St James' Church, Sydney

St James' Church, commonly known as St James', King Street, is an Australian heritage-listed

The church remains historically, socially and architecturally significant. The building is the oldest one extant in Sydney's inner city region. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 3 September 2004;^[1] and was listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.

The church has maintained its special role in the city's religious, civic and musical life as well as its close associations with the city's legal and medical professions through its proximity to the law courts and Sydney Hospital. Its original ministry was to the convict population of Sydney and it has continued to serve the city's poor and needy in succeeding centuries.

Worship at St James' is in a style commonly found in the

The eastern front

With Hyde Park and St Mary's Cathedral in the background

St James' Church is located at 173 King Street, Sydney, in the legal and commercial district, near

The underground St James railway station is named after the church. The precinct around the church is informally known as St James'.^[5][8][9]

History

Architect Francis Greenway

The Revd Richard Hill, first chaplain

Foundation and consecration

The building of St James' Church was commissioned by Governor

Before the building of St James', Sydney's growing population had been served by St Philip's Church, York Street. However, as St James' was able to hold more people than St Philip's and clergy meetings as well as ordinations were held there, it quickly became the centre of official church activity.^[15]

There was both official and general concern about the lack of morality within the predominantly male population, and the establishment of churches and of education was seen as a method of combatting this. The 19th-century church historian, Edward Symonds, credited a "better moral and spiritual tone" in the colony to "decent churches" and "the advent of additional clergy, headed by William Cowper, in 1808".

View from the south east, with a path leading to Bathurst Street. Elizabeth Street runs left to right (south to north) across the painting (John Rae 1842)

Interior showing the original high pulpit, box pews and three windows of the eastern end (Bradridge 1831)

St James' suffered from a major scandal in the late 1820s ("a period of personal quarrels and violent newspaper controversies")

The first major alteration to the church was the enclosing of the south portico to form a vestry. In 1832 John Verge constructed another vestry at the eastern end of the church, in strict conformity with the architectural style of Greenway.^[25] Growth of the congregation necessitated further changes. Galleries were added along the northern and eastern walls. As the three eastern windows had been blocked by Verge's vestry, the interior became increasingly badly lit with every change. Verge's solution was to pierce ocular windows high in the walls to light the galleries.^[25]

In 1836, Richard Hill had a fit of

Interior in 1843 showing the altar surrounded by circular railing and the galleries

King Street looking east towards St James' (watercolour by Frederick Garling 1843)

In 1839, Robert Allwood, educated at Eton College and the University of Cambridge, arrived in Sydney^[15][30] and was appointed to St James' by William Broughton,^[15] in which parish he served for 44 years until his retirement in 1884. Allwood was an important patron of education in Victorian Sydney. Under him, the parish school expanded and his teacher training college became a "model school".^[30] He was also the principal tutor at St James' College, which originally met in St James' parsonage (on the corner of King Street and Macquarie Street) until it was transferred to Lyndhurst at The Glebe.^[31]

In 1848, St James' was the venue for a full military funeral, "attended by 150 carriages"

Unlike Hill, Allwood advocated the principles of the Oxford Movement (also known as "Tractarianism" after its publication of Tracts for the Times), which stressed the historical continuity of the Church of England, and placed a high importance upon the sacraments and the liturgy.^[30][37] "The culmination" of a trend towards Tractarianism in the colony was the founding in 1845, of St James' College – "the first seminary for training local ordinands".^[38] However, many colonial Anglicans were unhappy with Tractarian trends because Roman Catholics "were equated with Irish",^[38] and with "Romanism". "Serious differences opinion in matters of doctrine" began to "escalate into public debate as the influences of the Oxford Movement began to be felt in the Australian colonies" in the 1840s.^[39]

Allwood's sermons were brief and Holy Communion was celebrated every Sunday. The organ, which had been installed in 1827, was moved to the space of the southern vestry, and the pulpit and reading desk place in front of it where they could be seen from all parts of the church. The holy table continued to be located at the eastern end of the building.^[37] Broughton supported the Tractarian views of Allwood, but his successor, Frederic Barker, who became bishop in 1855, was strongly Evangelical.^[40] The division in style between St James' and the "low church" ethos that predominated in the Sydney Diocese began at this time.^[37]

Changes: 1884–1904

During the 1880s Sydney became a prosperous city, commerce and industry flourished, and the suburbs expanded. As more churches were built and fewer people lived in the heart of the city, the congregation of St James' Church shrank. The challenge that it faced was to minister effectively to city workers, rather than dwellers, to serve the poor of the city, and to attract those whose preference was for the style of worship and intellectual, topical preaching that distinguished St James' from many of the newly created parish churches.^[41] The young Henry Latimer Jackson, from Cambridge, was appointed in 1885. He introduced weekday services and a magazine called The Kalendar, one of Australia's first parish papers.^[42] He also lectured at Sydney University, addressed conferences, spoke at synod and acted as secretary to the newly established Sydney Church of England Boys' Grammar School.^[43] However, his sermons were described as "not so much opposed, as simply not understood".^[44] He resigned in 1895 after accepting a position in the Diocese of Ely.^[45]

Although Sydney was prospering, St James' had an acute shortage of money and "the government considered resuming the site for a city railway".^[44][46] The trustees at this time leased the parsonage and, in 1894, used the money for urgent restoration to the exterior of the building. The architect Varney Parkes replaced the old spire, using copper that was pre-weathered so that there was no radical change in its appearance.^[47] He removed infilling from the north portico and designed a new portico and entrance to the tower to match that of the eastern vestry. The result was to make the north face of the building its most significant aspect.^[46]

Jackson's successor was William Carr Smith, a man with socialist ideals and a commitment to social reform and spiritual outreach.^[48] He preached long and engaging sermons inside the church and for a time in the open air in The Domain as well.^[49] Carr Smith had brought with him from England the "most recent developments" in the restoration of ancient liturgy, so he was able to help St James' play a "notable part" in Sydney's revival of Anglo-Catholicism, setting "new standards of ceremonial".^[50] To serve these purposes the architect John H. Buckeridge was employed to transform the building's interior, completing the work in 1901.^[48] The most significant change was the new emphasis given to the altar, which was made the focus of attention and "flanked by the pulpit, reading desks and lectern."^[51] The "principal features" under the Carr Smith plan were the construction of the apse, set into the eastern vestry to create a sanctuary; the raising of the chancel floor which created a platform, five steps above the nave for the choir, framed by the organ divided into two sections; the making of a new, unobtrusive entrance to the tower and western gallery; and the removal of the box pews and the eastern and northern galleries.^[52] The memorial plaques were also rearranged. The choir was ornamented with a mosaic floor and ornate brasswork which complemented the large brass eagle lectern by the English ecclesiastical suppliers, J. Wippell and Company, that commemorated Canon Robert Allwood.^[41][48] The floor of the pulpit was made from parts of the old three-decker one.^[20][53] The organ, refurbished and enlarged by Davidson of Sydney, was installed in 1903.^[48] With the removal of the organ, the south vestry was made into a side chapel. Eight large stained glass windows were installed between 1903 and 1913, along with a new pulpit, altar and retable, all of which were given as memorials.^[54] Another improvement was "the placing of double windows on the King-street side to shut out the sound of the traffic, which hitherto has been a serious annoyance to both the officiating clergymen and the congregation".^[55] In 1897, St James' Hall was offered to Dorotheos Bakalliarios, a Greek Orthodox priest from Samos for Orthodox services in Sydney.^[56] In 1904 the diocesan architect, John Burcham Clamp, was employed to design a new parish hall.^[48]

20th century

In 1900, the governor,

Micklem was "a pioneer advocate of the preservation of early colonial architecture".[64] As the century progressed, there were a number of threats to the church's historic environment, which includes Greenway's Law Courts and Hyde Park Barracks.^[65][66][67] In spite of the threats to these colonial era buildings, they survived to form an important Sydney precinct.^[68] Both the building and the organisation continued to serve the city. During World War II, for example, the crypt was used as a "Hostel for Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen"^[69] and the ninth rector, Edwin John Davidson, incumbent during that period, "gained fame" for the church with his "pungent sermons on current affairs".^[70] The eleventh rector, Frank Cuttriss, had an ecumenical outlook – he was a member of a meeting of the World Council of Churches at Uppsala and an observer to the Second Vatican Council.^[71]

St James' was the locus of many notable events throughout the 20th century, including weddings and funerals of famous, significant or notorious people, visits from theologians and senior clerics and, when needed, services for the

During the 20th century, both choral and organ musical components developed to a high standard and were integral to the liturgy at St James'.[86] In addition, music was offered to the wider community in the form of recitals, often in ways that elucidate the liturgy and take advantage of church acoustics and sacred settings. Weekday recitals, such as the organ recitals given in 1936 of music by Bach,^[87] continued in addition to the music played on Sundays.

21st century

In the 21st century, St James' continues its work in the city centre via its ministry and engagement in the issues of the day. In the 19th century, there were controversies about Tractarianism; in the 20th there was the impact of the two world wars; in the 21st century the church has confronted the difficult and topical issues of violence, euthanasia,^[88] refugees,^[89][90] marriage and sexuality.^[91] The church's relationship with government and the legal community began when the colony was under military government and the Church of England was the established church. Due to the church's history and its proximity to the convict barracks (later an immigration centre), the law courts (both the old and the new ones) as well as the New South Wales parliament, the relationship continues. It is evident in special services attended by the governor as well as the annual service to mark the opening of the law term.^[92]

St James' commitment to social justice and education began in the 19th century with efforts to serve both convicts and settlers. It continued in the 20th with support for people affected by war, for example, when the church became "a busy centre of war-time life".^[93] Since early in the 20th century, service to the community has included visits to those imprisoned or ill as well as practical help to the city's homeless^[94][95][96] and an annual schedule of educational seminars at the St James' Institute.^[97]

On 6 February 2012, the rector Andrew Sempell officiated at a thanksgiving for

The church was included in the 2005 BBC documentary series Around the World in 80 Treasures.

Description

Architecture

One of Greenway's finest works, St James' is listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.

St James' originally took the form of a simple rectangular block, without transepts or chancel, with a tower at the western end and a classical portico of the Doric order on either side. To this has been added Verge's vestry framed by two small porticos, and a similar portico as an entrance to the tower. The church is built of local brick, its walls divided by brick pilasters into a series of bays. The walls are pierced by large windows with round arched heads in a colour that separates and defines them against the walls. The roof carries over the end walls with the gable forming triangular pediments of classical proportions carrying a cornice across the eaves line. Thus the architectural treatment on the side walls is continued around the end walls.^[114]

Interior

The original interior differed greatly in layout from that of the present. There was no structural chancel, the focus of the church being a large pulpit. During the mid 19th century galleries overlooked the pulpit from three sides.

Previously enclosed and used as a vestry and then an organ chamber, the south porch became a chapel in 1903. In 1988, the side chapel was remodelled and dedicated as the Chapel of the Holy Spirit.^[124] The parish and the Bicentennial Council of New South Wales funded the redesign which saw the removal of the infilling from between the columns of the portico and its replacement with stained glass. The award-winning "Creation Window", designed by Australian artist David Wright,^[125][126] spreads across the three walls and represents the interaction of earth, air, fire and water, symbolic of the action of the Spirit in creation, in life and in rebirth in Christ.^[127] The new furniture for the chapel was designed by Leon Sadubin.^[128]

Crypt and Children's Chapel

Beneath the church is a large undercroft, built of brick and groin vaulted. It has been used for many purposes: as a residence by the widow of Richard Hill and later by a verger; by Canon Allwood as a part-time bedroom; for the parish's schools; and as a shelter by Australian, American and British armed forces during the two world wars.^[4] Rector Francis Wentworth-Sheilds gave the city parish "a big role as a drop-in centre for servicemen" during the First World War.^[129] During the Second World War bed and bedding were provided to over 30,000 Allied servicemen.^[130]

The western bay on the south side of the crypt is the Chapel of St Mary and the Angels, better known simply as the "Children's Chapel". It was opened in 1929 as a chapel for younger children. A specially adapted form of Eucharist is celebrated there on the first Sunday of the month. All four walls of the chapel and its ceiling are decorated with murals designed by the writer and artist Ethel Anderson and executed by the Turramurra Wall Painters Union, a group of Modernist painters she founded in 1927.^[131] The murals underwent extensive conservation in 1992–1993.^[132]

The crypt was restored by Geoffrey Danks in 1977–78.^[133] In the 21st century, the bays on either side of the crypt's central corridor are used for a variety of purposes. At the eastern end they house a commercial kitchen. Some bays are used as offices; one (The Chapel of All Souls) contains a columbarium; another houses a lending library for parishioners.^[57]

St James, a memorial to Elsey Fairfax-Ross (1905)

Detail of the Sistine Madonna window, based on Raphael's painting^[134]

Memorials, monuments, records

St James' provides a record of important elements of Sydney's history in both physical and documentary form.^[135] There are over 300 memorials commemorating important members of 19th century colonial society, people who served the colony generally and parishioners from the 20th century. In addition, many of the stained glass windows and items of furniture have been donated as memorials. For example, the large stained glass window of Saint George on the northern wall is a memorial to Keith Kinnaird Mackellar, who died in the Second Boer War aged 20.^[136] He was the brother of poet Dorothea Mackellar. These memorials are the reason the church was sometimes called the "Westminster Abbey of the South".^[15] As early as 1876, the wall tablets were described as "full of sad memories to the old inhabitants, interesting reminiscences to those who have studied Australian history".^[137]

The first monument erected in the church was the memorial to Commodore Sir James Brisbane, who died in Sydney on his way to serve in South America in command of HMS Warspite. It was sculpted by Sir Francis Chantrey, sent to Sydney by Lady Brisbane and installed in the church in 1830. The Brisbane memorial began the tradition of memorial tablets to "prominent people".^[138] The memorial to Robert Wardell in 1834 rendered "bushranger" into Latin as "a latrone vagante occiso".^[4] Four other monuments were installed between 1830 and 1839. The only memorial on which an indigenous Australian appears is that of Edmund Kennedy^[139] (said to have been "a communicant at St James’")^[140] on whose tablet Jackey Jackey is remembered.^[20][140] There are memorials to the Macleay family of naturalists, Alexander and William Sharp Macleay.

Memorial to Alexander Macleay

Memorial to Sir James Brisbane

The largest single memorial of the 20th century is the

The church has all its baptismal and marriage registers dating from 1824 to the present day. These were originally handwritten; printed forms came into existence "by government order" in 1826.[145] Since it was not compulsory to register births, deaths and marriages until after 1855,^[146] the records held by St James' are particularly valuable to historians and genealogists and copies are held in the National Library of Australia.^[147]

Renovation, restoration, conservation

St James' with the spire under restoration in 1894

Spire after a major restoration in 2010

Since its erection, the building has undergone significant repair, renovation and conservation, including work on the building fabric, the stained glass windows, the mosaic floors in the chancel and sanctuary and conservation of the Children's Chapel. Major work was done on the interior and the spire in the 1890s^[4] and on the crypt in the 1970s.^[133]

The spire was extensively restored from 2008 to 2010, including the tower masonry, the interior framing, the copper covering and the orb and cross.^[148] The spire was rededicated on 20 October 2010.^[149] The restorations were awarded the National Trust of Australia Built Heritage Award on 4 April 2011^[150] and the AIA Greenway Award for Heritage.^[151][152] The jury said that the restoration work showed "consummate care by the architect, the engineer and the builder in conserving the original structure and fabric of the building, improving its strength, performance and waterproofing".^[153]

Restoration continued with work on the church's slate roof and sandstone perimeter fence. The Spanish slates, installed in the 1970s, proved not to be durable in Sydney's climate due to their high iron content and their poor fixing had resulted in further damage. The solution to the deterioration was to replace the slates using Welsh slates. The roof project was completed after a fund-raising effort supported by the National Trust of Australia. In 2013, the interior was repainted after preparation that involved "colour testing and selection, memorial protection and ceiling acoustic repairs".^[154] As a heritage-listed building, the church has a program of continual conservation. Its custodians remain "ever mindful" of their responsibility to the wider public as well as to the congregation.^[105]

Worship and ministry

Liturgy

The eagle lectern (one of two memorials to Canon Allwood) and the organ

The oldest stained glass in the church (in the entrance door)

St James' offers three

St James' continues to maintain a formal and sacramental liturgy and has weathered the storm of criticism from a diocese with increasingly "Low church" practices.^[48] It is one of the few Sydney Anglican churches that has upheld the norms of mainstream Anglican tradition, including the use of the stole by clergy during services, especially during sacraments such as baptisms and marriages; the Book of Common Prayer and sacred church music, including the singing of hymns from a hymnal.^[157]

Theology

The Constitution of the Anglican Church of Australia "commit[s] Anglicans to mainstream Christian orthodoxy", but its ruling principles direct it to that particular tradition within as "represented by the Church of England".^[158] The Australian church had to work out the meaning of its common heritage "in the context of the different cultures of the separate colonies"^[159] but "the way in which that faith pedigree was appealed to and interpreted ... has highlighted differences."^[158] Peter Carnley, former primate of the Anglican Church of Australia, has described Anglicanism's "unique or essential identity" as having "not so much a body of theological teaching, as a style of theological reflection"^[160] that goes back to the Elizabethan theologian Richard Hooker.^[161] St James' conforms to this Anglican tradition, part of which is a general dislike of what used to be referred to as 'Enthusiasm': that is, a dislike of "pious individualism and emotional exuberance".^[162] St James' theological position in the liturgy is evidently consistent with Carnley's explanation that incarnational reality "might be experienced with the aid of aesthetic, symbolic or sacramental aids to worship."^[163] Such an adherence to the importance of the sacred and the sublime in worship remains in sharp contradistinction to practice in the surrounding mostly evangelical diocese, which typically eschews beauty and holds to an "ultra-low ecclesiastical aesthetic" that is combined with "ultra-conservative social values".^[164][165] Teaching at St James' takes account of both the Biblical and contemporary historical context.^[166] In the Sydney diocese, St James's differing view has therefore been controversial since the 19th century as the various rectors led the church towards and away from Anglo-Catholicism.^[167] Micklem, for example, renewed Anglo-Catholic churchmanship and Davidson "returned it firmly to a moderate position".^[168]

St James' aims to be "an open and inclusive Christian community" that "welcomes all, regardless of age, race, sexual orientation or religion".^[169] During the long debate in the diocese about the acceptability of women as priests and also as preachers, for example, women clergy were welcome. One of the first women ordained as a priest in the Anglican Church in Australia, Susanna Pain, served as a deacon at St James'^[170] and women in leadership positions in the Anglican Church such as Kay Goldsworthy and Genieve Blackwell, have been invited to preach.^[165][171] The current rector contributes to the public debate about the role and responsibilities of the church in a secularised world^[172] and in response to statements about same-sex marriage from the Archbishop of Sydney, published a dissenting view.^[91][173]

Congregation

In the beginning, convicts, soldiers, governors and civil authorities attended the church; in the 21st century, regular patronage by, and programs for, governors, politicians, the legal community and the homeless create a similarly diverse mix. In 1900, such a congregation was described by the sixth rector as representing "many types, many classes. Here we find rich and poor, old and new, the Governor and the Domain loafer, the passing visitor, and the grandchildren of those whose memorial tablets testify to a long connection with the church." William Carr Smith's observation was that "this makes the congregation a difficult one to handle."^[20]

Nevertheless, the congregation provides volunteer labour and donates funds for many of church's activities, including laundry work, library administration, flower arrangements, bell ringing, singing in the parish choir and hospitality for the Sister Freda mission. Furnishings for the chapel in the Sydney Hospital were provided by the parishioners during Carr Smith's time, when he became chaplain to the hospital.^[174]

Community service

Crypt

Children's Chapel

St James' work for the poor, as well as for the city's legal and medical professions, has been continuous from the 19th century. Since early times work "for the poor of the parish"; the promotion of "overseas and inland missions"; liaison with "the city professions in law and medicine" and running "devotional and discussion groups" has been incorporated into the church's mission.^[175] In the 20th century, the ninth and tenth rectors emphasised "the church's responsibility to society" and encouraged St James' role in the city.^[176] In the 21st century, these activities have been supplemented by chaplaincy and professional counselling services directed at dealing with the problems associated with the stresses of city life.^[177]

The "most direct part of St James' social welfare work" is the Sister Freda Mission, which began in 1899.

The church's ministry to Sydney's legal fraternity is facilitated by its proximity to buildings used by the profession, including the Law Courts, which is the main building of the

Due to this proximity, the church and legal profession have a longstanding relationship, anchored by an annual service to mark the beginning of the legal year which is attended by judges, solicitors and members of the Bar from the Supreme Court of New South Wales in ceremonial attire.^{[181][182][130]} In the 19th century, the relationship was reported in the context of delays to the law and concerns about the need for a suitable set of new courts.^[67] In the 20th, it was noted that the "relationship of law and religion" was one of "two co-operating forces, approaching, from different sides, a problem which was common to them both of securing right conduct";^[183] and in the 21st century, the Governor still attends special services. Since 1950, there has also been an annual service for the members of the Order of St Michael and St George.^[130]

Education

St James' Parish Hall (designed by John Burcham Clamp, dedicated 1903, demolished 1961, replaced 1963)

Fragment from St James' School.
The inscription reads:
Saint James's Grammar School Erected A:D: MDCCCXL [1840] William Grant Broughton D.D. Bishop of Australia

In the 19th century, religious denominations made a major contribution to education at all levels before this was taken over by the state. From its beginnings, St James' was involved in education for both children and adults. Richard Hill, the first incumbent, "began Australia's first kindergarten and

Samuel Marsden delivered the first sermon on 6 July 1824.^[191] In 1836 the first (and only) Bishop of Australia, William Grant Broughton, was installed at St James' as there was still no cathedral. Broughton regularly officiated at St James'^[12] as at the first ordination of an Anglican priest in Australia (T. Sharpe) on 17 December 1836.^[192]

The rector of St James' is assisted by associate rectors (it was not until the 1890s that the title "rector" was used).^[42][43] The current (sixteenth) rector is Andrew Sempell and the associate rector is the John Stewart.^[193][194]

Music

St James' has had a strong musical and choral tradition "integral" to its liturgies since the 1820s and is known both for the high standard of the sacred music as well as for its regular public recitals and concerts.^[196][197] St James' has a choir, a fine three-manual pipe organ and a peal of bells hung for change ringing.^[156] Isaac Nathan, who "constituted himself musical laureate to the colony"^[198] and is considered "Australia's first composer", created a musical society at St James' in the 1840s.^[199]

Organ

The original organ, installed in the west gallery, was built by John Gray of London and was played for the first time on 7 October 1827. It received the following praise in the colonial newspaper The Australian.

Organists Mr Field (1931)

and Alistair Nelson (2014)

"St. James's new organ pealed its notes of praise for the first time at noon service on Sunday, to an overflowing congregation, more numerous perhaps than any congregation St. James's had ever before witnessed. The organ was not in perfect harmony, owing, in a great measure, to its yet incomplete state. Its intonations, however, in many instances, was full, rich, and harmonious, and those of the congregation were not a few who felt its tones swell on the ear like the welcome voice of a long parted friend!"^[200]

The organ was modernised and enlarged in the 1870s by William Davidson. After a number of moves around the galleries, it was placed in what had been intended as the south porch. At the time the church's interior was reconstructed at the turn of the 20th century, it was positioned on either side of the chancel platform at the eastern end where it remains.^[120] Organ specialists Hill, Norman & Beard (Aust) Pty Ltd gave the organ a major refurbishment and reconstruction between 1970 and 1971 at a cost of $35,000.^[201]

As part of the church's bicentennial celebrations, St James' commissioned Dobson Pipe Organ Builders of Lake City, Iowa to build an entirely new organ to replace its old and failing one. Delivery had been expected in mid-2022, with a total project cost, including building renovations, of AUS$3 million.^[202][203] The four-manual (IV/43/51) organ would have been Dobson's 99th opus and only the second for installation outside of the US, after Merton College, Oxford in 2013.^[204][205] The new organ would be Sydney's third largest, after those in the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Town Hall.^[206] A catastrophic fire at the Dobson factory on 15 June 2021, however, resulted in the total loss of the organ under construction at the time of the conflagration.^[207] Following the fire, Dobson re-established its workshop in interim quarters and re-commenced the construction of the St James organ, with delivery anticipated in 2024.^[208]

Choir

St James' has had a choir since early colonial times. James Pearson accepted the office of choir leader in 1827 and arranged some of the music that was sung.

The current choir is composed of about a dozen semi-professional adults. They sing on Sundays at the 11.00 am Choral Eucharist, Wednesdays at the 6:15 pm Choral Evensong, monthly at the 3.00 pm Choral Evensong held on the last Sunday of the month, as well as at a number of midweek feast days held during the year.^[218] In January, during the summer holiday period, St James' presents three full orchestral Masses during which liturgical music by composers such as Mozart, Haydn and Schubert is used for its original purpose and incorporated into the service. On these occasions, the choir is joined by a small orchestra.^[219]

On occasion, the St James' choir has combined with other choirs,

Musical critique of the choir has appeared in the press from the beginning and continues to the present day. In 1827, one singer was criticised for her diction: "If her pronunciation were as pleasing as her notes, she would be entitled to unqualified praise" wrote a critic in 1827.[223] In 1845, St James' was being described as the "exception" to the prevailing low standard of church music in both England and New South Wales.^[224] In 2013, singers from the combined choirs of St James' and St Mary's Cathedral were appraised as creating "a clear, well-defined edge that swirled gloriously".^[221]

Music leaders

Organists and Choirmasters^[214][217]

Bells

The church's eight

There is also the service bell of 4¼ cwt, known as the Mears bell, cast by Thomas Mears II of Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1820.^[229] It was repaired there in 2011.^[232]

See also

• Australian non-residential architectural styles
• List of Anglican churches in the Diocese of Sydney

References

Citations

Sources

Cited sources

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• Jupp, James, ed. (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 0-521-80789-1
  .
• Kaye, Bruce (2002). Anglicanism in Australia: A History. Carlton South, Victoria: Melbourne University Press.
  ISBN 0-522-85003-0
  .
• Leary, Frank; Leary, Judith (1972). Colonial heritage: historic buildings of New South Wales. Sydney, NSW: Angus & Robertson.
  ISBN 0-207-12309-8
  .
• Lindsay, Elaine; Scarfe, Janet, eds. (2012).
  ISBN 978-1-74223-337-6
  .
• Porter, Brian, ed. (1989). Colonial Tractarians: The Oxford Movement in Australia. Melbourne, Victoria: The Joint Board of Christian Education. p. 39.
  ISBN 0-85819-788-X
  .
• ISBN 978-1-4094-2028-6
  .
• Rushworth, Graeme David (1988). Historic organs of New South Wales: the instruments, their makers and players, 1791–1940. Sydney, NSW: Hale & Iremonger.
  ISBN 0-86806-320-7
  .
• St. James' Church (Sydney, NSW) (1919). The Church (ed.). Historical sketch of S. James' Sydney: written for the commemoration of the hundredth anniversary of the laying of its foundation stone, October, 1919. W.C. Penfold & Co. (printer).
• The Church (1944). A Short story of historic St. James', Sydney (1st ed.). Sydney, NSW.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• The Church (1963). A Short story of historic St. James', Sydney (2nd ed.). Ashfield, NSW: James & James.
• Whiteoak, John; Scott-Maxwell, Aline, eds. (2003). Currency companion to music and dance in Australia. Sydney, NSW: Currency House in association with Currency Press. p. 128.
  ISBN 0-9581213-1-1
  .

Other sources

• "St James' Anglican Church". 2007. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
• Gorman, James (2013). 'St.James Repairs Funded', in Sydney Central 12/6/2013.
• Historical Report & Conservation Plan for St.James' Anglican Church, King St., Sydney. H.O. Woodhouse & Danks P/L. 1988.
• Heritage NSW (2013). St James Anglican Church.
• Herman, M. The Early Australian Architects and Their Work.
• Ellis, M. H. (1964). Francis Greenway.
• Noel Bell Ridley Smith & Partners (2001). Conservation Management Plan.
• Heritage Office (2001). Religious Heritage Nominations.

Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from St. James' Anglican Church, entry number 1703 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 14 October 2018.

Further reading

• Gladwin, Michael (2015) Anglican clergy in Australia 1788-1850: building a British world, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK : Boydell and Brewer
  ISBN 9780861933280

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to St James' Church, Sydney.

• "St James' King Street". Official website. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.
• "Cable Clerical Index of clergy who served in the Anglican Church of Australia from 26 January 1788 through to those ordained or serving by 31 December 1961" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2013.