Stadio Olimpico

Coordinates: 41°56′02″N 12°27′17″E / 41.93389°N 12.45472°E / 41.93389; 12.45472
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the stadium in Rome. For the stadium in Turin, see
Stadio Olimpico (San Marino). For the stadium in Porto Alegre, see Estádio Olímpico Monumental. For the Argentine basketball team, see Ciclista Olímpico
.

Stadio Olimpico
Stadio Olimpico
The Olimpico
A.S. Roma
Italy (football)
Italy (rugby union)
1953–present
1953–present
1953–present
1954–present
Website
Stadio Olimpico Tour

Stadio Olimpico (English: Olympic Stadium), colloquially known as l'Olimpico (The Olympic), is an Italian multi-purpose sports venue located in Rome. It is the largest sports facility in Rome and the second-largest in Italy, after Milan's Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, seating over 70,000 spectators.[3] It formerly had a capacity of over 100,000 people, and was also called Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000). It is owned by Sport e Salute, a government agency that manages sports venues,[1][2] and its operator is the Italian National Olympic Committee.

The Olimpico is located in northwestern Rome in the

A.S. Roma. It changed its name to Olimpico in 1955, when Rome was awarded responsibility for the 17th Summer Olympics, to take place in 1960. Before 1990, the venue was almost entirely unroofed, except for the Monte Mario Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Monte Mario). In 1990, the Olimpico was rebuilt and roofed for the 1990 FIFA World Cup
.

The Olimpico was the principal venue for the

Six Nations championship
.

After its 1990 reconstruction, the stadium is also a venue for concerts. The highest attendance for a musical event at the stadium was set in 1998 when 90,000 spectators attended a concert of Claudio Baglioni.[6][7]

History

Stadio dei Cipressi

The 1909 plan for the city, designed by the architect and urban planner Edmondo Sanjust, had no sports venues planned in the northwestern sector of Rome.[8] The fascist regime, which saw sport as an effective propaganda tool, in 1926 imposed changes to the plan to include an area where to build a sports complex.[9] The 85-hectare area was a swamp at the bottom of a hill called Monte Mario, on the right bank of the river Tiber,[10] in the Della Vittoria quarter.[9]

The Foro Italico sports complex was commissioned by the

fascism in Italy. The stadium was opened to the public on 22 October 1932, though without the planned capacity of 100,000. Its main terrace was located on the slope of Monte Mario; because the ground was marshy due to the rainwater that came down the hill, the playing field was created by raising the ground by 4 meters with the 2 million cubic meters of soil excavated for the foundations.[12] The facility was more suitable for large gatherings than sporting competitions, since the area of the pitch was around 20,000 square metres (approx. 200 m length × 100 width).[12][further explanation needed
]

The stadium in 1941 during a celebration of the Tripartite Pact

The official opening took place on the 14th anniversary of the Italian victory in World War I, with a gymnastics exhibition organized by the various youth Fascist associations.[10]

Since the regime intended to apply to host the 1940 Summer Olympics,[12] starting from 1933 the Stadio dei Cipressi was extended. The project was entrusted to the architects Luigi Moretti, Angelo Frisa and Achille Pintonello,[13] who designed a concrete structure[13] which hosted a main football pitch and secondary pitches for basketball and weightlifting.[14] The expanded stadium was opened on 9 May 1937, the first anniversary of the Italian Empire. The capacity of the stadium of the time was less that 60,000, but there were plans to raise it to 100,000 later on.[14] After the absorption of the ONB by the National Fascist Party's youth branch, the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), the GIL became the owner of the stadium and the rest of the sports complex.[15]

Despite becoming a multisports venue, the stadium was never used for anything other military exhibitions and mass gatherings. In 1938, it hosted a parade to welcome German dictator Adolf Hitler during his state visit in Rome[16] and, later, to host a gymnastics exhibition organized by GIL.[17]

During the Second World War, in September 1941 the stadium hosted a military celebration of the Tripartite Pact, the political and military alliance between Italy, Germany and Japan.[18]

Planned extensions of the stadium were interrupted by the Italian campaign in WWII and the subsequent fall of Fascism in Italy. When Allied forces entered Rome in 1944, the stadium was used by the Allied troops as vehicle storage and as for military sports events.[19]

Stadio dei Centomila

After World War II, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) was appointed the operator of the site.[20] CONI chairman Giulio Onesti announced that renewal works would finish in 1950.[20]

The renewal project was led by engineer Carlo Roccatelli and architect Cesare Valle, both members of the Superior Council of Public Works.[clarification needed][21]

After the fall of Fascism regime in Italy, the Badoglio government abolished existing Fascist organizations and reassigned their assets to a new agency, called Commissariato della Gioventù Italiana (Commission for the Italian Youth), with the provision that after the end of World War II, the Commission's assets would be absorbed into either the Defence Office or the Education Department, depending on their purpose.[22] However, the Commission was never abolished and it retained ownership of the Foro Italico, including the stadium.[22]

The stadium's governance was the subject of a fierce political battle. The Communist Party, through its newspaper, l'Unità, accused the Commission for the Italian Youth, led by Giovanni Valente – a member of the Christian Democracy party – of the misuse of the complex to establish a sports organization parallel to CONI, meant to favour the sports clubs close to Azione Cattolica, a lay Catholic association.[23][24] Later on in the decade, l'Unità also accused Valente of mortgaging the complex for three billion lire (approx. 1,500,000 € or 1,600,000 $), to finance ENAL[clarification needed], a statutory corporation meant to help workers Valente directed in establishing an alternative betting pool to the Totocalcio (organized by CONI).[25] In 1976, the Commission was abolished,[26] and all of its assets were absorbed by the Italian government.[27]

Annibale Vitellozzi replaced Roccatelli in 1951 after the latter's death.[13] In 1952, the stadium's reconstruction was completed, at a cost of 3,400,000,000 lire (approx 1,700,000 €).[28]

Final of the 1954 rugby union European Cup Italy v France

The new stadium was a 33,500 square-metre[28] concrete structure clad with travertine.[13] It was composed of two parallel stands of approximately 140 metres each, being the Tevere Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Tevere) on the eastern side and the Monte Mario Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Monte Mario) on the western side,[13] and the northern and southern stands, (respectively, in Italian, Curva Nord and Curva Sud), shaped as two hemicycles with a radius of 95 metres.[13] The athletics track was 507 metres long.[28][13] The stadium was 319 metres long and 189 wide.[13] The height from the pitch to the top of the grandstands was about 18 metres, however the top of the grandstand were only 13 metres above surface level, with the pitch about 4.5 metres below surface level.[13] The sinking of the pitch was done to prevent the stadium from dominating the Foro Italico's skyline, and to match with the other buildings.[13]

Visitors could access the stadium through 10 gates, two per each hemycicle stand and three for each straight stand. The whole stadium was unroofed except for the Monte Mario Grandstand.

telegraph facilities.[28] 572 seats were reserved for the press.[28]

The Olimpico on a 1950s colour postcard

The Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000), named after its expected capacity, was officially opened on 17 May 1953 by the President of Italy, Luigi Einaudi.[29] An International Cup's football match between Italy and Hungary was held, as well as the finish line of the sixth stage (from Naples to Rome) of the Giro d'Italia. Hungary won 3–0, with a goal by Nándor Hidegkuti, the first ever scorer in the stadium, and two goals from Ferenc Puskás.[30] The sixth leg of the Giro d'Italia was won by Giuseppe Minardi, with the crowd from the football game watching the finish line.[31]

The following Sunday, the stadium hosted its first ever club football match, a

Serie A match between SS Lazio and Juventus FC, won by Juventus 1–0, with a goal from Pasquale Vivolo.[32] The next matchday, AS Roma debuted in the stadium, with a draw 0–0 against SPAL.[33]

In 1954, Italy hosted the fifth Rugby Union European Cup. The stadium was the venue for the final, between Italy and France. France won 39–12 in front of an estimated crowd of about 25,000.[34][35]

1960 Olympics

Opening Ceremony of the 1960 Olympic Games

In 1955, the International Olympic Committee appointed Rome the host city of the 17th Summer Olympics, to be held in 1960.[36] The decision made works to make the stadium compliant for the event more urgent. By this point, the name 'Dei Centomila' was being slowly replaced by 'Olimpico'. Works were relatively minimal, considering the low age of the stadium. Reserved press seats were raised from 572 to 1,126,[28] and four lighting towers were constructed for evening events.[28] Two electronic scoreboards were also installed atop of the northern and southern stands, starting operation on 18 October 1959 with a league derby[clarification needed] won 3–0 by AS Roma.[37] The stadium was also provided with an autonomous power plant able to produce 375,000 watts.[28]

Wilma Rudolph wins the 100 metres sprint race. In the 3rd place the Italian Giusy Leone

On 25 August 1960, the stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 17th Summer Olympics.[38] Three gold medals were won by American sprinter Wilma Rudolph, in the 100 metres, also a world record at the time,[39] 200 metres, with a world record in the semi-final heat,[40] and 4×100 relay, also with a world record and together with her team mates Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams and Barbara Jones.[41]

Other events in track-and-field at the stadium included the 400 metres, won with a world record by American Otis Davis, the 1500 metres, won by Australian Herb Elliott,[42] the men's 4×100 relay, won by the Unified German Team, consisting of Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf and Martin Lauer, and the women's 800 meters, won by Soviet Lyudmila Shevtsova, equalling the world record she already held.[41]

After the Olympics

One player has the ball, and another is preparing to tackle
Helmut Haller and Tarcisio Burgnich during the scudetto play-off between Bologna and Inter

After the games, the Olimpico was used primarily as an association-football venue. In addition to hosting the home games of SS Lazio and AS Roma, the stadium had the first (and, to date, only) play-off for the

1963–64; Bologna FC and FC Inter had ended the Italian League season level on points, and a tie-breaker was needed to determine the title. Bologna won their seventh (and most recent) Scudetto, defeating Inter 2–0 with an own goal by Giacinto Facchetti and a goal by Harald Nielsen.[43]

Luigi Riva scores against Yugoslav goalkeeper Ilija Pantelić in a replay
of the Euro 1968 final

In 1960, UEFA established the European Championship. Its final's host would be chosen from the four countries who reached the semi-finals. Italy did not reach that stage in the first two editions, but in 1968 it reached the "Final Four" with England, Yugoslavia and the U.S.S.R. and was chosen by UEFA to host the final tournament.[44] Florence and Naples hosted the semi-finals and the Olimpico hosted the title game, which saw the home team facing Yugoslavia. For the first (and only) time in the history of the tournament, a replay was necessary; on 8 June 1968 the match ended 1–1, with a goal by Dragan Džajić equalled in the final minutes by the Italian Angelo Domenghini.[45] Italy defeated Yugoslavia 2–0 two days later, with goals by

Luigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi, and became the European champion.[46]

A close-in shot, about to be saved
Juventus captain Sandro Salvadore (left) in action against Independiente in 1973

Juventus FC, runner-up in the 1972–73 European Cup, was invited to represent UEFA in the 1973 Intercontinental Cup against the Argentine CA Independiente after European champions AFC Ajax refused to participate in the tournament.[47] Since both teams' schedules were too full for a two-leg match, the Italian football federation suggested a one-off game at the neutral Olimpico; both clubs agreed.[48]

Four sprinters, seen head-on at the tape
Pietro Mennea wins the 200-metre dash at the 1974 European Championships.

On 28 November 1973, before 22,000 spectators, Independiente won 1–0 with a goal by Ricardo Bochini.[49] In 1974, the stadium hosted the 11th European Athletics Championships. The event showcased two world-class Italian athletes: sprinter Pietro Mennea (winner of the 200 metres[50] and runner-up in the 100 metres[51] and the 4×100 relay)[52] and high-jumper Sara Simeoni, bronze medalist in the high jump at 1.89 metres.[52]

The Olimpico was chosen in 1975 for the 8th University Games,[53] originally awarded to Belgrade (which was unable to host the games because of financial issues in Yugoslavia in late 1974).[54] Since there was no time to organize a full multi-sport games, the Rome edition consisted only of track-and-field events. Pietro Mennea was again amongst the leading athletes, winning the 100[55] and 200 metres,[56] and Franco Fava won the 5000-[56] and 10,000-metre runs.[57]

A large scoreboard above a large grandstand
The 1959 scoreboard atop the Southern Stand in April 1974

In 1977, Rome hosted its first

Liverpool FC, both seeking their first-ever title.[58] Liverpool won 3–1, with one goal each by Terry McDermott, Tommy Smith and Phil Neal, and the Dane Allan Simonsen
scored a temporary equaliser for the German team. At the Olimpico, Liverpool was the second English and the third British side to be crowned European champion.[59]

Giancarlo De Sisti and teammates, arms upraised. An opponent had fallen to his knees.
Giancarlo De Sisti celebrates after scoring the winning goal in the 1974-75 Roma v. Lazio derby

The 1980 edition of the European Championship was an eight-team tournament whose host country was chosen by UEFA before the qualifying round. Italy hosted the first edition of the renewed competition.[60][61] The Olimpico held the opening ceremony, which featured an exhibition of calcio storico fiorentino (a medieval form of association football played in Florence)[62] followed by the first game between European champions Czechoslovakia and West Germany; Germany won 1–0, with a goal by Karl-Heinz Rummenigge.[63] Czechoslovakia played well in the group stage, with a 3–1 victory against Greece.[64] Italy drew 0–0 against Belgium, preventing the home side from reaching the final.[65] The fourth game at the Olimpico was the championship final on 22 June 1980, when Belgium faced West Germany. Germany won the match 2–1, with a double by Horst Hrubesch; the Belgian goal was scored by René Vandereycken.[66]

The 1980s were the last decade of the roofless Olimpico. It hosted the third IAAF World Cup in 1981 (an international track-and-field event with national and continental teams)[67] and the 1987 second World Championships in Athletics, when American sprinter Carl Lewis bettered his 100-metre 9.93-second world record and Stefka Kostadinova set a record in the women's high jump of 2.09 metres (6 ft 10 in); the latter remains amongst the longest-lasting sports records.[68][69]

Mid-way between the athletics events was the 1984 European Cup final, well-attended since AS Roma was one of the contestants for the title; the other was Liverpool FC, winner at the same venue in 1977. The game, played on 30 May 1984 before 69,000 spectators, was the first European Cup final decided by a penalty shootout. After extra time, the match was still level at 1–1 with goals by Phil Neal and Roberto Pruzzo.[70] Liverpool won the shootout 4–2 for their fourth European Cup.[70]

One week before the final, FIFA chose Italy to host the 14th World Cup in 1990. In the bid submitted by the Italian football federation to FIFA, Rome was proposed for the tournament's final.[71][72]

1990 World Cup renovation

In the five years after the choice of Italy as World Cup host, the future of Rome's stadiums sparked a mostly-political dispute. The three main proposals were the expansion of Stadio Flaminio,[13] a new stadium in south-western Rome near EUR,[13] or renovation of the Olimpico.[13] The Stadio Flaminio expansion was quickly dropped due to lack of space,[13] and a new stadium would have taken too long;[13] architects opposed hasty construction and poor urban planning.[73] The only feasible proposal was to renovate the Olimpico, and the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) hired architects Vitellozzi (designer of the 1953 stadium) and Clerici and engineers Teresi and Michetti.[13] The plan, presented in early 1987, consisted of a covered stadium with a capacity of 85,825 via a 6-metre (20 ft) rise of the Tevere and Monte Mario grandstands and rebuilding the Northern and Southern stands. The light towers would be replaced by a light plant integrated into the roof frame. The estimated cost of the renovation was ₤35–40 billion (€17.5–20 million).[74]

CONI appointed the joint venture CO.GE.FAR. as the general contractor ready to begin work. In November 1987, three Italian environmental organizations (Italia Nostra, Legambiente and WWF Italia) filed an appeal in Lazio's Administrative Regional Court that the planned 40-metre (130 ft) roof pillars would cause landscape and environmental damage.[75] In January 1988 the Court upheld the appeal and ordered to stop the works.[76]

See caption
Aerial view of the roofed Olimpico

Fearing other court appeals, CONI stopped work on the Olimpico.[77] New judicial issues slowed the work; the Southern Stand worksite was seized by the court, which suspected non-compliance with work-safety rules.[78] The Ministry of Culture demanded a new project which took into account issues raised by the environmental organizations. The architects lowered the pillars and created helical stairs inside each to reach the highest stands, and the appeal was rescinded.[79][13] Work resumed with a little more than 18 months before the World Cup.

Work continued slowly over the following months, since SS Lazio and AS Roma were still playing there during the 1988–89 season; at the end of the season, both clubs moved for a year to neighbouring Stadio Flaminio. Their final match at the old stadium was the 30th match day derby, which ended goalless before 41,633 spectators; ticket revenue was about ₤1.15 billion (about €590,000).[80][81]

The renovated stadium, completed in April 1990, seated 85,000 and was released to FIFA at the end of May (two weeks late[82] and ten days before the start of the World Cup). Little was left of the old Olimpico except for a portion of the façade of the Tevere grandstand.[13] The Northern and Southern stands were rebuilt 9 metres (30 ft) closer to the short sides of the pitch; the Monte Mario grandstand was extended, replacing the press centre built for the 1987 World Championships in Athletics.[13]

The roof consists of a 13-metre-high (43 ft) outer steel ring which is 29 metres (95 ft) above the ground on 12 steel pillars and four external concrete stair blocks which are also pillars; radial bearing and stabilizing cables hold an inner steel ring.[13][83] The roof itself is a Teflon-(polytetrafluoroethylene) and-fiberglass membrane which is hung from the 88 steel radial cables linking the external and internal rings.[13][83] The roof, which cost approximately ₤160 billion (about €80,000,000),[84] was designed by the Majowecki engineering firm in Bologna.[83]

A later analysis determined that the total cost for the Olimpico renovation was about ₤450 billion (€225,000,000).[85] According to experts appointed by judges at Rome's Court of Appeals, the figure was tainted by possible irregularities in the tender; the contract was awarded to the provider with the highest bid.[86]

Italia '90 and post-World Cup

During the 1990 World Cup, the Olimpico hosted six games in the group and the knockout stages. Italy won three group-stage matches, against Austria,[87] the United States,[88] and Czechoslovakia.[89] The "Azzurri" then played at the Olimpico in the round of 16, defeating Uruguay 2–0[90] and Ireland in the quarter-final before losing to Argentina in the semi-final at Naples.[91]

In the 8 July 1990 final at the Olimpico, West Germany defeated Argentina with an Andy Brehme penalty kick with six minutes remaining.[92] The Olimpico was the first venue to see a player sent off during a World Cup final; red cards were issued to Argentine players Pedro Monzón and Gustavo Dezotti.[93]

At the end of its first season at the renovated Olimpico, AS Roma reached the 1990–91 UEFA Cup final (an Italian derby against Inter). At the time, the UEFA Cup was the only European competition with a two-leg final. Inter won the first leg, 2–0, at Stadio Meazza in Milan. AS Roma won 1–0 at the Olimpico before a crowd of 70,900, but Inter won the cup 2–1 on aggregate.[94] Five of the German players who had won the World Cup the year before on the same pitch played in the UEFA Cup final: Andy Brehme, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Inter, and Thomas Berthold and Rudi Völler for AS Roma.[94]

In September 1995 the Olimpico hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the First Military World Games and the games' track-and-field events.[95] It hosted the Italian rugby union team later that year for the third time (and the first since 1986), against the world-champion South Africa. In addition to the 1954 European Cup final, Italy played at the Olimpico in 1986, when the team drew 15-all against England XV in front of 40,000 spectators.[96] Although the Stadio Flaminio was their usual venue in Rome, Italy played at the Olimpico because the match was a fundraiser for children's aid organizations which wanted a larger stadium.[97] South Africa won their first match after their World Cup victory 40–21, after Italy led 21–17 with 15 minutes left.[98] Attendance was about 40,000, and ticket prices were between 5,000 and 30,000 lire (€2.5–15).[97]

Rome hosted the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) final for the third time several months later, with the Italian club Juventus FC facing the Dutch side AFC Ajax.[99] The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with goals by Fabrizio Ravanelli and Jari Litmanen, necessitating a tie-breaker from the penalty spot. Juventus won the shootout 4–2 (as Liverpool had in 1984) for their second European championship.[100]

In the new millennium, the issue of the stadium's ownership was resolved. The Olimpico had been owned since 1976 by the Ministry of Finance (later the Ministry of Economy and Finance), which established Coni Servizi (a government agency to manage public sports venues) in 2002.[101] Subsequently, the Ministry transferred to the newborn entity the ownership of the whole Foro Italico on 3 February 2004.[1][102] Coni Servizi, renamed Sport e Salute in 2019, is the owner of the stadium.[2]

2007–2008 renovation

See caption
2009 Champions League final: Henry faces Rio Ferdinand, while goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar watches.

In October 2006, Rome was chosen to host the 2009 Champions League final. Rome's fourth selection spurred CONI to speed up the Olimpico's planned maintenance and renovation, 16 years after the last project.[103]

Although the stadium's shape and structure were unaffected, changes were made to the Authority Room in the Monte Mario grandstand[104] and more-comfortable seats were installed: 48 centimetres (19 in) wide in the Northern and Southern stands, 50 centimetres (20 in) in the Tevere grandstand and 54 centimetres (21 in) in the hospitality area of the Monte Mario grandstand). VIP areas were installed in the Monte Mario grandstand. The renovation reduced the Olimpico's capacity by about 5,000 seats. A 600-square-metre (6,500 sq ft) press room was built, and the locker-room area was doubled.[105] Two brand new scoreboards were also installed atop of The Northern- and Southern-stand scoreboards were replaced by digital, high-definition versions; the benches were moved slightly back from the pitch, and the plexiglas barriers between the stands and the pitch were partially removed. The Olimpico now had a capacity of 70,634, making it Italy's second-largest stadium (after Milan's Stadio Giuseppe Meazza).[3]

The 2009 Champions League final was held on 27 May 2009 between FC Barcelona and Manchester United. Barcelona won the game 2–0 before 62,467 spectators, with goals by Samuel Eto'o and Lionel Messi.[106][107] The single-leg Coppa Italia final has been played at the Olimpico since 2008[108] except for 2021, when it was played in Reggio Emilia because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[109]

The stadium at night, seen from the stands
The Olimpico in June 2021, hosting the Italy vs. Switzerland game of UEFA Euro 2020

To celebrate the 60th anniversary of the European Championship, UEFA said that the 2020 edition would have no host country and the tournament would be played in 11 UEFA-member cities.[110] Rome hosted three group-stage matches (including the opener) and a quarter-final game.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was postponed until June and July 2021.[111] The 11 June 2021 opening ceremony at the Olimpico was followed by a game between Italy and Turkey. The Azzurri won 3–0 before 16,000 spectators, a smaller crowd for public-health reasons.[112] After their first win, Italy defeated Switzerland 3–0[113] and Wales 1–0.[114] The fourth Olimpico match was the quarter-final between Ukraine and England; England won 4–0, with goals by Jordan Henderson and Harry Maguire and a double by Harry Kane.[115]

The European Athletic Association chose Rome in August 2022 for the June 2024 26th European Athletics Championships, 50 years after the Olimpico last hosted the event.[116] On 22 March 2023, the Women's Champions League quarter-final between AS Roma and FC Barcelona was played before a crowd of 39,459, setting an attendance record for a women's association football match in Italy.[117] The Italy national football team had played 53 matches at the Olimpico in 70 years by December 2023, the most recent of which was a 5–2 win in the EURO 2024 qualifying game against North Macedonia.[118]

Other recurring sports events

Golden Gala

Caterine Ibargüen, arms outstretched
Colombian multiathlete Caterine Ibargüen at the 2017 Golden Gala

Italian Athletics Federation president Primo Nebiolo created the Golden Gala, a recurring summer athletics event at the Olimpico, in 1980.[119] The event was held in the middle of a heated political debate at the international level, because several domestic Olympic boards were divided about whether to follow the U.S. Olympic Committee in their boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics because of Soviet involvement in the Afghan war[119] Aware of those political controversies, Nebiolo said that his event should not be seen as an "alternative Olympiad",[119] although it featured world-class athletes from both of the era's geopolitical blocks.

The first Golden Gala took place on 5 August 1980, a few days after the closing of the Soviet Olympics, and featured many first-class Italian athletes prevented from going to Moscow because of their status as enlisted in the armed forces; this included Mariano Scartezzini, a Guardia di Finanza constable who won the 3000-metre steeplechase and set an Italian record.[120] Amongst the civilian athletes who also competed in Moscow was Pietro Mennea, who won the 200-metre dash with a faster time than his gold-medal final in the U.S.S.R. few days before.[120] About 74,000 spectators attended the event, of whom 54,000 paid. The difference in attendance was due to the fact that several hours into the event, its organizers opened the gates of the Olimpico's two curved stands to those without tickets.[121]

The Golden Gala did not take place in 1981 because of the IAAF World Cup. It returned in 1982, and has been part of the international calendar ever since.[122] The event was not held at the Olimpico early in the stadium's renovation for the 1990 World Cup, and was held in Florence and Verona. The Golden Gala was renamed in 2013 for Pietro Mennea, who died in March of that year.[123] In addition to being a key Italian athletics event, the Golden Gala has been part of the Diamond League (the World Athletics world tour) since 2010.[124]

Six Nations Championship and rugby union

Two teams, lined up on a snow-covered pitch
The Olimpico's frozen pitch before the 2012 Six Nations match against England

Italy played its Six Nations Championship home matches at Stadio Flaminio for 11 seasons after 2000, a 24,000-seat city-owned venue built for the football tournament of the 1960 Olympics across the Tiber a few hundred metres from the Olimpico. However, it did not meet Six Nations Rugby's stadium guidelines.[125] The Italian Rugby Federation first planned to expand Stadio Flaminio to 40,000 seats,[126][127] using the Olimpico in 2012 as temporary venue.[126][127]

The renovation never began, however;

Roma Capitale and request permanent use of the Olimpico.[129][130][131]

The stadium first hosted the Six Nations Championship on 11 February 2012 during an unusual icy weekend, on a pitch frozen after snow fell on Rome the day before. England won, 19–15, after trailing for almost one hour.[132]

By the end of the 2023 Six Nations tournament, 39 test matches had been played by Italy in the venue since their first in 1954. In addition to the 30 in the 12 tournament seasons played so far, Italy played four matches at the Olimpico before their admission to the Six Nations and five more after 2000. Apart from the Six Nations sides, the most frequent guests at the Olimpico are New Zealand's All Blacks, whom have played four test matches there.[133]

Music events

Stage with four runways in the middle of the pitch
Concert stage for 1998 Claudio Baglioni's Da me a te tour

With its roof, the Olimpico became a suitable venue for concerts. Its first performers were Miles Davis and Pat Metheny in July 1991, who played to a crowd estimated at 20,000.[134] The first Italian artist at the Olimpico was Zucchero Fornaciari in June 1993 during his l'Urlo tour, who played to an audience of 10,000.[135]

The record attendance for musical events is held by Claudio Baglioni during his Da me a te tour. On 6 June 1998, the first of Baglioni's two concerts in Rome sold 82,000 tickets;[6] 8,000 people were also admitted free of charge.[136] The record was possible because CONI president Mario Pescante allowed Baglioni to install a 112-metre-long (367 ft), 72-metre-wide (236 ft) stage on the pitch, and CONI had planned to replace the turf soon after the concert.[6] The audience did not sit only in the southern stand, as usual, but throughout the stadium.[6][136]

Large, red stadium stage at night
U2 at the Olimpico during their 2010 360° Tour

The Olimpico's most-frequent performer is Italian singer-songwriter Vasco Rossi, with 23 concerts between 1991 and 2023.[137] Luciano Ligabue performed 13 times at the stadium between 1996 and 2023.[138]

The record number of concerts at the Olimpico by non-Italian acts was held in 2023 by the British group Depeche Mode, who performed there five times between 2006 and 2023; their most recent appearances were during their Global Spirit[139] and Memento Mori World Tours.[140] The Irish band U2 has played four concerts at the stadium since 2005, most recently as part of their 2017 Joshua Tree Tour.[141] David Bowie and Tina Turner performed at 1996 Rome's Live Rock Festival in the Olimpico's southern stand,[142] and R.E.M. appeared during the band's 2005 Around the Sun Tour.[143]

Sports events

Competitions

Matches

Attendance

The table below reports the average season attendance at league matches held at the Stadio Olimpico for Lazio and Roma.

1973-74 Serie A between Lazio and Foggia.[4] The home side won 1-0 for their first scudetto, one matchday in advance.[145] SS Lazio's season-ticket holders for that season were 18,392;[4] paying spectators for that matchday numbered 60,494,[4][145] for a total attendance of 78,886.[4]

Notable international association football matches

UEFA Euro 1968

England  v  Soviet Union
8 June 1968
UTC+2
 B. Charlton 39'
Hurst 63'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 68,817
Referee: István Zsolt (Hungary)
8 June 1968
UTC+2
 Domenghini 80' Report 39' Džajić Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 68,817
Referee: Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland)
10 June 1968
UTC+2
 Riva 12'
Anastasi 31'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 32,886
Referee: J.M. Ortiz de Mendíbil (Spain)

UEFA Euro 1980

11 June 1980
UTC+2
 Report 57' Rummenigge Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 10,500
Referee: Alberto Michelotti (Italy)
14 June 1980
UTC+2
 Anastopoulos 14' Report 6' Panenka
26' Vizek
63' Nehoda		 Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 7,614
Referee: Pat Partridge (England)
18 June 1980
UTC+2
 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 42,318
Referee: António Garrido (Portugal)
22 June 1980
UTC+2
 Vandereycken 75' (P) Report 10', 88' Hrubesch Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 47,860
Referee: Nicolae Rainea (Romania)

1990 FIFA World Cup

9 June 1990
UTC+2
 Schillaci 78' Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: José R. Wright (Brazil)
14 June 1990
UTC+2
 Giannini 11' Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,423
Referee: Edgardo Codesal (Mexico)
19 June 1990
UTC+2
 Schillaci 9'
R. Baggio 78'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: Joël Quiniou (France)
24 June 1990
UTC+2
 Schillaci 65'
A. Serena 83'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: George Courtney (England)
30 June 1990
UTC+2
 Report 38' Schillaci Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: Carlos Silva Valente (Portugal)
8 July 1990
UTC+2
 Brehme 85' (p) Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,603
Referee: Edgardo Codesal (Mexico)

UEFA Euro 2020

11 June 2021
UTC+2
 Report 53' (o.g.) Demiral
66' Immobile
79' Insigne		 Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 12,916
Referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
16 June 2021
UTC+2
 Locatelli 26', 52'
Immobile 89'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 12,445
Referee: Sergei Karasev (Russia)
20 June 2021
UTC+2
 Pessina 39' Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 11,541
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)
3 July 2021
UTC+2
 Report 4', 50' Kane
46' Maguire
63' J. Henderson		 Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 11,880
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)

Notable international rugby union matches

1954 European Cup final 24 April 1954 Italy  12-39  France Stadio dei Centomila, Rome  
16:00
CET
 Try:
Gabrielli rugby ball 14'
Lanfranchi rugby ball 77'
Pen:
Dari rugby goalposts icon 23', 59' 		Report Try:
rugby ball 9', 20' M. Prat
rugby ball 43' Lepatey
rugby ball 55', 68' Murillo
rugby ball 72' Larréguy
rugby ball 80' Boniface
Con:
rugby goalposts icon 9', 20', 43', 68', 72', 80' J. Prat
Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 11', 17' J. Prat 		Attendance: 25,000
Referee: Peter Cooper (England)
1995 South Africa tour of Europe 12 November 1995 Italy  21-40  South Africa Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
15:00
UTC+1
 Try:
Arancio rugby ball 49'
Orlandi rugby ball 54'
Con:
Domínguez rugby goalposts icon 54'
Pen:
Domínguez rugby goalposts icon 4', 20', 42' 		Report Try:
rugby ball 15'
F. Pienaar
rugby ball 78' H. le Roux
Con:
rugby goalposts icon 15', 26', 71', 78' Stransky

Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 12', 57', 60', 66' Stransky 		Attendance: 35,000
Referee: Steve Lander (England)
2013 Six Nations 3 February 2013 Italy  23-18  France Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
16:00
UTC+1
 Try:
Castrogiovanni rugby ball 56'
Con:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 4', 56'
Pen:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 17'
Drop:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 14'
Burton
rugby goalposts icon 68' 		Report Try:
rugby ball 11' Picamoles
rugby ball 33' Fall
Con:
rugby goalposts icon 33' Michalak
Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 27', 49' Michalak 		Attendance: 57,547
Referee: Nigel Owens (Wales)
2013 Six Nations 16 February 2013 Italy  22-15  Ireland Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
15:30
UTC+1
 Try:
Venditti rugby ball 48'
Con:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 48'
Pen:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 13', 21', 69', 80'
García rugby goalposts icon 35' 		Report Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 5', 40', 52', 57', 63' P. Jackson 		Attendance: 74,174
Referee: Wayne Barnes (England)
2024 Six Nations 9 March 2024 Italy  31-29  Scotland Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
15:15
UTC+1
 Try:
Brex rugby ball 14'
Lynagh rugby ball 43'
Varney rugby ball 56'
Con:
P.Garbisi rugby goalposts icon 15', 58'
Pen:
P.Garbisi rugby goalposts icon 1', 34', 72'
Page-Relo rugby goalposts icon 38' 		Report Try:
Fagerson rugby ball 5'
Steyn rugby ball 11'
Schoeman rugby ball 27'
Skinner rugby ball 77'
Con:
Russell rugby goalposts icon 7', 12', 77'
Pen:
Russell rugby goalposts icon 24' 		Attendance: 69,689
Referee: Angus Gardner (Australia)

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c "Decreto 3 febbraio 2004. Conferimento di beni immobili patrimoniali dello Stato, ai sensi dell'art. 8, comma 6, del decreto-legge 8 luglio 2002, n. 138, convertito in legge, con modificazioni, nella legge 8 agosto 2002, n. 178" [Decree of 3 February 2004: assignment of the estate owned by the State]. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic (39). Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. 17 February 2004. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023. Ravvisata l'opportunità di individuare tra gli immobili da conferire in proprietà alla CONI Servizi S.p.A. quelli facenti parte del complesso del Foro Italico, in Roma, non aventi requisiti storico-artistici e quindi suscettibili di alienazione ai sensi del decreto del Ministro del tesoro, del bilancio e della programmazione economica […]
  2. ^ a b c "Decreto del Presidente del consiglio dei ministri 17 giugno 2021. Modalità di attuazione del trasferimento di beni immobili destinati al Comitato olimpico nazionale italiano (CONI)" [Prime Minister's decree of 17 June 2021: implementation of the transfer of real estate assigned to the Italian National Olympic Committee]. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic (214 serie generale). Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023. […] conseguentemente, ogni richiamo alla Coni Servizi S.p.a. contenuto in disposizioni normative vigenti deve intendersi riferito alla Sport e Salute S.p.a. […]
  3. ^ a b c "Impianti di serie A – stagione 2017/2018" [Serie A venues season 2017/2018] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome: Osservatorio Nazionale sulle Manifestazioni Sportive del Ministero dell'Interno. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e Giorgio Bicocchi (19 November 2012). "Lazio-Foggia 1974. Il Guinness dell'Olimpico" (in Italian). Rome: Centro studi Nove Gennaio Millenovecento. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  5. ^ Gianni Puccini (17 May 1953). "In 100.000 allo Stadio Olimpico" [100,000 at the Olympic Stadium] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d Marinella Venegoni (6 June 1998). "Baglioni, strada facendo c'è il record all'Olimpico" [Baglioni, along the way there's the attendance record at the Olympic Stadium]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 13. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  7. ^ Mario Luzzatto Fegiz (21 May 2015). "Tutto Baglioni in concerto" [All Baglioni in concert]. Corriere della Sera. Milan. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  8. ^ (Rossi & Gatti 1991, pp. 12–15)
  9. ^ a b c (Rossi & Gatti 1991, pp. 44–48)
  10. ^ a b "Il popolo italiano esalta oggi nella Vittoria le gloriose virtù della stirpe auspicio del sicuro domani" [The Italian people today hails in the Victory the glorious virtues of the lineage as a hope for a bright tomorrow]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 4 November 1932. p. 1. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  11. ^ Diego Angeli (23 October 1932). "Dove sorge il Foro Mussolini" [Where does the Foro Mussolini stands]. La Stampa. Turin. p. 3. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  12. ^ a b c "Lo Stadio dei Cipressi" [The Stadium of Cypresses]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 27 October 1932. p. 3. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u (Rossi & Gatti 1991, pp. 351–53)
  14. ^ a b "Le nuove opere che l'O.N.B. inaugurerà al Foro Mussolini" [The new venues to be opened by ONB at the Foro Mussolini]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 16 April 1937. p. 2. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  15. ^ "Regio decreto-legge 27 ottobre 1937-XV, n. 1839. Istituzione della Gioventù italiana del Littorio" [Royal decree of 27 October 1937: Establishment of the Italian Youth of the Lictor]. Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy (262). Rome: Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia: 4058. 12 November 1937. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024. Le istituzioni, le scuole, le accademie, i collegi appartenenti all'Opera nazionale Balilla, passano, nella attuale situazione di fatto e di diritto, alla Gioventù italiana del Littorio [All the institutions, schools, academies, colleges owned by Opera Nazionale Balilla are taken over, in the state as they are, by the Italian Youth of the Lictor]
  16. ^ "La fervida attesa di Roma" [The ardent waiting of Rome]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 3 May 1938. p. 2. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  17. il Littoriale (in Italian). 29 August 1938. p. 1. Archived
    from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  18. ^ "L'opera di un anno per la creazione di un nuovo ordine" [The work of a year for the establishment of a new order]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 28 September 1941. p. 6. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  19. Corriere dello Sport. Rome. 17 July 1944. p. 1. Archived
    from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  20. ^ a b "Stadio dei Centomila costruito a rate" [Stadio dei Centomila built in small steps]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 14 October 1949. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  21. ^ Gabriele Isman (24 August 2010). "Così le Olimpiadi hanno cambiato Roma" [Thus the Olympics transformed Rome]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  22. ^ a b Bruno Roghi (24 January 1951). "Il CONI è entrato allo Stadio cappello in mano e borsa aperta" [CONI entered the stadium hat in hand with open pockets]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  23. ^ Arrigo Morandi (20 July 1951). "Governo, scuola, C.O.N.I e sport" [Government, school, CONI and sports] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  24. ^ Arrigo Morandi (14 September 1951). "I beni ex-GIL" [The ex-GIL estate] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  25. ^ Flavio Gasparini; Antonio Perria (9 February 1958). "Ipoteca di tre miliardi sugli impianti del Foro italico per finanziare la speculazione clericale ENAL-Lotto" [Three-billion mortgage over the Foro Italico complex to finance the clerical speculation Enal-Lotto] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  26. ^ "Commissariato per la Gioventù Italiana" (in Italian). Ministero della Cultura. Archived from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  27. ^ "Tabella dei beni immobili di proprietà della Gioventù Italiana trasferiti al demanio ai sensi dell'articolo 2" [List of the estate owned by the Gioventù Italiana transferred to the State according to the Article 2]. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (in Italian). 117 (13). Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato: 373. 16 January 1976. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (1960 Olympics).
  29. ^ Gianni Puccini (17 May 1953). "In 100.000 allo Stadio Olimpico" [100,000 at the Olympic Stadium] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  30. ^ Giuseppe Signori (18 May 1953). "Ungheria – Italia 3–0" [Hungary 3:0 Italy] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  31. ^ Attilio Camoriano (18 May 1953). "Minardi vince la Napoli-Roma" [Minardi wins the Naples – Rome stage] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  32. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). Rome. p. 1. Archived
    from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  33. ^ "Roma – Spal 0–0". Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). Rome. 1 June 1953. p. 1. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  34. ^ "Cronache dello sport" [Sports reports]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 25 April 1954. p. 4. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  35. ^ Remo Gherardi (25 April 1954). "Ai "tricolori" di Francia la Coppa Europa di rugby" [To the Tricolours of France the rugby union European Cup] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  36. ^ "Deciso stamane: Olimpiadi a Roma" [Decided this morning : the Olympics to Rome]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 16 June 1955. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  37. ^ Alberto Marchesi (19 October 1959). "Un derby sdrammatizzato dal tabellone luminoso" [A derby lightened up by the new scoreboard]. Corriere dello Sport. Rome. p. 2.
  38. ^ "Aperti i giochi olimpici" [The Olympic Games have been opened] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 26 August 1960. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  39. ^ "Le medaglie di ieri: sei USA e tre URSS" [Yesterday's medals : six for the USA and three for the USSR] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 3 September 1960. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  40. ^ Remo Gherardi (6 September 1960). "Rudolph: splendido bis nei 200 m" [Rudolph wonderfully repeats herself on the 200 metres] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  41. ^ a b ""Mondiale" delle ragazze USA: 44"4" [World record of the USA girls: 44"4] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 8 September 1960. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  42. ^ "In nessuno stadio del mondo si erano mai viste cose simili" [In no stadium such things were seen before] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 7 September 1960. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  43. ^ Vittorio Pozzo (8 June 1964). "Bologna – Inter 2 a 0. I rossoblù campioni d'Italia" [Bologna v Inter 2–0: The Red and Blues are Italian champions]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. p. 7. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  44. ^ Albert Barham (10 May 1968). "Mullery a challenge to Stiles". The Guardian. London. p. 23. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  45. ^ Albert Barham (10 June 1968). "England were the most effective team in Rome". The Guardian. London. p. 15. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  46. ^ "Italy are the new champions of Europe". The Guardian. 11 June 1968. p. 15. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  47. ^ "Juventus Independiente forse finale Intercoppa" [Juventus v Independiente probable Inter-Cup final]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 26 October 1973. p. 12. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  48. ^ "Juventus, sì all'Independiente" [Juventu say "yes" to Independiente]. Stampa Sera. Turin. 31 October 1973. p. 12. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  49. ^ Giovanni Arpino (29 November 1973). "È già Natale per i Gauchos" [For the Gauchos is already Christmas]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 18. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
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  51. ^ Oreste Pivetta (4 September 1974). "Borzov "brucia" Mennea e Bieler nei 100" [Borzov freezes Mennea and Bieler in the 100 metres] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  52. ^ a b Oreste Pivetta (9 September 1974). "10 ori alla Germania Democratica!" [10 gold medals to the DDR!] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
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  58. ^ David Lacey (25 May 1977). "Up, up and away". The Guardian. London. p. 24.
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Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadio Olimpico (Rome).
Events and tenants
Preceded by Summer Olympics
Main venue
1960 		Succeeded by
National Stadium
Tokyo
Preceded by
1968
 Succeeded by
Preceded by European Athletics Championships
Main venue
1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Summer Universiade
Main venue
1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
1977
 Succeeded by
Preceded by UEFA European Championship
Final venue
1980
 Succeeded by
Preceded by IAAF World Cup
Main venue
1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by European Cup
Final venue
1984
 Succeeded by
Preceded by
IAAF World Championships in Athletics
Main venue
1987
 Succeeded by
National Stadium
Tokyo
Preceded by
1990
 Succeeded by
Preceded by
–
 Military World Games
Main venue
1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
1996
 Succeeded by
Preceded by UEFA Champions League
Final venue
2009
 Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stadio_Olimpico&oldid=1218922060"