Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)

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Not to be confused with Stanisław August Poniatowski.

Stanisław Poniatowski
Portrait by Marcello Bacciarelli, 1758
Born(1676-09-15)15 September 1676
Chojnik, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died29 August 1762(1762-08-29) (aged 85)
Ryki, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Noble familyPoniatowski
Spouse(s)
Issue
FatherFranciszek Poniatowski [pl]
MotherHelena Niewiarowska [pl]

Stanisław Poniatowski (15 September 1676 – 29 August 1762) was a

starost
positions.

Poniatowski was involved in Commonwealth politics, and was a prominent member of the

Augustus III
, and eventually became one of the new king's chief advisors.

Poniatowski's fifth son,

Napoleon I
.

Biography

Early life

Poniatowski was born on 15 September 1676 in the village of

Jan Kazimierz Sapieha by an unknown Polish Jewish woman, later adopted by Franciszek.[2]

He received elementary education in

Kraków Academy or at the Nowodworski School.[1] At 13, he was sent to Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire where he spent two years, and afterward traveled to Serbia, then a province of that empire. There, he volunteered to join Imperial forces campaigning against the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War.[1] He served as an adjutant to Michał Franciszek Sapieha, and later commanded a company of cuirassiers. He participated in the Battle of Zenta in 1697.[1]

After the

Charles XII, king of Sweden.[1]

The Great Northern War and subsequent Swedish service

In 1702, Swedish forces invaded the Commonwealth as part of the

Elector of Saxony, was an ally of the Russian tsar Peter I. Augustus's forces were defeated, and the king himself was forced back to Saxony. He was replaced by Charles with Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman and count of the Holy Roman Empire. Poniatowski, serving as a negotiator between the Wielkopolska Confederation and Charles XII, took the side of Leszczyński and distanced himself from the Sapiehas, formerly his patrons.[1] In 1705, he became the colonel over Leszczyński's newly raised Trabant guard, modeled after the reputable Swedish Drabant Corps.[3]

In 1708, Leszczyński appointed Poniatowski his personal representative to Charles XII.

Köprülü Numan Pasha, was an acquaintance of Poniatowski and had been a supporter of an anti-Russian shift in Ottoman politics.[4]

Poniatowski accompanied the Ottomans during the Pruth River Campaign, but was dissatisfied with the Treaty of the Pruth, which saw the withdrawal of the Ottomans from the war.[4] His attempts to prolong and inflame the conflict failed, resulting in a loss of his status in the Empire and his eventual departure from it in 1713.[5]

Poniatowski did not return to Poland, as Lesczyński had been forced to retreat to Swedish Pomerania upon the return of Augustus in 1709. With the support of Russian forces, Augustus had forced Lesczyński from the throne and had retaken the crown in that year. Instead, Poniatowski entered the service of Sweden, serving as a diplomat for both Charles XII and Lesczyński. He was later involved in mediation attempts between Lesczyński and Augustus, and also joined the Swedish army in various campaigns, being wounded during one in 1716. During the course of his diplomatic activities, he traveled throughout Europe, including to such countries as Prussia, France, and Spain.[5][6] For his service to Charles XII, he received the position of the governor of Palatine Zweibrücken, then in personal union with Sweden.[6]

Later years: Polish politician and magnate

Portrait of Stanisław Poniatowski and Konstancja Czartoryska

Upon Charles's death in 1718, he continued to serve Leszczyński as a diplomat.

Familia political faction, and most of his ensuing actions had the goal of increasing the Familia's political power.[6][8]

On 5 December 1722 he received the office of

Grand Crown Hetman by August II, receiving in 1728 the rank of a Crown regimentarz. During a period in which no Crown hetmans were appointed, he acted as de facto commander of the Polish–Lithuanian army.[8] He enjoyed support from the military, but his forays into politics gained him significant opposition among the szlachta, led by the Potocki family. He became the voivode of the Masovian Voivodeship in 1731.[8]

After August II's death in 1733, he rekindled his old ties with Leszczyński, but made some attempts to secure

convocation sejm of 1733.[9] He again served as Leszczyński's diplomat during the following War of the Polish Succession.[9]

In 1734, he switched sides and joined the supported Augustus III.[9] After several years of distrust, August III started treating Poniatowski as one of his major advisers.[10] Over the next few years, throughout the 1740s, he and familiar supported plans for reform and strengthening the Commonwealth, however most of them have failed due to liberum veto disrupting the Sejm proceedings.[11] Those failures likely resulted in his apathy, and he became much less active on the political scene in the 1750s.[7] On 6 June 1752 he received the office of castellan of Kraków.[7]

Near the end of his life, Poniatowski was among the richest

zlotys. He died in Ryki on 29 August 1762, shortly after suffering a serious fall while walking.[7]

Family

He was the son of Franciszek Poniatowski [pl] (1640/1650 – 1691–1695), łowczy podlaski in 1680 and cześnik wyszogrodzki in 1690, and his wife Helena Niewiarowska, who he had married in 1673 or 1674.[1] His older brother Józef Poniatowski (1674 – after 1731) was a generał wojsk koronnych and married Helena Otfinowska, without issue. His younger siblings were Michał Jacenty Poniatowski, a Dominican, and Zofia Agnieszka Poniatowska [pl], a Carmelitan Abbess in Kraków. He married firstly shortly after 1701 and divorced Teresa Woynianka-Jasieniecka, who died after 1710, without issue, and secondly Princess Konstancja Czartoryska on 14 September 1720. They had eight children.[7]

He was the father of:

  • Kazimierz Poniatowski (15 September 1721 – 13 April 1800), podkomorzy wielki koronny between 1742 and 1773 and generał wojsk koronnych, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764 and married on 21 January 1751 Apolonia Ustrzycka (17 January 1736 - 1814) and had issue[7]
  • Cathedral of Kraków (kanonik i proboszcz katedralny krakowski), chancellor of Gniezno in 1748[7]
  • Karl von Lothringen[7]
  • Ludwika Maria Poniatowska (30 November 1728 – 10 February 1781), who married in 1745 Jan Jakub Zamoyski (? - 10 February 1790), wojewoda podolski in 1770, IX ordynat till in 1780 and starosta lubelski, and had female issue (Urszula Zamoyska (c. 1750 - 1808), who married firstly and divorced before 1781 Wincenty Potocki (? - 1825), podkomorzy wielki koronny, and married secondly Michal Jerzy Mniszech, marszalek wielki koronny)[7]
  • Izabella Poniatowska,[7] (1 July 1730 – 14 February 1808) was a Polish noblewoman, countess and princess. She was a sister of Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski, who in 1764 became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and reigned as Stanisław II Augustus. She married, firstly on 19 November 1748 as his third wife Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki in 1756, and secondly the Masovian voivode Andrzej Mokronowski, without issue.
  • Stanisław II August (Poniatowski), the last King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania, who was crowned in 1764.[7]
  • Andrzej Poniatowski (16 July 1734/5 – Vienna, 3/5 March 1773), Austrian General-Lieutenant in 1760, Austrian Fieldmarshall in 1771 and starost prenski, who was created a Prince on 10 December 1765, and married on 3 May 1761 Maria Teresa, Countess Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau (14 February 1740 – 25 September 1806), and had issue[7]
  • Archbishop of Gniezno in 1784, who was created a Prince on 4 December 1764[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 471.
  2. ISBN 83-216-0759-4
    , p. 189.
  3. ^ Emil Hildebrand, Svensk historisk bibliografi, Volume 10. Svenska Historiska Föreningen, 1890. p. 196.
  4. ^ a b c d Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 472.
  5. ^ a b Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 473.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 474.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 479.
  8. ^ a b c d e Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 475.
  9. ^ a b c d e Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 476.
  10. ^ Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 477.
  11. ^ Poniatowski Stanisław, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Zeszyt 171 (tom XXVII), 1983, p. 478.
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