St Michael's Mount

Coordinates: 50°06′58″N 5°28′38″W / 50.1160°N 5.4772°W / 50.1160; -5.4772
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the island off the coast of Normandy, France, see Mont-Saint-Michel.

St Michael's Mount
St Michael's Mount
St Michael's Mount is located in Cornwall
St Michael's Mount
St Michael's Mount
Location within Cornwall
Area0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2)
OS grid referenceSW514298
• London290 miles (467 km)
Civil parish
  • St Michael's Mount
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townMARAZION
Postcode districtTR17
Dialling code01736
PoliceDevon and Cornwall
FireCornwall
AmbulanceSouth Western
UK Parliament
Websitewww.stmichaelsmount.co.uk
Listed Building – Grade I
Designated9 October 1987
Reference no.1143795
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens
Designated11 June 1987
Reference no.1000654
List of places
UK
England
Cornwall
50°06′58″N 5°28′38″W / 50.1160°N 5.4772°W / 50.1160; -5.4772

St Michael's Mount (

civil parish and is linked to the town of Marazion by a causeway of granite setts, passable (as is the beach) between mid-tide and low water. It is managed by the National Trust, and the castle and chapel have been the home of the St Aubyn
family since around 1650.

Historically, St Michael's Mount was an English counterpart of Mont-Saint-Michel in Normandy, France, which is also a tidal island, and has a similar conical shape, though Mont-Saint-Michel is much taller.[3]

St Michael's Mount is one of 43 unbridged

tidal islands to which you can walk from mainland Britain. Part of the island was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1995 for its geology. Sea height can vary by up to around 5 metres between low and high tide.[4]

Etymology

Its Cornish language name—literally, "the grey rock in a wood"—may represent a folk memory of a time before Mount's Bay was flooded, indicating a description of the mount set in woodland. Remains of trees have been seen at low tides following storms on the beach at Perranuthnoe.[citation needed]

Prehistory

There is evidence of people living in the area during the

archaeologist and prehistorian Caroline Malone noted that during the Late Mesolithic the British Isles were something of a "technological backwater" in European terms, still living as a hunter-gatherer society whilst most of southern Europe had already taken up agriculture and sedentary living.[6] The mount was then probably an area of dry ground surrounded by a marshy forest. Any Neolithic or Mesolithic camps are likely to have been destroyed by the later extensive building operations, but it is reasonable to expect the mount to have supported a seasonal or short-term camp.[5]

None of the flints so far recovered can be positively dated to the

tin trading centre in the Bibliotheca historica of the Sicilian-Greek historian Diodorus Siculus, writing in the first century BC.[7][8]

History

St Michael's Mount in 1900
St Michael's Mount (postcard c. 1920) by A. R. Quinton

St Michael's Mount may have been the site of a monastery from the 8th to the early 11th centuries.

Archangel Michael). It was a destination for pilgrims, whose devotions were encouraged by an indulgence granted by Pope Gregory in the 11th century.[13] The earliest buildings on the summit, including a castle, date to the 12th century.[5][14]

Siege, occupation and ownership

Bridgettine Order, acquired the Mount in 1424.[19] Some 20 years later the Mount was granted by Henry VI to King's College, Cambridge on its foundation.[20] However, when Edward IV took the throne during the Wars of the Roses the Mount was returned to the Syon Abbey in 1462.[20][21]

Queen Elizabeth I, it was given to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, by whose son it was sold to Sir Francis Bassett. During the Civil War, Sir Arthur Bassett, brother of Sir Francis, held the Mount against the Parliament until July 1646.[13]

The Mount was sold in 1659 to Colonel John St Aubyn.[13] As of 2021 his descendants, the Lords St Levan, remain seated at St Michael's Mount.

18th century

Little is known about the village before the beginning of the 18th century, save that there were a few fishermen's cottages and monastic cottages. After improvements to the harbour in 1727, St Michael's Mount became a flourishing seaport.

In 1755, the Lisbon earthquake caused a tsunami to strike the Cornish coast over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away. The sea rose six feet (2 m) in 10 minutes at St Michael's Mount, ebbed at the same rate, and continued to rise and fall for five hours. The 19th-century French writer Arnold Boscowitz claimed that "great loss of life and property occurred upon the coasts of Cornwall."[22]

19th century

An 1890s painting by James Webb

By 1811, there were 53 houses and four streets. The pier was extended in 1821

Wesleyan chapel, and three public houses, mostly used by visiting sailors. Following major improvements to nearby Penzance
harbour, and the extension of the railway to Penzance in 1852, the village went into decline, and many of the houses and other buildings were demolished.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, the structure of the castle was romanticised.[14] In the late 19th century, the remains of an anchorite were discovered in a tomb within the domestic chapel.[24]

Main article: St Michael's Mount Tramway

A short, underground

railway was constructed in about 1900. It was used to bring goods up to the castle and take away rubbish. In 2018, the tramway was reported as being "still in regular use, perhaps not every day",[25] and is not open to the general public, although a small stretch is visible at the harbour. It is Britain's last functionally operational 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) railway.[26][27]

Some sources, including in the

2 ft 5 in (737 mm) [28] while The Railway Magazine says it has a gauge of 2 ft 5+1⁄2 in
(750 mm). [29]

Second World War

The Mount was fortified in

invasion crisis of 1940–41. Three pillboxes can be seen to this day.[30] After the war, the decommissioned battleship HMS Warspite
was beached near the mount, and was scrapped in place after attempts to refloat the wreck failed.

Sixty-five years after the Second World War, it was suggested based on interviews with contemporaries that the former Nazi Foreign Minister and one-time ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, had intended to live at the mount after the planned German conquest. Archived documents revealed that during his time in Britain in the 1930s, when he had proposed an alliance with Nazi Germany, von Ribbentrop frequently visited Cornwall.[31]

National Trust

In 1954, Francis Cecil St Aubyn, 3rd Baron St Levan, gave most of St Michael's Mount to the

St Aubyn family retained a 999-year lease to inhabit the castle and a licence to manage the public viewing of its historic rooms. This is managed in conjunction with the National Trust.[citation needed
]

Priors and owners of St Michael's Mount

Preservation

South east side of the castle, facing offshore

The

sail loft (now a restaurant), and two former inns. A former bowling green adjoins one of the buildings. The population of this parish in 2011 was 35.[35]

The harbour, enlarged in 1823 to accommodate vessels of up to 500 tonnes deadweight, has a

Queen Mother entered the harbour in a pinnace from the royal yacht Britannia
.

Another point of interest on the island is its

underground railway
, which is still used to transport goods from the harbour up to the castle. It was built by miners around 1900, replacing the pack horses which had previously been used. Its steep gradient renders it unsafe for passenger use; thus the National Trust has made it out-of-bounds for public access.

The causeway between the mount and Marazion was improved in 1879 by raising it by one foot (30 cm) with sand and stones from the surrounding area.[36] Repairs were completed in March 2016 following damage from the 2014 winter storms.[37] Some studies indicate that any rise in ocean waters as well as existing natural erosion would put some of the Cornwall coast at risk, including St Michael's Mount.[38]

Local government

St Michael's Mount in 2005

Until recent times, both the mount and the town of Marazion formed part of the

civil parish for local government purposes. Currently, this takes the form of a parish meeting as opposed to a parish council (that is, a yearly meeting of electors that does not elect councillors). Lord St Levan
currently chairs the St Michael's Mount parish meeting.

Geology

The rock exposures around St Michael's Mount provide an opportunity to see many features of the geology of Cornwall in a single locality.[39] The mount is made of the uppermost part of a granite intrusion into metamorphosed Devonian mudstones or pelites. The granite is itself mineralised with a well-developed sheeted greisen vein system. Due to its geology the island's seaward has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1995.[40][41]

Granites

There are two types of granite visible on the mount. Most of the intrusion is a tourmaline muscovite granite which is variably porphyritic. This is separated from a biotite muscovite granite by pegmatites.[citation needed]

Devonian pelites

Originally laid down as mudstones these pelites were regionally metamorphosed and deformed (mainly

intrusion of the granite, which caused further contact metamorphism, locally forming a hornfels, and mineralisation.[citation needed
]

Mineralisation

The best developed mineralisation is found within the uppermost part of the granite itself in the form of sheeted greisen veins. These steep W-E trending veins are thought to have formed by

hydraulic fracturing when the fluid pressure at the top of the granite reached a critical level. The granite was fractured and the fluids altered the granite by replacing feldspars with quartz and muscovite. The fluids were also rich in boron, tin and tungsten, and tourmaline, wolframite and cassiterite are common in the greisen veins. As the area cooled the veins became open to fluids from the surrounding country rock and these deposited sulphides, e.g. chalcopyrite and stannite. Greisen veins are also locally developed within the pelites.[citation needed
]

Folklore

In prehistoric times, St Michael's Mount may have been a port for the tin trade, and Gavin de Beer made a case for it to be identified with the "tin port" Ictis/Ictin mentioned by Posidonius.[7]

There are popular claims of a tradition that the Archangel Michael appeared before local fishermen on the mount in the 5th century AD.[42] But in fact this is a modern myth. The earliest appearance of it is in a version by John Mirk, copying details of the medieval legend for Mont-Saint-Michel from the Golden Legend.[43] The folk-story was examined and found to be based on a 15th-century misunderstanding by Max Muller.

The chronicler John of Worcester[44] relates under the year 1099 that St Michael's Mount was located five or six miles (10 km) from the sea, enclosed in a thick wood, but that on the third day of November the sea overflowed the land, destroying many towns and drowning many people as well as innumerable oxen and sheep; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records under the date 11 November 1099, "The sea-flood sprung up to such a height, and did so much harm, as no man remembered that it ever did before".[45] The Cornish legend of Lyonesse, an ancient kingdom said to have extended from Penwith toward the Isles of Scilly, also talks of land being inundated by the sea.

One of the earliest references to the mount (originally named "Dynsol" or "Dinsul"), was in the mid 11th century when it was "Sanctus Michael beside the sea".[46][47]

In the 1600s, John Milton used the Mount as the setting for the finale of what was once one of the most famous poems in English literature, his "Lycidas", which drew on the traditional sea-lore that had it that the archangel Michael sat in a great stone chair at the top of the Mount, seeing far over the sea and thus protecting England. In the mid-1850s the poem's scenes of the drowning of Lycidas, in the seas below the Mount, were illustrated in engravings and paintings by J. M. W. Turner. The poem drew together various traditions from the Bible, classical mythology and local folklore to offer an elegy for the pagan world that had faded away.[citation needed]

Legend

Main article: Jack the Giant Killer

During the 6th century, before a castle was built, according to legend, the island was once home to an 18-foot giant named Cormoran, who lived in a cave with his ill-gotten treasures obtained by terrorizing local towns and villages. That is, until a young farmer's son named Jack took on this gigantic menace, who had an appetite for cattle and children, and killed him by trapping him in a concealed pit, bringing down his axe upon his head. When he returned home, the elders in the village gave him a hero's welcome, and henceforth, called him "Jack the Giant Killer".[citation needed]

In modern popular culture

The mount has featured in a number of films, including the 1979 film Dracula, where it was prominently featured as the exterior of Castle Dracula.[48]

Images

  • Castle of St Michael
    Castle of St Michael
  • Causeway at low tide.
    Causeway at low tide.
  • Aerial View
    Aerial View
  • Local map from 1946
    Local map from 1946
  • St Aubyn family arms
    St Aubyn family arms
  • Detailed picture of St Michael's Mount castle.
    Detailed picture of St Michael's Mount castle.
  • Burgee of Mount's Bay Sailing Club, Marazion, featuring a silhouette of the island.
    Burgee of Mount's Bay Sailing Club, Marazion, featuring a silhouette of the island.

See also

References

  1. ^ Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF) Main variant Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine : List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Cornish Language Partnership.
  2. ^ O.J.Padel. Cornish Place Names. p. 122.
  3. ^ Henderson, Charles (1925). Cornish Church Guide. Truro: Oscar Blackford. pp. 160–61.
  4. ^ "Cornwall tides".
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-898166-49-8
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-7524-1442-3
    .
  7. ^
    JSTOR 1793956
    .
  8. ^ ICTIS INSVLA at roman-britain.co.uk, accessed 7 February 2012
  9. ^
    ISBN 9780140710014
    .
  10. ^ a b Henderson, Charles (1925). Cornish Church Guide. Truro: Oscar Blackford. pp. 160–61.
  11. ^ Fletcher, J. R. (Canon), Short History of Saint Michael's Mount, Published at St Michael's Mount 1951.
  12. ISBN 978-0907018582
    .
  13. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "St Michael's Mount". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  14. ^ a b "St Michael's Mount". CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  15. ^ Richard Carew (1811). Carew's Survey of Cornwall. T. Bensley. p. 379.
  16. ^ John Harvey (1948). The Plantagenets. B.T.Batsford Ltd.
  17. ^ Historic England. "THE CHURCH OF SAINT MICHAEL, St. Michael's Mount (1310728)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  18. ^ Musson, RMW (2008). "The seismicity of the British Isles to 1600" (PDF). British Geological Survey (Earth Hazards and Systems): 37. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  19. ^ Harry, Carlene. "Morvah - which St Bridget?". Penwith Local History Group. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  20. ^ a b "St Buryan deanery and the Priory of St Michael's Mount", King’s College Estates Records, vol. KCAR/6/2/138, 13 May 2014
  21. ^ J P C Roach (ed.). "The colleges and halls: King's'". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge.
  22. ^ "Sources of Cornish History – The Lisbon Earthquake". Cornwall Council. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  23. ^ "St Michael's Mount". New Monthly Magazine. May 1821. p. 259. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  24. ^ "Things to know before Applying for Payday Advance Online – Cornwall OPC". Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  25. ^ Sunders, Charlie (September 2018). Bennett, Paul (ed.). "Drecky Express (Visit report)". Narrow Gauge News (348). Narrow Gauge Railway Society.
  26. ^ "St Michaels Mount, Cornish Cliff Railway". Hows Website. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  27. ^ "St Michael's Mount Cliff Railway". South Western Historical Society. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  28. ISBN 978-1-904474-56-2
    .
  29. ISSN 0033-8923
    .
  30. ISBN 978-1-902771-53-3
    .
  31. ^ Vanessa Thorpe (3 October 2010). "Nazi foreign minister planned to own Cornwall as his retirement home". The Observer. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  32. ^ Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541; Year 1396; Richard II; www.uh.edu: Plaintiff
  33. ^ A short history of St Michael's Mount;Appendix B ; by the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szrma; 1878; https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistorype00lachgoog/ashorthistorype00lachgoog_djvu.txt
  34. ^ "Events".
  35. ^ "Parish population 2011". GENUKI. Archived from the original on 7 July 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Marazion". The Cornishman. No. 61. 11 September 1879. p. 4.
  37. ^ "Causeway at St Michael's Mount restored". BBC News. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  38. ^ Steven Morris (13 October 2008). "South-west England's treasures in danger". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  39. ^ "Marazion to Porthleven (virtual geological field excursion)" (PDF). University of Exeter. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  40. ^ "St Michael's Mount" (PDF). Natural England. 31 March 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  41. ISBN 978-1848767-010
    .
  42. ^ "Timeline of The Mount". St. Michael's Mount. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  43. ISBN 978-1-84383-128-0
    .
  44. ^ Noted by de Beer 1960:162f as "Florence of Worcester" in Thomas Forester's edition, London, 1854:206.
  45. ^ Ingram, James (trans.) (1823), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, vol. 180
  46. ^ Padel, O J. "The Cornish background of the Tristan Stories". Cambridge Medieval Studies. 1: 53–81.
  47. ^ Padel, O J (1985). Cornish Place-name Elements. English Place-names Society Volumes 56/57.
  48. ISBN 9780786451937
    .
  49. ^ Selcke, Dan (23 April 2021). "House of the Dragon films at Driftmark, seat of House Velaryon". Fansided. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to
St Michael's Mount.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "St Michael's Mount".
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