Stab wound

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For the album by Dark Fortress, see Stab Wounds. For various uses of "stab," see Stab (disambiguation).
Stab wound
An 1833 depiction of Jereboam O. Beauchamp stabbing Solomon P. Sharp.
SpecialtyEmergency medicine

A stab wound is a specific form of penetrating trauma to the skin that results from a knife or a similar pointed object.[1][2][3][4] While stab wounds are typically known to be caused by knives, they can also occur from a variety of implements, including broken bottles and ice picks. Most stabbings occur because of intentional violence or through self-infliction.[5] The treatment is dependent on many different variables such as the anatomical location and the severity of the injury. Even though stab wounds are inflicted at a much greater rate than gunshot wounds, they account for less than 10% of all penetrating trauma deaths.[citation needed]

Management

Stab wounds can cause various internal and external injuries. They are generally caused by low-velocity weapons, meaning the injuries inflicted on a person are typically confined to the path it took internally, instead of causing damage to surrounding tissue, which is common of gunshot wounds.

hemorrhage.[5][7] The length and size of the knife blade, as well as the trajectory it followed, may be important in planning management as it can be a predictor of what structures were damaged.[1][3] There are also special considerations to take into effect as given the nature of injuries, there is a higher likelihood that persons with these injuries might be under the influence of drugs which can make it harder to obtain a complete medical history.[8] Special precautions should also be taken to prevent further injury from a perpetrator to the victim in a hospital setting.[9] Similarly to treating shock, it is important to keep the systolic pressure above 90mmHg, maintain the person's core body temperature, and for prompt transport to a trauma center in severe cases.[10][11]

To determine if internal bleeding is present a

white blood cell count and chemical tests such as liver function tests can also help to determine the efficiency of care.[15]

Surgery

laceration of an artery often results in delayed complications sometimes leading to death. In cases where there is no suspicion of bleeding or infection, there is no known benefit of surgery to correct any present injuries.[16] Typically a surgeon will track the path of the weapon to determine the anatomical structures that were damaged and repair any damage they deem necessary.[17] Surgical packing of the wounds is generally not the favored technique to control bleeding as it can be less useful than fixing the directly affected organs.[18] In severe cases when homeostasis cannot be maintained the use of damage control surgery may be utilized.[19]

Epidemiology

Hilt mark left from a knife

Stab wounds are one of the most common forms of penetrating trauma globally, but account for a lower mortality compared to blunt injuries due to their more focused impact on a person.

blood loss. They are the mechanism of approximately 2% of suicides.[26]

In Canada,

homicides by stabbing and gunshot occur relatively equally (1,008 to 980 for the years 2005 to 2009).[24] In the United States guns are a more common method of homicide (9,484 versus 1,897 for stabbing or cutting in 2008).[25]

Stab wounds occur four times more than

ethnic minorities.[28]

History

Some of the first principles of wound care come from

tourniquets to initially control bleeding.[40]

See also

  • Ballistic trauma

References

  1. ^ a b Marx. 2014. p. 460.
  2. ISBN 978-0-8036-1559-5
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  3. ^
    PMID 9739749
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  4. PMID 12531375
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  5. ^
    S2CID 71976611
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  6. doi:10.1383/surg.2006.24.6.194
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-13-084584-9
    .
  8. ^ Marx. 2014. p. 462.
  9. ^
    S2CID 7688093
    .
  10. ^ Marx. 2014. p. 292.
  11. ^ Edgerly, Dennis (June 7, 2012). "Patient Suffers Multiple Stab Wounds: A 19-year-old male was stabbed multiple times in the chest". Journal of Emergency Medical Services. Elsevier Inc. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  12. ISBN 978-1880696316
    .
  13. ^ Marx. 2014. p. 469.
  14. ISBN 978-0-323-06502-3
    .
  15. ^ Marx. 2014. p. 464.
  16. ^
    PMID 26568111
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-340-94764-7
    .
  18. ^ Moore. 2012. p. 517.
  19. ISBN 978-0-07-178184-8
    .
  20. PMID 21636580
    .
  21. PMID 22640705
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  22. PMID 19660402
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  23. ISBN 978-1906003067
    .
  24. ^ a b "Homicides by method". Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-01-10. Homicides by method
  25. ^ a b "Murder Victims, by Weapons Used". Infoplease. Sandbox Networks Inc. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
  26. ISBN 978-0-7637-4462-5
    .
  27. PMID 8683817
    .
  28. S2CID 41051105
    .
  29. ^ UNODC Homicide Statistics 2013, used two tables: Homicide counts and rates, time series 2000-2012 & Percentage of homicides by mechanism, time series 2000-2012. Retrieved May-20-2014
  30. ^ Murder Victims by Weapons (FBI). Retrieved May-20-2014
  31. ^ U.S. Population 2012: Nearly 313 Million People. Retrieved May-20-2014
  32. ^ Chart 9: Victims of homicide by main method of killing, Scotland, 2012-13. Retrieved May-20-2014
  33. ^ Scotland’s Population at its Highest Ever. Retrieved May-20-2014
  34. ^ "Police Statistics on Homicide Victims in New Zealand 2007 - 2016" (PDF). New Zealand Police. July 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-15. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
  35. ^ "National Population Estimates: At 30 June 2016". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  36. ^ Knife crime: Recent data on carriage and use Archived 2017-05-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May-20-2014
  37. ^ Australia’s population. Retrieved May-20-2014
  38. ^ Knife crime statistics. Retrieved May-20-2014
  39. ^ Every person in England and Wales on a map. Retrieved May-20-2014
  40. ^
    PMID 19219516
    .
  41. doi:10.1001/jama.1961.63040240024023
    .
  42. ^ Oliver, J.C. (1899-01-09). "Gun Shot Wounds of the Abdomen with Report of Fifty Eight Cases". Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati: 354–75. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  43. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(26)80009-1
    .
  44. ^ Marx. 2014. p. 459.

Bibliography

External links

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