SRI International
Scientific research | |
Revenue | US$368 million (2020)[1] |
---|---|
Number of employees | 2,100 (as of February 2015)[2] |
Website | sri |
SRI International (SRI) is an American
The organization was founded as the Stanford Research Institute. SRI formally separated from Stanford University in 1970 and became known as SRI International in 1977. SRI performs client-sponsored research and development for government agencies, commercial businesses, and private foundations. It also licenses its technologies,[3] forms strategic partnerships, sells products,[4] and creates spin-off companies.[5] SRI's headquarters are located near the Stanford University campus.
SRI's annual revenue in 2014 was approximately $540 million, which tripled from 1998 under the leadership of
SRI employs about 2,100 people.[2] Sarnoff Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI since 1988, was fully integrated into SRI in January 2011.[7]
SRI's focus areas include biomedical sciences, chemistry and materials, computing, Earth and space systems, economic development, education and learning, energy and environmental technology, security and national defense, as well as sensing and devices.[8] SRI has received more than 4,000 patents and patent applications worldwide.[9]
History
Foundation
In the 1920s, Stanford University professor Robert E. Swain proposed creating a research institute in the Western United States. Herbert Hoover, then a trustee of Stanford University, was also an early proponent of an institute but became less involved with the project after he was elected president of the United States. The development of the institute was delayed by the Great Depression in the 1930s and World War II in the 1940s, with three separate attempts leading to its formation in 1946.[10]
In August 1945,
The trustees of Stanford University voted to create the organization in 1946. It was structured so that its goals were aligned with the charter of the university—to advance scientific knowledge and to benefit the public at large, not just the students of Stanford University.[12] The trustees were named as the corporation's general members, and elected SRI's directors (later known as presidents); if the organization were dissolved, its assets would return to Stanford University.[14]
Research chemist
Early history
SRI's first research project investigated whether the guayule plant could be used as a source of natural rubber.[18] During World War II, rubber was imported into the U.S. and was subject to shortages and strict rationing.[18] From 1942 to 1946, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) supported a project to create a domestic source of natural rubber. Once the war ended, the United States Congress cut funding for the program; in response, the Office of Naval Research created a grant for the project to continue at SRI, and the USDA staff on the project worked through SRI until Congress reauthorized funding in 1947.[18]
SRI's first economic study was for the United States Air Force. In 1947, the Air Force wanted to determine the expansion potential of the U.S. aircraft industry; SRI found that it would take too long to escalate production in an emergency.[19] In 1948, SRI began research and consultation with Chevron Corporation to develop an artificial substitute for tallow and coconut oil in soap production; SRI's investigation confirmed the potential of dodecylbenzene as a suitable replacement. Later, Procter & Gamble used the substance as the basis for Tide laundry detergent.[20]
The institute performed much of the early research on air pollution and the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere.[21] SRI sponsored the First National Air Pollution Symposium in Pasadena, California, in November 1949.[21] Experts gave presentations on pollution research, exchanged ideas and techniques, and stimulated interest in the field. The event was attended by 400 scientists, business executives, and civic leaders from the U.S.[21] SRI co-sponsored subsequent events on the subject.[22]
In April 1953, Walt and Roy Disney hired SRI (and in particular, Harrison Price) to consult on their proposal for establishing an amusement park in Burbank, California.[23] SRI provided information on location, attendance patterns, and economic feasibility. SRI selected a larger site in Anaheim, prepared reports about operation, and provided on-site administrative support for Disneyland and acted in an advisory role as the park expanded.[23][24][25] In 1955, SRI was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.[26]
In 1952, the
In the 1950s, SRI worked under the direction of the Bank of America to develop ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting) and magnetic ink character recognition (MICR). The ERMA project was led by computer scientist Jerre Noe, who was at the time SRI's assistant director of engineering.[31] As of 2011, MICR remains the industry standard in automated check processing.[32][33][34]
Rapid expansion
Douglas Engelbart, the founder of SRI's Augmentation Research Center (ARC), was the primary force behind the design and development of the multi-user oN-Line System (or NLS), featuring original versions of modern computer-human interface elements including bit-mapped displays, collaboration software, hypertext, and precursors to the graphical user interface such as the computer mouse.[35] As a pioneer of human-computer interaction, Engelbart is arguably SRI's most notable alumnus. He was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 2000.[36]
Bill English, then chief engineer at ARC, built the first prototype of a computer mouse from Engelbart's design in 1964.[37][38] SRI also developed inkjet printing (1961) and optical disc recording (1963).[39] Liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology was developed at RCA Laboratories in the 1960s, which later became Sarnoff Corporation in 1988, a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI. Sarnoff was fully integrated into SRI in 2011.[40]
In the early 1960s, Hewitt Crane and his colleagues developed the world's first all-magnetic digital computer,[41] based upon extensions to magnetic core memories. The technology was licensed to AMP Inc., who then used it to build specialized computers for controlling tracks in the New York City Subway and on railroad switching yards.[42]
In 1966, SRI's
On October 29, 1969, the first connection on a
The first true Internet transmission occurred on November 22, 1977, when SRI originated the first connection between three disparate networks. Data flowed seamlessly through the mobile Packet Radio Van between SRI in Menlo Park, California and the University of Southern California in Los Angeles via University College London, England, across three types of networks: packet radio, satellite, and the ARPANET.[52] In 2007, the Computer History Museum presented a 30th anniversary celebration of this demonstration, which included several participants from the 1977 event.[53] SRI would go on to run the Network Information Center under the leadership of Jake Feinler.[54]
Split and diversification
The
In 1972, physicists Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ undertook a series of investigations of psychic phenomena sponsored by the CIA, for which they coined the term remote viewing.[58][59][60] Among other activities, the project encompassed the work of consulting "consciousness researchers" including artist/writer Ingo Swann, military intelligence officer Joseph McMoneagle, and psychic/illusionist Uri Geller.[61] This ESP work continued with funding from the US intelligence community until Puthoff and Targ left SRI in the mid-1980s.[62][63] For more information, see Parapsychology research at SRI.
Social scientist and consumer futurist
Throughout the 1980s, SRI developed
In 1986, SRI.com became the
Military-related technologies developed by SRI in the 1990s and 2000s include
SRI created the Centibots in 2003, one of the first and largest teams of coordinated, autonomous mobile robots that explore, map, and survey unknown environments.[78][79][80][81] It also created BotHunter, a free utility for Unix, which detects botnet activity within a network.[82][83]
With DARPA-funded research, SRI contributed to the development of
In medicine and chemistry, SRI developed
SRI performed a study in the 1990s for
Early 21st century
SRI researchers made the first observation of visible light emitted by oxygen atoms in the night-side
In 2006, SRI was awarded a $56.9 million contract with the
In December 2007, SRI launched a spin-off company,
For the National Science Foundation (NSF), SRI operates the advanced modular incoherent scatter radar (AMISR), a novel relocatable atmospheric research facility.[109] Other SRI-operated research facilities for the NSF include the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility in Greenland. In May 2011, SRI was awarded a $42 million contract to operate the Arecibo Observatory from October 1, 2011, to September 30, 2016.[110] The institute also manages the Hat Creek Radio Observatory in Northern California, home of the Allen Telescope Array.[111]
In February 2014, SRI announced a "photonics-based testing technology called FASTcell" for the detection and characterization of rare circulating tumor cells from blood samples. The test is aimed at cancer-specific biomarkers for breast, lung, prostate, colorectal and leukemia cancers that circulate in the blood stream in minute quantities, potentially diagnosing those conditions earlier.[112]
In September 2018, the NSF announced that SRI International will be rewarded $4.4 million to establish the backbone organization of a national network.[113]
In April 2023, Xerox announced that it would donate PARC and its related assets to SRI. As part of the deal, Xerox would keep most of the patent rights inside PARC, and benefit from a preferred research agreement with SRI/PARC.[114]
Description
Employees and financials
As of February 2015, SRI employs approximately 2,100 people.[2] In 2014, SRI had about $540 million in revenue.[2] In 2013, the United States Department of Defense consisted of 63% of awards by value; the remainder was composed of the National Institutes of Health (11%); businesses and industry (8%); other United States agencies (6%); the National Science Foundation (6%); the United States Department of Education (4%); and foundations (2%).[115]
As of February 2015, approximately 4,000 patents have been granted to SRI International and its employees.[9]
Facilities
SRI is primarily based on a 63-
Organization
SRI International is organized into seven units (generally referred to as divisions) that focus on specific subject areas.[117]
Name | Research area | Reference |
---|---|---|
Advanced Technology and Systems | SRI's largest organizational unit manages complex projects for government and commercial clients in areas such as medical devices, and nanotechnology .
|
[118] |
Biosciences | SRI Biosciences works with academic, commercial, foundation, and government clients and partners to bring new medicines to market through pre-clinical development, and clinical translation. SRI has helped move more than 100 drugs into clinical trials .
|
[119][120] |
Education | SRI Education works with government officials, private foundations, and commercial clients to provide research-based analysis and evaluation of programs to identify trends, understand outcomes, and guide public policy and practice. Focus areas include early learning, educational technology, social and emotional learning, teacher quality assessments, college and career readiness, and large-scale surveys. | [121] |
Global Partnerships | It comprises three groups: the Center for Science, Technology, and Economic Development, the Center for Innovation Leadership, the Energy Center, and a team focused on R&D programs for international clients. | [122] |
Information and Computing Sciences | For its government and commercial clients, this division conducts R&D activities to understand the computational principles underlying intelligence in humans and machines, and to create computer-based systems that solve problems. ICS is organized into four laboratories, one of which is SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center. The division focuses on artificial intelligence, speech recognition, natural language processing, bioinformatics, and computer security. | [123] |
Mission Solutions | Mission Solutions performs technology and services in support information operations, navigation and survivability systems, and systems and signal technology.
|
[124] |
Products and Solutions | This SRI division transitions R&D technology into products for its government and commercial clients. It maintains a portfolio that includes biometric identification systems, real-time video processing systems, integrated video and sensor exploitation solutions, and video test tools.
|
[125] |
Staff members and alumni
SRI has had a chief executive of some form since its establishment. Prior to the split with Stanford University, the position was known as the director; after the split, it is known as the company's president and CEO. SRI has had nine so far, including William F. Talbot (1946–1947),[17] Jesse E. Hobson (1947–1955),[126] E. Finley Carter (1956–1963),[127] Charles Anderson (1968–1979),[128] William F. Miller (1979–1990),[129] James J. Tietjen (1990–1993),[130] William P. Sommers (1993–1998)[131] Curtis Carlson (1998–2014).[132] More recently, the role was split into two. The current CEO is David Parekh[133] and the president is Manish Kothari (formerly president of SRI Ventures).
SRI also has had a board of directors since its inception, which has served to both guide and provide opportunities for the organization. The current board of directors includes Samuel Armacost (Chairman of the Board Emeritus), Mariann Byerwalter (chairman), William A. Jeffrey, Charles A. Holloway (vice chairman), Vern Clark, Robert L. Joss, Leslie F. Kenne, Henry Kressel, David Liddle, Philip J. Quigley, Wendell Wierenga and John J. Young Jr.[134]
Its notable researchers include
The Artificial Intelligence Center has also produced a large number of notable alumni, many of whom contributed to Shakey the robot;
Several SRI projects produced notable researchers and engineers long before computing was mainstream. Early employee Paul M. Cook founded Raychem.[152] William K. MacCurdy developed the Hydra-Cushion freight car for Southern Pacific in 1954;[29] Hewitt Crane and Jerre Noe were instrumental in the development of Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting;[42] Harrison Price helped The Walt Disney Company design Disneyland;[24] James C. Bliss developed the Optacon;[153] and Robert Weitbrecht invented the first telecommunications device for the deaf.[154][155]
Spin-off companies
Working with investment and
Some former SRI staff members have also established new companies. In engineering and analysis, for example, notable companies formed by SRI alumni include
Research in computing and computer science-related areas led to the development of many companies, including Symantec, the
See also
References
Notes
- ^ "Tax Filings and Audits by Year". ProPublica. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ a b c d e "About Us". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
- ^ "Products and Solutions: Technologies for License". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "Products and Solutions". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ a b "SRI Ventures". SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "How To Create An Innovative Culture: The Extraordinary Case Of SRI". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
- ^ "SRI International Completes Integration of Sarnoff Corporation" (Press release). SRI International. 2011-01-01. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2002-07-01.
- ^ "SRI International". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ a b "About Us". SRI International. 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- ^ Nielson, p. 1-1
- ^ Nielson, p. B-1
- ^ a b c Nielson, p. B-2
- Gross Domestic Product deflatorfigures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ a b c Nielson, p. B-3
- ^ Nielson, p. B-4
- ^ Gibson, SRI: The Founding Years, pp. 111–112
- ^ a b Lowen, Rebecca (July–August 1997). "Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity". Stanford Magazine. Stanford Alumni Association. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ^ a b c Gibson, SRI: The Founding Years, pp. 98–99
- ^ Gibson, SRI: The Founding Years, p. 108
- ^ "Tide". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ a b c Nielson, pp. 9-18 - 9-21
- ISBN 978-0-86576-103-2.
- ^ a b Nielson, pp. 14–17 - 14-20
- ^ a b "Disneyland". Timeline of Innovations. SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- The San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the originalon 2014-03-28. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "Timeline of SRI International Innovations: 1940s - 1950s". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ McLaughlin, p. 39
- ^ a b c McLaughlin, p. 40
- ^ a b Nielson, pp. 6-1 - 6-3
- ^ "Railroad Hydra-Cushion". Timeline of Innovations. SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ Nielson, p. 2-8
- ^ Nielson, p. 2-1
- ^ "Timeline of Innovations: Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Line Law & Legal Definition". USLegal. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Douglas C. Engelbart". Hall of Fellows. Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
- ^ "Douglas Engelbart, Foresight Advisor, Is Awarded National Medal of Technology". Foresight Update. Vol. 43. Foresight Institute. 2000-12-30.
- ^ "How the mouse got its name". BBC News. 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ DARPA, pp. 76–77
- ^ McLaughlin, p. 37
- ^ "Milestones: Liquid Crystal Display, 1968". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ "All-Magnetic Logic Computer". Timeline of Innovations. SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ a b Markoff, John (2008-06-21). "Hewitt D. Crane, 81, Early Computer Engineer, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ Movie "Shakey". Stanford Research Institute. 1969.
In 1966, the Stanford Research Institute created the first mobile robot that could reason about its surroundings.
- ^ "Shakey". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- ^ Sutton, Chris (2004-09-14). "Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers". UCLA. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ DARPA, pp. 79-83
- S2CID 44026046.
- ^ "Over-the-Horizon Radar". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ Thomason, Joseph F. (2005-04-14). "Development of Over-the-Horizon Radar in the United States". United States Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Telecommunications Tools for the Deaf". Timeline of Innovations. SRI International. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "Deafnet". CNET. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ Ogg, Erica (2007-11-08). "'Internet van' helped drive evolution of the Web". CNET. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Timeline of innovations: Internetworking: The First Three-Network Transmission". SRI International. 17 November 1977. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Elizabeth J. Feinler". SRI Alumni Hall of Fame. 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
- ^ "Underground Newspapers on Microfilm: Peninsula Observer". Herb Caen Magazines and Newspapers Center. San Francisco Public Library. 2010-06-05. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
- ^ McLaughlin, p. 38
- ISBN 978-0231079594.
- S2CID 4152651.
- S2CID 12688261.
- Journal of Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 89–107.
- ^ Jayanti, Vikram (June 13, 2013). "Never mind the NSA: Uri Geller is the real spy story". The Guardian. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- S2CID 13642580.
- ^ Waller, Douglas (1995-12-11). "The Vision Thing". Time. p. 45. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^ "About VALS: The VALS Story". Strategic Business Insights. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ "Vals". Sric-Bi. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ Nielson, pp. 11-7 - 11-10
- ^ doi:10.1109/32.55088.
- ISBN 978-0-201-15790-1. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
- ^ "Ventures: PacketHop". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
- ^ "SRI International of Menlo Park Wins Patent Battle Over Enterprise Network Intrusion Detection Technology". Intellectual Property Today. 2008-10-24. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ Saffiotti, Alessandro; Ruspini, E.; Konolige, Kurt G. (March 1993). "A Fuzzy Controller For Flakey, An Autonomous Mobile Robot". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - )
- ^ "100 oldest .com domains". iWhois.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ Myers, Karen L. "PRS-CL: A Procedural Reasoning System". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "SRI Technology At Core of New U.S. Postal Service Letter Sorting System". 1997-09-03. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "INCON". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ^ "Deployable Force-on-Force Instrumented Range System". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ "Centibots: The 100 Robots Project". Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "Centibots: The 100 Robots Project". University of Washington Computer Science & Engineering: Robotics and State Estimation Lab. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ Ackerman, Elise (2004-01-15). "Centibot army drills for action for the military". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ Delio, Michelle (2003-08-04). "LinuxWorld Opens Hunting Season". Wired. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "BotHunter aims to find bots for free". www.securityfocus.com.
- ^ "About BotHunter". www.bothunter.net.
- ^ DARPA, p. 99
- ^ a b Anderson, Nate (2006-11-09). "Defense Department funds massive speech recognition and translation program". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ Mieszkowski, Katharine (2003-04-07). "How do you say "regime change" in Arabic?". Salon. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ZDNet. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ "SRI International Licenses Drug Formulation Process to Dura Pharmaceuticals". SRI International. 1997-07-01. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ US 3703176
- ^ Nielson, pp. 10-3 - 10-5
- ^ Nielson, p. 11-1
- ^ "Pathway Tools Information Site". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "BioCyc". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "SRI International Makes First Observation of Atomic Oxygen Emission in the Night Airglow of Venus" (Press release). SRI International. 2001-01-18. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "SRI International Celebrates 50 Years of Molecular Physics Discoveries" (Press release). SRI International. 2006-08-06. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- PMID 11161195. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "Golf 20/20 Overview". World Golf Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "U.S. Golf Economy Measures $62 Billion, Says New Report By SRI International for the World Golf Foundation's Golf 20/20 Initiative" (Press release). SRI International. 2002-11-14. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "SRI International Launches Spin-Off Company AtomicTangerine, The First Venture Consulting Firm to Target E-business". SRI International. 2000-04-19. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ Lauerman, John (2006-11-07). "SRI Wins U.S. Contract to Develop Drugs for Bird Flu". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ "SRI International Selects St. Petersburg, Florida for New Marine Technology R&D Facility" (Press release). SRI International. 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ "City Breaks Ground on SRI International's St. Petersburg Facility" (Press release). SRI International. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "SRI Opens New Research Facility at the Port of St. Petersburg". Florida Technology Journal. 2010-01-11. Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
- ^ "Spyglass Technologies Receives Exclusive License to Commercialize SRI International's Underwater Mass Spectrometer" (Press release). SRI International. 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Apple's Siri voice assistant based on extensive research". CNN. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Siri Launches Virtual Personal Assistant for iPhone 3GS" (Press release). SRI International. 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ Lardinois, Frederic (2008-10-13). "Semantic Stealth Startup Siri Raises $8.5 Million". Readwriteweb.com. Archived from the original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ "Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
- ^ "SRI International Selected by the National Science Foundation to Manage Arecibo Observatory" (Press release). SRI International. 2011-06-02. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ Sanders, Robert (April 13, 2012). "UC Berkeley passes management of Allen Telescope Array to SRI". UC Berkeley NewsCenter. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "SRI International launches FASTcell cancer cell screening system". Optics. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- ^ "NSF Awards Aim to Expand STEM Participation". SIGNAL Magazine. 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- Barron's. Archivedfrom the original on April 25, 2023.
- ^ a b "SRI Fact Sheet" (PDF). SRI International. March 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ a b "Specialized Facilities". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Our Organization". SRI International. June 2009. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "Advanced Technology and Systems Division". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "SRI Biosciences". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ISSN 1937-8661. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ "SRI Education". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "Global Partnerships". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "Information and Computing Sciences". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "Mission Solutions Division". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "Products and Solutions". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
- ^ "Alumni Hall of Fame: Previous Years: J. E. Hobson". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- IEEE. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ "Charles Anderson". San Francisco Chronicle. 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Faculty Profiles: William F. Miller". Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
- ^ "Dean Emeritus of Stevens Institute of Technology Dr. James J. Tietjen Joins SynQuest Board" (Press release). The Free Library by Farlex. 2000-11-30. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ "Dr. William P. "Bill" Sommers". San Francisco Chronicle. 2007-01-10. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Our People: Curtis R. Carlson". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "David Parekh". SRI International. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
- ^ "Our People: Board of Directors". SRI International. Retrieved 2014-10-02.
- ^ "The Oil Industry Was Warned About Climate Change in 1968". Vice News. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ "The Demo". Science and Technology in the Making: MouseSite. Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ "Bill English". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ "Alumni Hall of Fame 2006: Johns Frederick (Jeff) Rulifson". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ "Alumni Hall of Fame 2000: Elizabeth J. Feinler". SRI International. 2000. Archived from the original on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ David Maynard at MobyGames
- ^ a b Nilsson, Nils J. (2010). The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements (PDF). Stanford University.
- ^ Buchanan, Wyatt (2002-12-20). "Charles Rosen -- expert on robots, co-founder of winery". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
- ^ a b "Alumni Hall of Fame 2008: Peter E. Hart". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2012-10-03. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ Fikes, Richard E (April 1971). "Monitored Execution of Robot Plans Produced by STRIPS" (PDF). SRI International. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ "Dr. Richard J. Waldinger". Artificial Intelligence Center. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ Spicer, Dag (2004-11-19). "Oral History of Gary Hendrix" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ McLaughlin, p. 100
- ^ "Marissa Mayer Biography". Biography.com. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
- ^ "International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Honors SRI's Raymond Perrault with Donald E. Walker Distinguished Service Award". SRI International. 2011-07-18. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
- ^ Boran, Marie (2011-11-16). "iRobot". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- Chemical Heritage Foundation.
- .
- Texas Women's University. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ^ Hevesi, Dennis (2009-08-22). "James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ^ "SRI Ventures". SRI International. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
- ^ "Alphabetical List". SRI International. August 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
- ^ a b c d e Nielson, p. F1-F4
- ISBN 978-1-56368-090-8.
Weitbrecht Communications stanford SRI.
- ^ "Ventures: Biotech/Medical". SRI International. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
Works cited
- Nielson, Donald (2006). A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century. ISBN 978-0-9745208-1-0.
- ISBN 978-0-913232-80-4.
- McLaughlin, John R.; Weimers, Leigh A.; Winslow, Wardell V. (2008). Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance. ISBN 978-0-9649217-4-0.
- DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging The Gap. DARPA. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06.
Further reading
SRI history
- ISBN 978-0-307-33669-9.
- Lento, Thomas V (2006). Inventing the Future: 60 Years of Innovation at Sarnoff. ISBN 978-0-9785463-0-4.
- ISBN 978-0-86576-103-2.
Specific topics
- ISBN 978-0-19-532554-6.
- ISBN 978-0-670-03382-9.
- ISBN 978-0-684-83267-8.
- ISBN 978-0-8021-1983-4.