Stade Roland Garros
Fédération Française de Tennis |
Stade Roland Garros (French pronunciation:
The 13.5-hectare (34-acre) complex contains twenty courts,[1] including three large-capacity stadiums; Les Jardins de Roland Garros, a large restaurant and bar complex;[2] Le Village, the press and VIP area; France's National Training Centre (CNE); and the Tenniseum, a bilingual, multimedia museum of the history of tennis.
Dedication
The facility is named after Roland Garros, a pilot who completed the first solo flight across the Mediterranean Sea,[3] engineer (inventor of the first forward-firing aircraft machine gun),[4] and World War I hero who shot down four enemy aircraft (though popularly believed to be five).[5] Garros was killed in aerial combat in October 1918.
History
France was an important power in tennis during the first half of the 20th century due to the dominance of Suzanne Lenglen during the 1910s and 1920s, and les Quatre Mousquetaires ("the Four Musketeers")—Jacques "Toto" Brugnon, Jean Borotra (the "Bouncing Basque"), Henri Cochet (the "Magician"), and René Lacoste (the "Crocodile")—in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1927, France defeated the United States to win the Davis Cup, due largely to the Musketeers' efforts. Stade Roland Garros was constructed as a venue for France's successful defense the following year.[6] France retained the Cup until 1933, again largely because of the Musketeers. A monument to France's six Cup championships stands at the center of Place des Mousquetaires, a circular courtyard near the venue's entrance.[7]
In October 1939, shortly after the outbreak of World War II, the facility was used as a detention centre where "indésirables"—mostly Hungarians, Russians, Italians, Poles, and citizens suspected of being communists—were held pending imprisonment.[8] Journalist and former communist Arthur Koestler reported that at the time of his detention, posters advertising the last match prior to the outbreak of war, between Cochet and Borotra, were still in place.[9]
Playing surface
While the Stade Roland Garros surface is invariably characterized as "red clay", the courts are in fact surfaced with white limestone covered with a few millimeters of powdered red brick dust. Beneath the 3-inch (7.6 cm) layer of porous limestone is 6 inches (15 cm) of volcanic rock, followed by 3 feet (91 cm) of sand, all of which rests on a slab of concrete. Crushed brick is pressed onto the limestone surface with rollers, then drenched in water. The process is repeated several times until a thin, compact layer coats each court. The crushed brick is deep enough to allow footprints and ball marks, but shallow enough to avoid making the court spongy or slippery. In tournament situations workers smooth the surface before matches and between sets by dragging rectangular lengths of chain-link across it. The red brick dust is replenished as needed (daily during major tournaments).[10]
The surface was a state-of-the art solution, in 1928, to the biggest problem with natural clay courts: poor drainage. At the time it was not unusual for clay surfaces to be unplayable for two to three days after even short periods of precipitation. The limestone/crushed brick combination, originally developed in Great Britain, played and looked similar to clay without clay's drainage issues, thus rendering natural clay obsolete as a tennis court surface.[11] Since then a multitude of other "fast-dry" and synthetic clay surfaces have been developed. Courts surfaced with these materials play much like natural clay surfaces and are collectively classified as "clay courts", despite the fact that few if any true clay courts have been built for almost a century. The diversity in composition of various "clay" surfaces around the world explains the extraordinary variability in their playing characteristics. "All clay courts are different," Venus Williams has said. "None play the same. [Roland Garros] plays the best."[10]
Stadium courts
Court Philippe Chatrier
Court
The four main spectator grandstands are named for les Quatre Mousquetaires—Brugnon, Borotra, Cochet, and Lacoste—in honor of their Davis Cup success, which prompted construction of the facility, and the stadium.[6] As a further tribute, the trophy awarded each year to the French Open men's singles champion is known as La Coupe des Mousquetaires.[7]
After the completion of the 2018 tournament, the stadium was demolished down to its foundations and rebuilt with steeper grandstands in time for the 2019 tournament.[14] A retractable roof and floodlights were added in time for the 2020 tournament, which was delayed to September of that year due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[15][16]
Court Suzanne Lenglen
Built in 1994 and originally designated "Court A", Court
In 1994, the walkway between Court Chatrier and Court Lenglen was named Allée
Court Simonne Mathieu
Stade Roland Garros's new 5,000-seat tertiary venue was completed in March 2019 on the grounds of the
Court 1
Court 1, once the facility's tertiary venue and nicknamed the "Bullring" because of its circular shape, was demolished in 2019. Its architect, Jean Lovera, a former French junior champion, designed the 3,800-seat structure as a deliberate contrast to the adjacent, angular Court Philippe Chatrier. Built in 1980, the Bullring was a favorite among serious tennis fans because of its relatively small size and feeling of close proximity to the action.[23] An unusual design feature was its press seating in the first row at court level behind the south baseline.[24]
Court 1 was the scene of several memorable French Open upsets, such as unseeded
Demolition of Court 1 began shortly after conclusion of the 2019 tournament and inauguration of the new tertiary venue, Court Simonne Mathieu. In its place, a greatly enlarged Place des Mousquetaires was constructed, where spectators can watch matches on a large video screen.[21][28]
Tenniseum
Known officially as the Museum of the French Federation of Tennis, the Tenniseum was designed by the French architect Bruno Moinard and opened in May 2003. It is housed in a former groundsman's cottage, and comprises a multimedia center, media library, and permanent and temporary exhibits dedicated to the history of tennis in general, and the French Open in particular. Permanent exhibits include a display of the French Open perpetual trophies, including La Coupe des Mousquetaires and La Coupe Suzanne Lenglen; a narrative and photographic history of Stade Roland Garros; displays documenting the evolution of tennis attire through the years; a comprehensive collection of tennis racquets dating back to the mid-19th century; and a large exhibition of tennis-related photographs and paintings.[29]
The media library houses a diverse collection of documents, posters, books, and magazines, as well as a database of tennis information, statistics, trivia, and match summaries of all French Open tournament matches since 1928. The bilingual (French/English) multimedia center contains over 4,000 hours of digitized video, including documentaries, interviews with many of the sport's legendary players, and film archives dating from 1897 to the present. Tours are conducted daily. (Two per day at 11:00am and 3:00pm, are in English.) During the French Open, the normal entry fee is waived for tournament ticket-holders.[30]
Expansion project
Original plans
In 2009 the FFT announced that it had commissioned the French architect Marc Mimram to design a significant expansion of Stade Roland Garros. On the current property, the proposal called for the addition of lights and a retractable roof over Court Philippe Chatrier. At the nearby Georges Hébert municipal recreation area, east of Stade Roland Garros at Porte d'Auteuil, a fourth stadium was planned with a retractable roof and 14,600 seating capacity, along with two smaller show courts with seating for 1,500 and 750.[31]
In 2010, faced with opposition to the proposed expansion from factions within the Paris City Council, the FFT announced that it was considering an alternate plan to move the French Open to a new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. The three sites under consideration were
In February 2011, the FFT voted to keep the tournament at Stade Roland Garros, citing the prohibitive expense (
Environmental concerns and delays
In February 2015 the
In December 2015, the Paris Administrative Court ordered suspension of reclamation work involving the Auteuil botanical garden greenhouses. In a statement, the FFT responded that the greenhouses would not be destroyed, and would, in fact, be embellished. FFT also noted that opponents of the eastward expansion "[did] not have good alternatives from the operational, legal and environmental point of view", and added that expansion into the Bois de Boulogne was impossible.[44] In February 2017, the last of the legal challenges were resolved and work resumed on the original eastward expansion plan.[45]
Resumption
The new tournament organization building and Village, new courts 7 and 9, the expanded Place des Mousquetaires, and a new show court in the Fond des Princes area west of Court Lenglen were completed in time for the 2018 Open. The Court des Serres, renamed Court Simonne Mathieu, was opened in March 2019, ready for the 2019 tournament, as was the rebuilt Court Chatrier, with the retractable roof completed in time for the 2020 tournament.[33][46][47]
In 2021, the redevelopment of courts 2 and 3 and the renovation work at the Place des Mousquetaires were finished.[48] This included the inauguration of statues to Rafael Nadal (who has won the French Open singles title a record 14 times), Roland Garros, and the "Four Musketeers" (Borotra, Brugnon, Cochet, and Lacoste).[49] In the same year, the tournament introduced night sessions on Court Philippe Chatrier for the first time in its history.[50] Court Suzanne Lenglen will have a retractable roof completed in time for the 2024 Summer Olympics.[51]
Location
Stade Roland Garros is located at the western side of Paris, at the southern boundary of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris's 16th arrondissement. The triangular property is bounded by Avenue Porte d'Auteuil and A13 autoroute on the north and Boulevard d'Auteuil on the south. The eastern boundary is Avenue Gordon Bennett and the adjacent Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil.
Transportation
The closest
), to the north- and southeast respectively.- Bus: Routes 22, 32, 52, 62, 72, 123, 241 and PC1
- Vélib': Stations 16 034, 16 035 and 16 036
A special Stade Roland Garros taxi stand operates in May and June during the French Open on the southeast corner of the venue grounds, at the corner of Robert Schuman Avenue and Auteuil Boulevard.
See also
References
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- ^ Eating Your Way Through Roland Garros. Gem Tennis. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
- ^ Who's Who—Roland Garros. FirstWorldWar.com Retrieved 2011-08-03
- ^ "Early Developments" WWIAviation.com Archived 14 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2011-08-03
- ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0..
- ^ a b A Visit to Roland Garros. Colleen's Paris Retrieved 2010-08-16.
- ^ a b c d Stade Roland Garros Venues. rolandgarros.com Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-08-17.
- ISBN 978-0-907871-49-1.
- ISBN 978-0-907871-49-1.
- ^ a b Branch, John (28 May 2010). "Some Rouge Dresses Up Courts at Roland Garros". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Lavallee, Andrew R. "Clay Courts: What Are They Anyway?". XSports.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "French Open in numbers". Reuters. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ "Philippe-Chatrier Court". Roland-Garros. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "Roland Garros renovation entering 'money time' before French Open". France 24. 21 February 2019.
- ^ "French Open lights up as another tradition dies". tennishead.net. 21 September 2020.
- ^ Christopher Clarey (27 September 2020). "New for This Pandemic French Open: Fall Weather and Lights". The New York Times.
- ^ Event Guide / Map and Directions Archived 1 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine Roland Garros – French Open
- ^ Michael Houston (3 January 2023). "Court Suzanne Lenglen in Paris to receive cover for new roof in time for 2024 Olympics". Inside The Games.
- ^ Eric Bruna (21 March 2019). "Roland-Garros : découvrez le nouveau court Simonne-Mathieu". Le Parisien (in French).
- ^ Paul Myers (19 April 2019). "French Open courts glory of Simonne Mathieu". Radio France Internationale.
- ^ a b "Court Simonne-Mathieu stunning new addition to Roland Garros". The Independent. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
- ^ Eric Le Mitouard (7 February 2019). "Roland-Garros : le court des serres est prêt pour le prochain tournoi". Le Parisien (in French).
- ^ Tignor, Steve (27 May 2010): Nothing Compares to Tennis in the Bullring. NBC Sports Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-08-17.
- ^ Clarey, Christopher "At Roland Garros, an Olé! for the Bullring" New York Times, 29 May 2010
- ^ Robin Finn (31 May 1997). "Sampras and Muster Exit in Paris". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Fernandez Turns Rout into Rousing Comeback (2 June 1993). New York Times Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ "Safin on mooning crowd: 'What's bad about it?". ESPN. 29 May 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Steve Tignor (5 June 2018). "Au revoir, Court 1: memorializing Roland Garros' exhilarating bullring". Tennis.com.
- ^ "Tenniseum website". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.
- ^ "Tenniseum website". Archived from the original on 25 August 2010.
- ^ Meeting Modern Demands. Stade Roland Garros official web site. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ^ John Martin (22 May 2010). "French Officials Consider Relocation Options for the Open". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ a b Expansion of Roland Garros Aims to Preserve Parisian Style. Newsweek (25 May 2017), retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ "French Open May Have to leave Paris". June 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "French Open staying at Roland Garros". ESPN. 13 February 2011.
- ^ Clarey C (28 May 2013): "Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013
- ^ "Modernization Project Threatened". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "The Misunderstanding of the French Tennis Federation". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Roland Garros Revamp Gets Green Light". NDTV. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Nerves Fray Over New French Open Stadium Plans (22 May 2015). New York Times archive. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Roland-Garros : A Counter-Proposal by the Associations. The Art Tribune. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Clarey, Christopher (26 May 2010). "Roland Garros Deals With Growing Pains". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Roland Garros renovation on hold". 18 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "French Federation to Appeal against Roland Garros´ Modernization suspension!". Tennis World. 26 March 2016.
- ^ Christopher Clarey (25 May 2017). "The new Roland Garros is on its way". The New York Times.
- ^ Roland Garros Expansion, Roof over Chatrier Set to Proceed Tennis Now (3 February 2017), retrieved 30 May 2017.
- ^ New Stadium Project. RolandGarros.com, retrieved 31 May 2017.
- ^ "Travaux d'extension à Roland-Garros : livraison en 2021". Le Dauphiné libéré (in French). 23 May 2018.
- ^ "STATUE IN HONOUR OF RAFA UNVEILED AT RG". rolandgarros.com. Paris. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ Cambers, Simon (31 May 2021). "2021 French Open: Serena Williams lights up tournament's first-ever night session". ESPN. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
- ^ "ROLAND-GARROS 2024: A RETRACTABLE ROOF ON COURT SUZANNE-LENGLEN". rolandgarros.com. Paris. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.