Saint George
Venerated in |
|
---|---|
Major shrine |
|
Feast |
|
Patronage | Many patronages of Saint George exist around the world |
Saint George (
In hagiography, as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most prominent military saints, he is immortalized in the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. His feast day, Saint George's Day, is traditionally celebrated on 23 April. Historically, the countries of England, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ukraine, Malta, Ethiopia, as well as Catalonia and Aragon in Spain, and Moscow in Russia, have claimed George as their patron saint, as have several other regions, cities, universities, professions, and organizations. The Church of Saint George in Lod (Lydda), Israel, contains a sarcophagus traditionally believed to contain St. George's remains.[6]
Legend
Very little is known about George's life. It is thought that he was a Roman military officer of Cappadocian Greek descent, who was martyred under Roman emperor Diocletian in one of the pre-Constantinian persecutions of the 3rd or early 4th century.[7][8] Beyond this, early sources give conflicting information.
The saint's veneration dates to the 5th century with some certainty, and possibly even to the 4th, while the collection of his miracles gradually began during the medieval times.[9] The story of the defeat of the dragon is not part of Saint George's earliest hagiographies, and seems to have been a later addition.[7][9]
The earliest text which preserves fragments of George's narrative is in a Greek hagiography which is identified by Hippolyte Delehaye of the scholarly Bollandists to be a palimpsest of the 5th century.[10] An earlier work by Eusebius, Church history, written in the 4th century, contributed to the legend but did not name George or provide significant detail.[11] The work of the Bollandists Daniel Papebroch, Jean Bolland, and Godfrey Henschen in the 17th century was one of the first pieces of scholarly research to establish the saint's historicity, via their publications in Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca.[12] Pope Gelasius I stated in 494 that George was among those saints "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose actions are known only to God."[13]
The most complete version, based upon the fifth-century Greek text but in a later form, survives in a translation into Syriac from about 600. From text fragments preserved in the British Library, a translation into English was published in 1925.[14][15][16]
In the Greek tradition, George was born to Greek Christian parents, in Cappadocia. After his father died, his mother, who was originally from Lydda, in Syria Palaestina, returned with George to her hometown.[17] He went on to become a soldier for the Roman army; but, because of his Christian faith, he was arrested and tortured, "at or near Lydda, also called Diospolis"; on the following day, he was paraded and then beheaded, and his body was buried in Lydda.[17] According to other sources, after his mother's death, George travelled to the eastern imperial capital, Nicomedia,[18] where he was persecuted by one Dadianus. In later versions of the Greek legend, this name is rationalised to Diocletian, and George's martyrdom is placed in the Diocletian persecution of AD 303. The setting in Nicomedia is also secondary, and inconsistent with the earliest cults of the saint being located in Diospolis.[19]
George was executed by decapitation on 23 April 303. A witness of his suffering convinced Empress Alexandra of Rome to become a Christian as well, so she joined George in martyrdom. His body was buried in Lydda, where Christians soon came to honour him as a martyr.[20][21]
The Latin Passio Sancti Georgii (6th century) follows the general course of the Greek legend, but Diocletian here becomes Dacian, Emperor of the Persians. His martyrdom was greatly extended to more than twenty separate tortures over the course of seven years. Over the course of his martyrdom, 40,900 pagans were converted to Christianity, including the Empress Alexandra. When George finally died, the wicked Dacian was carried away in a whirlwind of fire. In later Latin versions, the persecutor is the Roman emperor Decius, or a Roman judge named Dacian serving under Diocletian.[22]
Historicity
There is little information on the early life of George.
The Diocletianic Persecution of 303, associated with military saints because the persecution was aimed at Christians among the professional soldiers of the Roman army, is of undisputed historicity. According to Donald Attwater,
No historical particulars of his life have survived, ... The widespread veneration for St George as a soldier saint from early times had its centre in Palestine at Diospolis, now Lydda. St George was apparently martyred there, at the end of the third or the beginning of the fourth century; that is all that can be reasonably surmised about him.[24]
Edward Gibbon[25][26] argued that George, or at least the legend from which the above is distilled, is based on George of Cappadocia,[27][19] a notorious 4th-century Arian bishop who was Athanasius of Alexandria's most bitter rival, and that it was he who in time became George of England. This identification is seen as highly improbable. Bishop George was slain by Gentile Greeks for exacting onerous taxes, especially inheritance taxes. J. B. Bury, who edited the 1906 edition of Gibbon's The Decline and Fall, wrote "this theory of Gibbon's has nothing to be said for it". He adds that "the connection of St. George with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of the myth".[23] Saint George in all likelihood was martyred before the year 290.[28]
St. George and the dragon
The earliest known record of the legend of Saint George and the Dragon occurs in the 11th-century, in a Georgian source,[29] reaching Catholic Europe in the 12th-century. In the Golden Legend, by 13th-century Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine, George's death was at the hands of Dacian, and about the year 287.[citation needed]
The tradition tells that a fierce dragon was causing panic at the city of Silene, Libya, at the time George arrived there. In order to prevent the dragon from devastating people from the city, they gave two sheep each day to the dragon, but when the sheep were not enough they were forced to sacrifice humans, elected by the city's own people, instead of the two sheep. Eventually, the king's daughter was chosen to be sacrificed, and no one was willing to take her place. George saved the girl by slaying the dragon with a lance. The king was so grateful that he offered him treasures as a reward for saving his daughter's life, but George refused it and instead he gave these to the poor. The people of the city were so amazed at what they had witnessed that they became Christians and were all baptized.[30]
Saint George's encounter with a dragon, as narrated in the Golden Legend, would go on to become very influential, as it remains the most familiar version in English owing to William Caxton's 15th-century translation.[31]
In the medieval romances, the lance with which George slew the dragon was called Ascalon, after the Levantine city of Ashkelon, today in Israel. The name Ascalon was used by Winston Churchill for his personal aircraft during World War II, according to records at Bletchley Park.[32] Iconography of the horseman with spear overcoming evil was widespread throughout the Christian period.[33]
Muslim legends
George (
Muslim scholars had tried to find a historical connection of the saint due to his popularity.[35] According to Muslim legend, he was martyred under the rule of Diocletian and was killed three times but resurrected every time. The legend is more developed in the Persian version of al-Tabari wherein he resurrects the dead, makes trees sprout and pillars bear flowers. After one of his deaths, the world is covered by darkness which is lifted only when he is resurrected. He is able to convert the queen but she is put to death. He then prays to God to allow him to die, which is granted.[36]
Veneration
History
A titular church built in Lydda during the reign of Constantine the Great (reigned 306–337) was consecrated to "a man of the highest distinction", according to the church history of Eusebius; the name of the titulus "patron" was not disclosed, but later he was asserted[by whom?] to have been George.
The veneration of George spread from Syria Palaestina through Lebanon to the rest of the Byzantine Empire – though the martyr is not mentioned in the Syriac Breviarium[21] – and the region east of the Black Sea. By the 5th century, the veneration of George had reached the Christian Western Roman Empire, as well: in 494, George was canonized as a saint by Pope Gelasius I, among those "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to [God]."[citation needed]
The early cult of the saint was localized in
By the time of the
Belief in an apparition of George heartened the Franks at the Battle of Antioch in 1098,[43] and a similar appearance occurred the following year at Jerusalem. The chivalric military Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama was established by king Peter the Catholic from the Crown of Aragon in 1201, Republic of Genoa, Kingdom of Hungary (1326), and by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor.[44] Edward III of England put his Order of the Garter under the banner of George, probably in 1348. The chronicler Jean Froissart observed the English invoking George as a battle cry on several occasions during the Hundred Years' War. In his rise as a national saint, George was aided by the very fact that the saint had no legendary connection with England, and no specifically localised shrine, as that of Thomas Becket at Canterbury: "Consequently, numerous shrines were established during the late fifteenth century," Muriel C. McClendon has written,[45] "and his did not become closely identified with a particular occupation or with the cure of a specific malady."
In the wake of the Crusades, George became a model of
The establishment of George as a popular saint and protective giant[46] in the West, that had captured the medieval imagination, was codified by the official elevation of his feast to a festum duplex[47] at a church council in 1415, on the date that had become associated with his martyrdom, 23 April. There was wide latitude from community to community in celebration of the day across late medieval and early modern England,[48] and no uniform "national" celebration elsewhere, a token of the popular and vernacular nature of George's cultus and its local horizons, supported by a local guild or confraternity under George's protection, or the dedication of a local church. When the English Reformation severely curtailed the saints' days in the calendar, Saint George's Day was among the holidays that continued to be observed.
In April 2019, the parish church of São Jorge, in
Veneration in the Levant
George is renowned throughout the Middle East, as both saint and prophet. His veneration by Christians and Muslims lies in his composite personality combining several biblical, Quranic and other ancient mythical heroes.[50] Saint George is the patron saint of Lebanese Christians,[51] Christians in Israel and Palestine,[52] and Syrian Christians.[53]
Dalrymple himself visited the place in 1995. "I asked around in the Christian Quarter in Jerusalem, and discovered that the place was very much alive. With all the greatest shrines in the Christian world to choose from, it seemed that when the local Arab Christians had a problem – an illness, or something more complicated – they preferred to seek the intercession of George in his grubby little shrine at Beit Jala rather than praying at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem or the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem."[55] He asked the priest at the shrine "Do you get many Muslims coming here?" The priest replied, "We get hundreds! Almost as many as the Christian pilgrims. Often, when I come in here, I find Muslims all over the floor, in the aisles, up and down."[55][56]
The Encyclopædia Britannica quotes G. A. Smith in his Historic Geography of the Holy Land, p. 164, saying: "The Mahommedans who usually identify St. George with the prophet Elijah, at Lydda confound his legend with one about Christ himself. Their name for Antichrist is Dajjal, and they have a tradition that Jesus will slay Antichrist by the gate of Lydda. The notion sprang from an ancient
Due to the
Veneration in the Muslim world
George is described as a prophetic figure in Islamic sources.
According to Elizabeth Anne Finn's Home in the Holy land (1866):[59]
St George killed the dragon in this country; and the place is shown close to Beyroot. Many churches and convents are named after him. The church at Lydda is dedicated to George; so is a convent near Bethlehem, and another small one just opposite the Jaffa gate, and others beside. The Arabs believe that George can restore mad people to their senses, and to say a person has been sent to St. George's is equivalent to saying he has been sent to a madhouse. It is singular that the Moslem Arabs adopted this veneration for St George, and send their mad people to be cured by him, as well as the Christians, but they commonly call him El Khudder – The Green – according to their favourite manner of using epithets instead of names. Why he should be called green, however, I cannot tell – unless it is from the colour of his horse. Gray horses are called green in Arabic.
The mosque of Nabi Jurjis, which was restored by
George or
A
Feast days
In the General Roman Calendar, the feast of George is on 23 April. In the Tridentine calendar of 1568, it was given the rank of "Semidouble". In Pope Pius XII's 1955 calendar this rank was reduced to "Simple", and in Pope John XXIII's 1960 calendar to a "Commemoration". Since Pope Paul VI's 1969 revision, it appears as an "optional memorial". In some countries such as England, the rank is higher – it is a Solemnity (Roman Catholic) or Feast (Church of England): if it falls between Palm Sunday and the Second Sunday of Easter inclusive, it is transferred to the Monday after the Second Sunday of Easter.[65]
George is very much honoured by the Eastern Orthodox Church, wherein he is referred to as a "Great Martyr", and in
In Bulgaria, George's day (Bulgarian: Гергьовден) is celebrated on 6 May, when it is customary to slaughter and roast a lamb. George's day is also a public holiday.
In
In
In India, the
George is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 23 April.[70]
Catholic Church feast days:
- 23 April – main commemoration,[71]
- 24 April – commemoration in Saint Wojciech)[73]
- 7 May – Lydda,
- 20 June – commemoration of translation of relics to Anchin Abbey,
- 15 October – commemoration of translation of relics to Toulouse,[citation needed]
Eastern Orthodox Church feast days:[74]
- 27 January – Commemoration of the Miracle (deliverance of the island of Zakynthos from the plague) of the Great Martyr George in Zakynthos in 1689/1688. (Greek Orthodox Church)[75]
- 12 April – Gerontius from Cappadocia, martyr, father of George, husband of Polychronia (c.290)[76]
- 23 April – Holy Glorious Wonderworker George (303) [Death anniversary]
- 23 April – Polychronia from Cappadocia, martyr, mother of George, wife of Gerontius (303/304)[77]
- 6 May – George's Day in Spring [BOC]
- 3 November – Dedication of the Lydda(4th century)
- 10 November – Commemoration of the torture of Great-martyr George in 303 [GOC][78][79]
- 23 November – Dedication of the Kiev(1051)
Patronages
George is a highly celebrated saint in both the
George is the patron saint of England. His cross forms the national flag of England, which overlaps with Scotlands St Andrew’s flag Blue White Saltire Cross to establish the United Kingdom of Great Britain Union Flag, which is contained in other national flags containing the Union Flag, such as those of Australia and New Zealand. By the 14th century, the saint had been declared both the patron saint and the protector of the royal family.[81]
The country of Georgia, where devotions to the saint date back to the fourth century, is not technically named after the saint, but is a well-attested back-formation of the English name. However, many towns and cities around the world are. George is one of the patron saints of Georgia. Exactly 365 Orthodox churches in Georgia are named after George according to the number of days in a year. According to legend, George was cut into 365 pieces after he fell in battle and every single piece was spread throughout the entire country.[82][83][84]
George has been the patron saint of
George is the patron saint of Ethiopia.[87] He is also the patron saint of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; George slaying the dragon is one of the most frequently used subjects of icons in the church.[88]
George is also one of the patron saints of the Mediterranean islands of
Devotions to George in Portugal date back to the 12th century. Nuno Álvares Pereira attributed the victory of the Portuguese in the battle of Aljubarrota in 1385 to George. During the reign of John I of Portugal (1357–1433), George became the patron saint of Portugal and the King ordered that the saint's image on the horse be carried in the Corpus Christi procession. The flag of George (white with red cross) was also carried by the Portuguese troops and hoisted in the fortresses, during the 15th century. "Portugal and Saint George" became the battle cry of the Portuguese troops, being still today the battle cry of the Portuguese Army, with simply "Saint George" being the battle cry of the Portuguese Navy.[91]
Devotions to Saint George in Brazil was influenced by the Portuguese colonisation. George is the unofficial patron saint of the city of
George, is also the patron saint of the region of
Tales of King Pedro's success at Huesca and in leading his expedition of armies with El Cid against the Moors, under the auspices of George on his standard, spread quickly throughout the realm and beyond the Crown of Aragon, and Christian armies throughout Europe quickly began adopting George as their protector and patron, during all subsequent Crusades to the Holy Lands. By 1117, the military order of Templars adopted the Cross of St. George as a simple, unifying sign for international Christian militia embroidered on the left hand side of their tunics, placed above the heart.
The Cross of St. George, also known in Aragon as The Cross of Alcoraz, continues to emblazon the flags of all of Aragon's provinces.
The association of St. George with chivalry and noblemen in Aragon continued through the ages. Indeed, even the author
In Valencia, Catalonia, the Balearics, Malta, Sicily and Sardinia, the origins of the veneration of St. George go back to their shared history as territories under the Crown of Aragon, thereby sharing the same legend.
One of the highest civil distinctions awarded in Catalonia is the
Saint George (Sant Jordi in Catalan) is also the patron saint of Catalonia. His cross appears in many buildings and local flags, including the flag of Barcelona, the Catalan capital. A Catalan variation to the traditional legend places George's life story as having occurred in the town of Montblanc, near Tarragona.
In 1469, the
Arms and flag
It became fashionable in the 15th century, with the full development of classical heraldry, to provide attributed arms to saints and other historical characters from the pre-heraldic ages. The widespread attribution to George of the red cross on a white field in Western art – "Saint George's Cross" – probably first arose in Genoa, which had adopted this image for their flag and George as their patron saint in the 12th century. A vexillum beati Georgii is mentioned in the Genovese annals for the year 1198, referring to a red flag with a depiction of George and the dragon. An illumination of this flag is shown in the annals for the year 1227. The Genovese flag with the red cross was used alongside this "George's flag", from at least 1218, and was known as the insignia cruxata comunis Janue ("cross ensign of the commune of Genoa"). The flag showing the saint himself was the city's principal war flag, but the flag showing the plain cross was used alongside it in the 1240s.[97]
In 1348,
The term "Saint George's cross" was at first associated with any plain Greek cross touching the edges of the field (not necessarily red on white).[98] Thomas Fuller in 1647 spoke of "the plain or St George's cross" as "the mother of all the others" (that is, the other heraldic crosses).[99]
Iconography
George is most commonly depicted in early icons,
Eastern Orthodox iconography also permits George to ride a black horse, as in a Russian icon in the British museum collection.[101] In the south Lebanese village of
George may also be portrayed with
Gallery
- Eastern
-
Tetarteron of Manuel I Komnenos (12th century) showing a bust of George
-
Main icon of Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod (c. 1130)
-
A 12th-century depiction of Saint George in a church at the Staraya Ladoga Fortress of Staraya Ladoga
-
Scenes from the life of George, Kremikovtsi Monastery, Bulgaria (15th century)
-
A plaque, on which is represented George rescuing the emperor's daughter (15th century)
-
"Ethiopian Empire forces, assisted by St George (top), win the Battle of Adwa against Italy. Painted 1965–75."
-
12th century icon of Saint George and David IV of Georgia
- Western
-
George as a knight, miniature from a ms. of Vies de Saints, c. 1290–1310 (Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Manuscrit 588)
-
Miniature of George and the Dragon, ms. of the Legenda Aurea, dated 1348 (BNF Français 241, fol. 101v.)
-
Miniature of George and the Dragon, ms. of the Legenda Aurea, Paris, 1382 (BL Royal 19 B XVII, f. 109).
-
George on a small pavise (Nuremberg, c. 1480)
-
George as a martyr: St. George's Collegiate Church in Tübingen (15th century)
-
George by Carlo Crivelli
-
St.George by the Master of Sierentz. (1440–1450)
-
Stained-glass (by J. Mehoffer), Fribourg cathedral
-
Stained-glass (by J. Mehoffer, Fribourg cathedral)
-
St. George in the Orthodox Icon
See also
- Moors and Christians of Alcoy, an international historical festival dedicated to George in Alcoy (Alicante), Spain
- Tetri Giorgi, Georgian name for George
- Uastyrdzhi, Ossetian name for George
- Church of Saint George (Lod)
References
- Arabic: جرجس, romanized: Jirjis
- ^ "Saint George". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "St. George". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ISBN 9780191647666.
- ^ Otto Friedrich August Meinardus, Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity (1999), p. 315 Archived 13 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, p. 504-5
- . Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ a b Lampinen & Mataix-Ferrándiz 2022, p. 14
- ^ "Who was Saint George and why is he England's patron saint?". The Independent. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ^ a b Cavallo 1997, p. 71
- ^ Acta Sanctorum, Volume 12, as republished in 1866
- ^ Church History (Eusebius), book 8, chapter 5; Greek text here Archived 14 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, and English text here. Eusebius's full text as follows:
Immediately on the publication of the decree against the churches in Nicomedia, a certain man, not obscure but very highly honored with distinguished temporal dignities, moved with zeal toward God, and incited with ardent faith, seized the edict as it was posted openly and publicly, and tore it to pieces as a profane and impious thing; and this was done while two of the sovereigns were in the same city,—the oldest of all, and the one who held the fourth place in the government after him. But this man, first in that place, after distinguishing himself in such a manner suffered those things which were likely to follow such daring, and kept his spirit cheerful and undisturbed till death.
- ISBN 1-84014-694-X. Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca 271, 272.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 737.
In the canon of Pope Gelasius (494) George is mentioned in a list of those 'whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God'
- ^ Cross, Frank; Livingstone, Elizabeth, eds. (1957). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2005 ed.). pp. 667–668.
- .
- ISBN 978-1-78155-649-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4381-3026-2.
George was an historical figure. According to an account by Metaphrastes, George was born in Cappadocia (in modern Turkey) to a noble Christian family; his mother was Palestinian.
- ISBN 1-84014-694-X.
- ^ a b "Saint George", Catholic Encyclopedia,
it is not improbable that the apocryphal Acts have borrowed some incidents from the story of the Arian bishop
. - ISBN 0-7661-3656-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4375-1281-6.: 166
- ^ Michael Collins, St George and the Dragons: The Making of English Identity (2018), p. 129 Archived 13 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Thurston, Herbert (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. "There seems, therefore, no ground for doubting the historical existence of St. George, even though he is not commemorated in the Syrian, or in the primitive Hieronymian Martyrologium, but no faith can be placed in the attempts that have been made to fill up any of the details of his history. For example, it is now generally admitted that St. George cannot safely be identified by the nameless martyr spoken of by Eusebius (Church History VIII.5), who tore down Diocletian's edict of persecution at Nicomedia. The version of the legend in which Diocletian appears as persecutor is not primitive. Diocletian is only a rationalized form of the name Dadianus. Moreover, the connection of the saint's name with Nicomedia is inconsistent with the early cultus at Diospolis. Still less is St. George to be considered, as suggested by Gibbon, Vetter, and others, a legendary double of the disreputable bishop, George of Cappadocia, the Arian opponent of St. Athanasius."
- ^ Attwater, Donald (1995) [1965]. Dictionary of Saints (Third ed.). London: Penguin Reference. p. 152.
- ^ Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 2:23:5
- ^ Richardson, Robert D.; Moser, Barry, eds. (1996), Emerson, p. 520,
George of Cappadocia ... [held] the contract to supply the army with bacon ... embraced Arianism ... [and was] promoted ... to the episcopal throne of Alexandria ... When Julian came, George was dragged to prison, the prison was burst open by a mob, and George was lynched ... [he] became in good time Saint George of England
. - ^ Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 2:23:5
- ^ Hogg, John (1863), "Supplemental Notes on St George the Martyr, and on George the Arian Bishop", Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, Royal Society of Literature: 106–136
- ^ "St. George and the Dragon: Introduction". Robbins Library Digital Projects. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ISBN 971-91595-4-5.
- ISBN 978-0-691-00153-1.
- ^ "Getting There: Churchill's Wartime Journeys". The International Churchill Society. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
- ^ Charles Clermont-Ganneau, "Horus et Saint Georges, d'après un bas-relief inédit du Louvre". Revue archéologique, 1876
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4617-1895-6.
- ^ a b H. S. Haddad (1968). "'Georgic' Cults and Saints of the Levant". Numen. Brill: 37.
- C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs(eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I, Part 2 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 1047.
- ^ Christopher Walter, "The Origins of the Cult of Saint George", Revue des études byzantines 53 (1995), 295–326 (p. 296) (persee.fr Archived 28 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
- ISBN 0-521-39037-0.
- ^ Eastern Christian Publications, Theosis: Calendar of Saints (2020), pp. 75–76.
- ISBN 0750924527, p. 19.
- ^ McClendon 1999, p .6
- ^ Perrin, British Flags, 1922, p. 38.
- ISBN 978-0-14-198550-3.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia 1913, s.v. "Orders of St. George" Archived 22 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine omits Genoa and Hungary: see David Scott Fox, Saint George: The Saint with Three Faces (1983:59–63, 98–123), noted by McClellan 999:6 note 13. Additional Orders of St. George were founded in the eighteenth century (Catholic Encyclopedia).
- ^ McClendon 1999:10.
- The Praise of Folly (1509, printed 1511) remarked "The Christians have now their gigantic St. George, as well as the pagans had their Hercules."
- ^ Only the most essential work might be done on a festum duplex
- ^ Muriel C. McClendon, "A Moveable Feast: Saint George's Day Celebrations and Religious Change in Early Modern England" The Journal of British Studies 38.1 (January 1999:1–27).
- ^ Gonçalves, Luisa (29 April 2019). "D. Nuno Brás presidiu à Festa em honra de São Jorge". Jornal da Madeira (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 3 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-62350-2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 109–110
- ISBN 9780968987322.
St. George is also the patron saint of Lebanese and Palestinian Christians.
- ISBN 9781598842050.
He is also the patron saint of the Palestinian Christian community.
- ISBN 9780199354979.
There are several examples of this: "Besides being the patron saint of England and of the Christians of Syria.
- ^ Hanauer, JE (1907). "Folk-lore of the Holy Land, Moslem, Christian and Jewish". Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ a b c William Dalrymple (1999). From the Holy Mountain: a journey among the Christians of the Middle East. Owl Books.[ISBN missing]
- JSTOR 3269569.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 737.
- ^ ISBN 9781351722179.
- ^ Elizabeth Anne Finn (1866). Home in the Holyland. London: James Nisbet and Co. pp. 46–47.
- ISBN 978-1-134-25986-1.
- The Telegraph. 28 July 2014. Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2022.
- ISBN 9789047418573.
- ^ "EVLİYA ÇELEBİ NİN SEYAHATNAME SİNDE DİYARBAKIR* DIYARBAKIR IN EVLIYA ÇELEBI S SEYAHATNAME – PDF Ücretsiz indirin". docplayer.biz.tr. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ^ EVLİYA ÇELEBİ DİYARBAKIR’DA (Turkish) Archived 13 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine TigrisHaber. Posted 22 July 2014.
- ^ The Divine Office: Table of Liturgical Days, Section I (RC) and Calendar, Lectionary and Collects (Church House Publishing 1997) p. 12 (C of E)
- ^ "St. George". CopticChurch.net. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ^ B, Sathish (20 March 2008). "St. George forane church Edathua-689573". Edathuapalli. Sathish B. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
- ^ "St. George forane church Edappally". Edappally. St: George Church. 22 April 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
- ^ "Arrangements for Edathua church fete". The Hindu. Alappuzha. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
- ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ popadmin (25 March 2021). "23 April: Feast of Saint George – Prince of Peace Catholic Church & School". Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ "24 kwietnia: św. Jerzego, męczennika". ordo.pallotyni.pl. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ "23 kwietnia: św. Wojciecha, biskupa i męczennika, głównego patrona Polski". ordo.pallotyni.pl. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
- ^ "ГЕОРГИЙ ПОБЕДОНОСЕЦ – Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "Ο Τροπαιοφόρος και η πανούκλα". Εφημερίδα Ημέρα, Ζάκυνθος. (in Greek). 31 January 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "ГЕРОНТИЙ КАППАДОКИЙСКИЙ – Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "ПОЛИХРОНИЯ КАППАДОКИЙСКАЯ – Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "КОЛЕСОВАНИЕ ВЕЛИКОМУЧЕНИКА ГЕОРГИЯ – Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "Воспоминание колесования великомученика Георгия Победоносца (Груз.) — Храм великомученицы Ирины" (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ISBN 1-57607-216-9.
- ISBN 0-7614-0308-6.
- ^ Gabidzashvili, Enriko (1991), Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature, Tbilisi, Georgia: Armazi – 89.
- ISBN 1-59605-452-2.
- ISBN 0-271-01628-0.
- ^ Skoko, Iko (21 August 2012). "Sveti Ilija – zaštitnik Bosne i Hercegovine" (in Serbo-Croatian). Večernji list.
- ^ Martić, Zvonko (2014). "Sveti Jure i sveti Ilija u pučkoj pobožnosti katolika u Bosni i Hercegovini" (in Serbo-Croatian). Svjetlo riječi. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Saint George, Patron Saint of Ethiopia". Horniman Museum and Gardens. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ISBN 978-9004106611.
- ^ Vella, George Francis (30 April 2009). "St George, the patron saint of Gozo". Times of Malta. Retrieved 26 January 2017. "The patron saint and protector of Gozo". Times of Malta. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ISBN 1-4179-0870-X.
- ISBN 0-299-05584-1.
- ^ "Governador sanciona lei que torna São Jorge e São Sebastião padroeiros do estado". 8 May 2019.
- ^ Santos, Georgina Silva dos.Ofício e sangue: a Irmandade de São Jorge e a Inquisição na Lisboa moderna.Lisboa: Colibri; Portimão: Instituto de Cultura Ibero-Atlântica, 2005
- ^ Manfred Hollegger "Maximilian I." (2005), p 150.
- ^ "History of the St. Georgs-Orden".
- ^ Roman Procházka "Österreichisches Ordenshandbuch" (1979), p 274.
- ^ Aldo Ziggioto, "Genova", in Vexilla Italica 1, XX (1993); Aldo Ziggioto, "Le Bandiere degli Stati Italiani", in Armi Antiche 1994, cited after Pier Paolo Lugli, 18 July 2000 Archived 29 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine on Flags of the World.
- ^ William Woo Seymour, The Cross in Tradition, History and Art, 1898, p. 363
- ^ Fuller, A Supplement tu the Historie of the Holy Warre (Book V), 1647, chapter 4.
- ^ "Vatican stamps". Vaticanstate.va. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Bobrov, Yury. "A catalogue of the Russian icons in the British Museum", The British Museum".
- ^ "احتفالات بمناسبة اليوبيل الماسي لبناء كنيسة مار جاورجيوس – المية ومية". Noursat. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
Sources
- Lampinen, Antti; Mataix-Ferrándiz, Emilia (2022). Seafaring and Mobility in the Late Antique Mediterranean. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781350201712.
- Cavallo, Guglielmo (1997). The Byzantines. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226097923.
Further reading
- Ælfric of Eynsham (1881). . Ælfric's Lives of Saints. London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co.
- Brook, E.W., 1925. Acts of Saint George in series Analecta Gorgiana 8 (Gorgias Press).
- Burgoyne, Michael H. 1976. A Chronological Index to the Muslim Monuments of Jerusalem. In The Architecture of Islamic Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
- Gabidzashvili, Enriko. 1991. Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature. Armazi – 89: Tbilisi, Georgia.
- Good, Jonathan, 2009. The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England (Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press).
- Loomis, C. Grant, 1948. White Magic, An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend (Cambridge: Medieval Society of America)
- Natsheh, Yusuf. 2000. "Architectural survey", in Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City 1517–1917. Edited by Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust) pp. 893–899.
- Whatley, E. Gordon, editor, with Anne B. Thompson and Robert K. Upchurch, 2004. St. George and the Dragon in the South English Legendary (East Midland Revision, c. 1400) Originally published in Saints' Lives in Middle English Collections (Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications) (on-line introduction)
- George Menachery, Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India. Vol.II Trichur – 73.
External links
- English translation of the 5th century Latin legend at the Internet Archive
- St. George and the Dragon, free illustrated book based on 'The Seven Champions' by Richard Johnson (1596)
- Archnet
- Saint George and the Dragon links and pictures (more than 125), from Dragons in Art and on the Web
- Story of Saint George from The Golden Legends
- Saint George and the Boy Scouts, including a woodcut of a Scout on horseback slaying a dragon
- A prayer for St George's Day
- St. George
- St. George and the Dragon: An Introduction
- Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George Orthodox synaxarionfor 23 April
- Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia Icon and synaxarion for 3 November
- Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev Icon and synaxarion for 26 November
- Saint George in the church in Plášťovce, (Palást) in Slovakia
- Famous Georgian Pilgrim Center in India St. George Orthodox Church Puthuppally, Kerala, India
- Hail George Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Radio webcast explains how Saint George came to be confused with some Afro-Brazilian deities
- Blog Article on the Feast of Saint George The feast of Saint George is 23 April – About that Dragon ...
- St. George, Martyr at the Christian Iconography web site.
- Of St. George, Martyr from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend