64] St. Louis's population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper; this blight has attracted much wildlife (such as deer and coyotes) to the many abandoned overgrown lots.
St. Louis has lost 64.0% of its population since the 1950 United States census. Detroit, Michigan, and Youngstown, Ohio, are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame. The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1950 census; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, which includes more than one county, has grown every year and continues to do so. A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization.
According to the 2010 United States census, St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,991.6 people/km2). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.
The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis
In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108.
Some 19% of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent.
In 2010, St. Louis's per-capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities.[68]
As of 2010[update], 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a
Racial composition | 2020[70] | 2010[71] | 2000[72] | 1990[63] | 1970[63] | 1940[63] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White |
43.9% | 43.9% | 43.9% | 50.9% | 58.7% | 86.6% |
—Non-Hispanic | 42.9% | 42.2% | 43.0%[73] | 50.2% | 57.9%[74] | 86.4% |
Black |
43.0% | 49.2% | 51.2% | 47.5% | 40.9% | 13.3% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 5.1% | 3.5% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.0%[74] | 0.2% |
Asian |
4.1% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.2% | (X) |
Bosnian population
About fifteen families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis between 1960 and 1970. After the
An estimated 70,000
Crime
Since 2014 the city of St. Louis has had, as of April 2017[update], one of the highest murder rates, per capita, in the United States,
Yet another factor when comparing the murder rates of St. Louis and other cities is the manner of drawing municipal boundaries. While many other municipalities have annexed many suburbs, St. Louis has not annexed as much suburban area as most American cities. According to a 2018 estimate, the St. Louis metro area included about 3 million residents and the city included about 300,000 residents. Therefore, the city contains about ten percent of the metro population, a low ratio indicating that the municipal boundaries include only a small part of the metro population.[89]
Economy
The gross domestic product of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022, up from $192.9 billion the previous year.[16] Greater St. Louis had a GDP per capita of $68,574 in 2021, up 10% from the previous year.[90][91] In 2007, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion; professional or technical services with $3.1 billion; and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the area's biggest employer with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.[92]
Major companies and institutions
As of 2022, the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to seven Fortune 500 companies. They include Centene, Emerson Electric, Reinsurance Group of America, Edward Jones, Olin, Graybar Electric, and Ameren.[93]
Other notable corporations headquartered in the region include
Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include
Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are
St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology.[100] The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center.[101] The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals.[102] Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University played a major role in the Human Genome Project.[103] Saint Louis University Medical School is affiliated with SSM Health's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital and Saint Louis University Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center, geriatric center, and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, Mercy, SSM Health Care, and Tenet.
Boeing employs nearly 15,000 people in its north St. Louis campus, headquarters to its defense unit. In 2013, the company said it would move about 600 jobs from Seattle, where labor costs have risen, to a new IT center in St. Louis.[106][107] Other companies, such as LaunchCode and LockerDome, think the city could become the next major tech hub.[108] Programs such as Arch Grants are attracting new startups to the region.[109]
According to the
# | Employer | # of employees |
---|---|---|
1 | BJC Health Care | 29,595 |
2 | Washington University | 18,805 |
3 | Mercy | 15,410 |
4 | Boeing Defense, Space & Security | 14,865 |
5 | SSM Health | 14,600 |
According to St. Louis's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (June 30),[111] the top employers in the city only are (representing 82,481 people, or 18.74% of the city's total employment of 440,000):
# | Employer | # of Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Washington University | 19,380 |
2 | Barnes Jewish Hospital | 18,920 |
3 | Saint Louis University | 9,152 |
4 | City of St. Louis | 7,033 |
5 | Defense Finance and Accounting Service | 6,051 |
6 | Wells Fargo Advisors | 5,801 |
7 | US Postal Service | 4,960 |
8 | St. Louis Board of Education | 4,131 |
9 | SSM SLUH | 3,983 |
9 | State of Missouri | 3,259 |
Arts and culture
The same year as the 1904
With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of
Other notable churches include the
The city is identified with music and the performing arts, especially its association with
The Gateway Arch anchors downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes: the Federal courthouse where the Dred Scott case was first argued, an expanded public library, major churches and businesses, and retail. An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures. In nearby University City is the Delmar Loop, ranked by the American Planning Association as a "great American street" for its variety of shops and restaurants, and the Tivoli Theater, all within walking distance.
Unique city and regional cuisine reflecting various immigrant groups include toasted ravioli, gooey butter cake, provel cheese, the slinger, the Gerber sandwich, and the St. Paul sandwich. Some St. Louis chefs have begun emphasizing use of local produce, meats and fish, and neighborhood farmers' markets have become more popular. Artisan bakeries, salumeria, and chocolatiers also operate in the city.
Sports
St. Louis is home to the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. In 2019, it became the eighth North American city to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL) when the Blues won the Stanley Cup championship. It also has notable and collegiate-level soccer teams and is one of three American cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games. A third major team, the St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, began play in 2023.
Professional sports
Pro teams in the St. Louis area include:
Club | Sport | First season | League | Venue |
---|---|---|---|---|
St. Louis Cardinals | Baseball | 1882 | Major League Baseball | Busch Stadium |
St. Louis Blues | Ice hockey | 1967 | National Hockey League | Enterprise Center |
St. Louis City SC | Soccer | 2023 | Major League Soccer | CityPark
|
St. Louis BattleHawks
|
American football | 2020 | United Football League | The Dome at America's Center |
St. Louis City SC 2
|
Soccer | 2022 | MLS Next Pro | CityPark
|
Gateway Grizzlies | Baseball | 2001 | Frontier League | Grizzlies Ballpark |
St. Louis Ambush | Indoor Soccer
|
2013 | Major Arena Soccer League | Family Arena |
The
The St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL) play at the Enterprise Center. They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the 1967 expansion. The Blues went to the Stanley Cup finals in their first three years, but got swept every time. Although they were the first 1967 expansion team to make the Stanley Cup Finals, they were also the last of the 1967 expansion teams to win the Stanley Cup. They finally won their first Stanley Cup in 2019 after beating the Boston Bruins in the final. This championship made St. Louis the eighth city to win a championship in each of the four major U.S. sports. Prior to the Blues, the city was home to the St. Louis Eagles. The team played in the 1934–35 season.
St. Louis has been home to four
The St. Louis Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) played at Kiel Auditorium from 1955 to 1968. They won the NBA championship in 1958 and played in three other NBA Finals: 1957, 1960, and 1961. In 1968 the Hawks moved to Atlanta. St. Louis was also the home to the St. Louis Bombers of the Basketball Association of America from 1946 to 1949 and the National Basketball Association from 1949 to 1950 and the Spirits of St. Louis of the American Basketball Association from 1974 to 1976 when the ABA and NBA merged.
The
St. Louis hosts several minor league sports teams. The
The region hosts
Amateur sports
St. Louis has hosted the
Although the area does not have a National Basketball Association team, it hosts the St. Louis Phoenix, an American Basketball Association team.
Club Atletico Saint Louis, a semi-professional soccer team, competes within the National Premier Soccer League and plays out of St. Louis University High School Soccer Stadium.
Chess
St. Louis is home to the
Parks and recreation
The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes.
Other notable parks in the city include the
Government
St. Louis is one of the 41 independent cities in the U.S. that does not legally belong to any county.[126] St. Louis has a strong mayor–council government with legislative authority and oversight vested in the Board of Aldermen and with executive authority in the mayor and six other elected officials.[127] The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected citywide.[128] The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time, a 1.9% increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013.[129] 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012,[130] down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.[131]
Structure
Citywide office[132][133] | Elected official |
---|---|
Mayor of St. Louis | Tishaura Jones |
President of the Board of Aldermen | Megan Green |
City Comptroller | Darlene Green |
Recorder of Deeds | Michael Butler |
Collector of Revenue | Gregory F.X. Daly |
License Collector | Mavis T. Thompson |
Treasurer | Adam Layne |
Circuit Attorney | Gabe Gore |
City of St. Louis Sheriff | Vernon Betts |
The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and is responsible for appointing city department heads including; the director of public safety, the director of streets & traffic, the director of health, the director of human services, the director of the airport, the director of parks & recreation, the director of workforce development, the director of the Community Development Agency, the director of economic development, the director of public utilities, the director of the Civil Rights Enforcement Agency, the register, and the assessor, among other department-level or senior administrative positions. The President of the Board of Aldermen is the second highest-ranking official in the city. The President is the presiding officer of the Board of Aldermen which is the legislative branch of government of the city.
Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd-numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd-numbered years following the United States presidential election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The president of the board of aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949, and the last time a Republican was elected to another citywide office was in the 1970s. As of 2015[update], all 28 of the city's aldermen are Democrats.[134]
Forty-seven individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis, four of whom—William Carr Lane, John Fletcher Darby, John Wimer, and John How—served non-consecutive terms. The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane, who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby. The current mayor is Tishaura Jones, who took office April 20, 2021, and is the first African-American woman to hold the post. She succeeded Lyda Krewson, the first female mayor of the city, who retired in 2021 after serving for four years. The longest-serving mayor was Francis Slay, who took office April 17, 2001, and left office April 18, 2017, a total of 16 years and six days over four terms in office. The shortest-serving mayor was Arthur Barret, who died 11 days after taking office.
Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County, and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the
St. Louis City Sheriff's Department | |
---|---|
Board of Aldermen's Committee on Public Safety, 22nd Judicial Circuit | |
Divisions | 5
|
Facilities | |
Justice Centers | St Louis City Justice Center, 200 S. Tucker Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri |
Marked and Unmarkeds | Ford Transport Vans, Chevrolet Transport Vans, Ford Police Interceptor |
Planes | 0 |
The City of St. Louis Sheriff's Office (STLSO or STLCSO) primarily provides security services for the courtrooms, as well as serving court documents and issuing gun carry permits. In 2022, they gained the ability to make arrests and traffic stops.[136]
State and federal government
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 21,474 | 15.98% | 110,089 | 81.93% | 2,809 | 2.09% |
2016 | 20,832 | 15.72% | 104,235 | 78.68% | 7,420 | 5.60% |
2012 | 22,943 | 15.93% | 118,780 | 82.45% | 2,343 | 1.63% |
2008 | 24,662 | 15.50% | 132,925 | 83.55% | 1,517 | 0.95% |
2004 | 27,793 | 19.22% | 116,133 | 80.29% | 712 | 0.49% |
2000 | 24,799 | 19.88% | 96,557 | 77.40% | 3,396 | 2.72% |
1996 | 22,121 | 18.13% | 91,233 | 74.78% | 8,649 | 7.09% |
1992 | 25,441 | 17.26% | 102,356 | 69.44% | 19,607 | 13.30% |
1988 | 40,906 | 26.96% | 110,076 | 72.55% | 732 | 0.48% |
1984 | 61,020 | 35.20% | 112,318 | 64.80% | 0 | 0.00% |
1980 | 50,333 | 29.48% | 113,697 | 66.59% | 6,721 | 3.94% |
1976 | 58,367 | 32.47% | 118,703 | 66.03% | 2,714 | 1.51% |
1972 | 72,402 | 37.67% | 119,817 | 62.33% | 0 | 0.00% |
1968 | 58,252 | 26.37% | 143,010 | 64.74% | 19,652 | 8.90% |
1964 | 59,604 | 22.28% | 207,958 | 77.72% | 0 | 0.00% |
1960 | 101,331 | 33.37% | 202,319 | 66.63% | 0 | 0.00% |
1956 | 130,045 | 39.14% | 202,210 | 60.86% | 0 | 0.00% |
1952 | 144,828 | 38.00% | 235,893 | 61.89% | 427 | 0.11% |
1948 | 120,656 | 35.10% | 220,654 | 64.19% | 2,460 | 0.72% |
1944 | 134,411 | 39.54% | 204,687 | 60.22% | 821 | 0.24% |
1940 | 168,165 | 41.79% | 233,338 | 57.98% | 948 | 0.24% |
1936 | 127,887 | 32.23% | 260,063 | 65.54% | 8,880 | 2.24% |
1932 | 123,448 | 34.57% | 226,338 | 63.38% | 7,319 | 2.05% |
1928 | 161,701 | 47.67% | 176,428 | 52.01% | 1,065 | 0.31% |
1924 | 139,433 | 52.70% | 95,888 | 36.24% | 29,276 | 11.06% |
1920 | 163,280 | 57.77% | 106,047 | 37.52% | 13,325 | 4.71% |
1916 | 83,798 | 51.72% | 74,059 | 45.71% | 4,175 | 2.58% |
1912 | 46,509 | 33.14% | 58,845 | 41.93% | 34,973 | 24.92% |
1908 | 74,160 | 52.76% | 60,917 | 43.34% | 5,473 | 3.89% |
1904 | 57,547 | 49.70% | 51,858 | 44.79% | 6,387 | 5.52% |
1900 | 60,597 | 48.64% | 59,931 | 48.11% | 4,046 | 3.25% |
1896 | 65,708 | 56.16% | 50,091 | 42.81% | 1,197 | 1.02% |
1892 | 35,528 | 49.94% | 34,669 | 48.73% | 942 | 1.32% |
1888 | 33,656 | 53.40% | 27,401 | 43.48% | 1,969 | 3.12% |
St. Louis is split between 8 districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th districts.[138] The 5th Missouri Senate district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.[139]
At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of Missouri's 1st congressional district, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County.[140] A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953. Correspondingly, despite voting Republican prior to 1928 in presidential elections, from then on the city has become a Democratic stronghold at the presidential level. George H. W. Bush in 1988 was the most recent Republican to win even a quarter of the city's votes in a presidential election.
The
The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.[142]
Education
Colleges and universities
The city is home to three national research universities, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by U.S. News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. U.S. News & World Report also ranks the undergraduate school and other graduate schools, such as the Washington University School of Law, in the top 20 in the nation.[50][143]
St. Louis Metropolitan Region is home to St. Louis Community College. It is also home to several other four-year colleges & universities, including Harris–Stowe State University, a historically black public university, Fontbonne University, Webster University, Missouri Baptist University, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy (the former Saint Louis College of Pharmacy), Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville (SIUE), and Lindenwood University.
In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as
Primary and secondary schools
The
Media
The
Many books and movies have been written about St. Louis. A few of the most influential and prominent films are
As St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to, much of the early social work depicting immigrant life was based on St. Louis, such as in the book The Immigrant in St. Louis.
Transportation
Roads and highways
Four
The 563-mile
Major roadways include the north–south Memorial Drive, located on the western edge of Gateway Arch National Park and parallel to Interstate 70, the north–south streets of Grand Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue, both of which run the length of the city, and Gravois Road, which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as U.S. Route 66. An east-west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown.
Metro Light Rail and Subway
The St. Louis metro area is served by MetroLink (known as Metro) and is the 11th-largest light rail system in the country with 46 mi (74 km) of
Airports
St. Louis is served by two passenger airports. St. Louis Lambert International Airport, owned and operated by the City of St. Louis, is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I-70 between I-170 and I-270 in St. Louis County. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2016, when the airport had more than 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations, it served more than 15 million passengers.[152] The airport serves as a focus hub city for Southwest Airlines; it was once a hub for Trans World Airlines and a focus-city for American Airlines and AmericanConnection.[152] The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates. Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously, or via MetroLink for a fee. It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008.[153]
MidAmerica St. Louis Airport is the secondary passenger airport serving the metropolitan area. Located 17 miles east of the city downtown core, the airport serves domestic passengers. Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports, including MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, Spirit of St. Louis Airport, and St. Louis Downtown Airport.
Port authority
Railroad service
St. Louis is the nation's third largest freight rail hub, moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer, gravel, crushed stone, prepared foodstuffs, fats, oils, nonmetallic mineral products, grain, alcohol, tobacco products, automobiles, and automobile parts.
The
Bus service
Local bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency via MetroBus, with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink light rail transit and stops in the city and region. The city is also served by Madison County Transit, which connects downtown St. Louis to Madison County, Illinois. National bus service in the city is offered by Greyhound Lines, Burlington Trailways and Amtrak Thruway, with a station at the Gateway Transportation Center, and Megabus, with a stop at St. Louis Union Station.
Taxi
Notable people
Sister cities
St. Louis has 16
- Bologna, Italy
- Bogor, Indonesia
- Brčko, Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Donegal, County Donegal, Ireland
- Galway, County Galway, Ireland
- Georgetown, Guyana
- Lyon, France
- Nanjing, China
- Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Saint-Louis, Senegal
- Samara, Russia
- San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Stuttgart, Germany[162]
- Suwa, Japan
- Szczecin, Poland[163]
- Wuhan, China
See also
- Caves of St. Louis
- Cuisine of St. Louis
- Delmar Divide
- Downtown St. Louis
- Great Flood of 1993
- Heat wave of 2006 derecho series
- History of the Jews in St. Louis
- LaClede Town
- LGBT culture in St. Louis
- List of mayors of St. Louis
- List of tallest buildings in St. Louis
- National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri
- National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri
- Neighborhoods of St. Louis
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis
- St. Louis Fire of 1849
- St. Louis in the Civil War
- 1939 St. Louis smog
- List of Veiled Prophet Parade themes
- USS St. Louis, 7 ships
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for St. Louis were kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1874 to December 1892, Eads Bridge from January 1893 to December 1929, and at Lambert–St. Louis Int'l since January 1930.[55]
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Further reading
- Berger, Henry W. St. Louis and Empire: 250 Years of Imperial Quest and Urban Crisis. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015.
- Ekberg, Carl J., and Sharon K. Person, St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
- Gordon, Colin. Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. ISBN 9780812220940
- Primm, James Neal. Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980 (1998) a major scholarly history online
External links
- Official website
- St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association
- Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri