State funerals in the United States
In the
History and development
Funerals of Founding Fathers
The first general mourning proclaimed in the United States came upon the death of Benjamin Franklin in 1790, and in 1799, following the death of George Washington. Preparations for Franklin's funeral after his death on April 17, 1790, included a funeral procession to the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia and burial at Christ Church Burial Ground on April 21. It is estimated that 20,000 mourners gathered for Franklin's funeral. The cortege was composed of Philadelphia society, ranging from Mayor Samuel Powel to American astronomer David Rittenhouse.[4] Muffled bells rang and flags on the mast of ships as well as atop all government buildings flew at
When Washington died at his
Washington's actual funeral was a simple ceremony, organized by the local
Two former presidents,
History of presidential state funerals in Washington
Early Days
The first state funeral was for
When Zachary Taylor died on July 9, 1850, 1 year, 4 months into his term of office, he was given a state funeral similar in its details to Harrison's. Behind Taylor's black-and-white caisson, his horse "Old Whitey" followed riderless, with a pair of riding boots reversed in the stirrups.[12]
First presidents to lie in state
It was not until the
The remains of James A. Garfield arrived in the nation's capital on September 21, two days after his death. A floral arrangement was mounted on his casket, complemented with ornate "stuffed doves of peace". A large crowd of mourners numbering over 100,000 people viewed his casket as he lay in state in the Capitol rotunda.[12]
When the funeral train of William McKinley arrived in Washington, D.C., on September 16, 1901, two days after his death, the casket was taken to the East Room in the White House where a lavish display of palms, fruit trees, and floral arrangements transversed into the Cross Hall. The following day, McKinley's casket was transported to the Capitol rotunda to lie in state.[12]
Early to mid 20th century
Former president
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.
Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington after his assassination. Early on November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the East Room of the White House, where he lay in repose for 24 hours.[19][20] Then, the coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket,[21][22] with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.[21]
Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at
Since 1963: former presidents
Dying in his suite at the
When Dwight D. Eisenhower died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on March 28, 1969, plans for his state funeral had already been drawn up earlier, in 1966, although they were somewhat altered by the Eisenhower family. With a strong emphasis on military rites in honor of Eisenhower's contribution as Supreme Allied Commander during World War II, ceremonial and religious aspects also called for flags to be lowered to half-staff for 30 days, a lying in state in the Capitol rotunda, as well as a religious service held at Washington National Cathedral.[27]
On January 22, 1973,
State funerals in the 21st century
Ronald Reagan died on June 5, 2004, in Los Angeles, California, from complications of Alzheimer's disease. A state funeral occurred in Washington, D.C., and Simi Valley, California, where Reagan was interred at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. 200,000 mourners (5,000 per hour) filed past Reagan's casket in the Capitol rotunda June 9–11, 2004.[29] Over two dozen world leaders listened to eulogies given by President George W. Bush, former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during a national funeral service held at Washington National Cathedral.[30][31]
When Gerald Ford died on December 26, 2006, of arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and diffuse arteriosclerosis, a state funeral was held in Palm Desert, California, Washington, D.C., and Grand Rapids, Michigan. Eulogies were given at Washington National Cathedral by former Presidents George H. W. Bush and Jimmy Carter, former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, journalist Tom Brokaw, and sitting President George W. Bush. Ford's remains were then flown to Michigan for interment at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum.[32]
Presidential funerals not taking place in Washington
Ulysses S. Grant died on July 23, 1885, after a battle with throat cancer that had been extensively covered by the press. His funeral was held August 8, 1885, in New York, featuring a funeral procession of 60,000 men as well as a 30-day, nationwide period of mourning. People who eulogized him likened him to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, then the nation's two greatest heroes.[37]
On April 18, 1994,
History of non-presidential state funerals
The first non-presidential state funeral was for Thaddeus Stevens in 1868. When Stevens died on August 11, mourners came to his home in Washington, D.C., to pay their respects, including U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts. Stevens's remains were transported by a cavalry regiment to the Capitol where he lay in state in the rotunda on August 13, 1868, until the morning of August 14. After a short funeral service, Stevens's remains were taken to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, for interment.[44]
In 1921, a state funeral was conducted for the
On July 15, 1948,
Like the Unknown Soldier of World War I, it was decided in June 1946 by the
A state funeral was held for
On August 25, 2012,
The most recent non-presidential state funeral was for
Presidential places of burial
Many presidents have been interred in cemeteries, tombs, crypts, vaults, in the grounds at a place of residence, and inside cathedrals. Some examples include the following. The remains of George Washington were interred in a tomb at his Virginia plantation, Mount Vernon, in 1799. After falling into disrepair as well as grave robbers attempting to steal the remains of Washington, a new and more secure vault was constructed at Mount Vernon in 1831.[53] Thomas Jefferson was interred at the Monticello Graveyard in the grounds of his Virginia plantation, Monticello, in 1826.[9] The remains of Abraham Lincoln were exhumed and moved a total of seventeen times, the first exhumation occurring in 1865, before the ornate and lavish Lincoln Tomb was finally built for final interment in 1901 at Oak Ridge Cemetery located in Springfield, Illinois.[54] Ulysses S. Grant, who died in 1885, was interred in Riverside Park in New York City where eventually, the construction of Grant's Tomb housing the former president's remains was finally completed and dedicated in 1897.[55] The remains of Woodrow Wilson were interred in a sarcophagus inside Washington National Cathedral in 1924.[56][57] In 1933 Calvin Coolidge was interred with minimal ceremony in the village cemetery in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, becoming the last president to be buried in a public cemetery.[58] William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy were interred at Arlington National Cemetery in the years 1930 and 1963 respectively.[59][60]
Many presidents in recent years have been interred at their
Major components
In the
On the day after the death of a president, a former president, or a president-elect unless the day falls on a Sunday or holiday, in which case the honor will be rendered the following day, the commanders of Army installations with the necessary personnel and material traditionally order that one gun be fired every half hour, beginning at
The commanding general of the Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region will act as a military escort for the president's family from the time of the official announcement of death until interment occurs.[65] Two examples of this role was by Major General Galen B. Jackman who escorted former First Lady Nancy Reagan during the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in 2004[66] and Lieutenant General Guy C. Swan III who escorted former First Lady Betty Ford during the state funeral of Gerald Ford in 2006–07.[67]
Most state funerals include a nine-person honor guard acting as pallbearers (also known as body bearers) from all six branches of the Armed Forces, a series of
Sitting presidents who die while in office may
Funeral procession
A funeral procession occurs during a state funeral on
Each of the three march units are led by a
Next, a single honor guard will march on foot holding the reins of a caparisoned,
During the funeral procession midway between the White House and the Capitol as the caisson passes through the intersection of Constitution Avenue and 4th Street, N.W., a flyover consisting of 21 tactical fighter aircraft from the United States Air Force, will fly in formation as a single lead aircraft followed by 5 flights of four aircraft each. The #3 aircraft in the final flight executes the maneuver of missing man low enough to be clearly seen by on-looking spectators below.[65]
The funeral procession traditionally ends at the center steps on the east front of the Capitol. Exceptions were made for Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, and Gerald Ford. Johnson's casket was carried up the Senate wing steps because the center steps were blocked with construction scaffolding from the second inauguration of Richard Nixon which occurred just days earlier.[75] As a break with tradition, Reagan, as former Governor of California, requested that his casket be carried up the steps of the Capitol's West Front facing California.[76] Ford, as a former member of the United States House of Representatives, requested that his casket be carried up the House wing steps.[77]
Funeral processions on Pennsylvania Avenue
Pennsylvania Avenue has been used for eight presidential funeral processions, including the
The nation has also honored other people with a funeral procession on Pennsylvania Avenue. They include Vice President
Capitol rotunda service and lying in state
Shortly after the casket is moved onto the floor of the Capitol rotunda and placed on top of the
Religious service
A national funeral service, with a religious theme, is traditionally held at
Various foreign dignitaries,
Immediately after the national funeral service is completed, the casket travels to its final resting place for interment. Before the mid-20th century, the casket was moved long distances across the nation by a
Interment
More reminiscent of a
During interment, fighter aircraft provided by the United States Air Force will perform a second and final aerial flyover in missing man formation, as would be previously observed during a ceremonial procession on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C.[65]
Flag folding and presentation
A final component of a state funeral, as is typically offered during military funerals for fallen
Music
The premier military bands from the five branches of the Armed Forces have an approved musical repertoire that they perform while marching on Pennsylvania or Constitution Avenue. The use of muffled drums and bagpipes are common as well.
Military
During the
During a national funeral service, such as those held at Washington National Cathedral, the Cathedral Choir or the Armed Forces Choir will sing a selection of religious and patriotic music. In 1969, Dwight D. Eisenhower's state funeral included a religious service at the Cathedral that incorporated music such as Schmucke dich, o liebe Seele by
Solo musicians who are globally acclaimed have also performed during a funeral service, a recent example being Irish tenor Ronan Tynan who at the request of First Lady Nancy Reagan, sang Amazing Grace at Washington National Cathedral during the Reagan state funeral in 2004.[102] During the Ford state funeral in 2007, renowned Metropolitan Opera singer Denyce Graves sangThe Lord’s Prayer by Albert Hay Malotte at the Cathedral during the homily.[99] In 2018, Irish tenor Ronan Tynan was invited again to the Cathedral to sing during the Bush state funeral. His musical selections included Malotte’s The Lord’s Prayer and Last Full Measure of Devotion by Larry Grossman. In addition, Christian contemporary soloist Michael W. Smith sang Friends, a piece of music attributed to him.[100] Other venues, such as National City Christian Church invited American soprano Leontyne Price to sing Take My Hand, Precious Lord during Lyndon B. Johnson's state funeral in 1973.[103][104]
List of lying in state and honor recipients
Since the death of
When lying in state, six guards of honor, each representing one of the six branches of the Armed Forces, will periodically rotate and relieve the preceding set of guards of honor who watch over the remains. For recipients who have been designated to lie in honor, the United States Capitol Police will act as guards of honor. No law, written rule, or regulation specifies who may lie in state. Use of the Capitol rotunda is controlled by a concurrent resolution of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Any person who has rendered distinguished service to the nation may lie in state if the family so wishes and the United States Congress approves. In the case of unknown soldiers, the president or the appropriate branch of the Armed Forces initiates the action.[108]
People who have lain in state in the United States Capitol rotunda are as follows:[109]
- Henry Clay (July 1, 1852)
- Abraham Lincoln (April 19–21, 1865)
- Thaddeus Stevens (August 13–14, 1868)
- Charles Sumner (March 13, 1874)
- Henry Wilson (November 25–26, 1875)
- James A. Garfield (September 21–23, 1881)
- John Alexander Logan (December 30–31, 1886)
- William McKinley (September 17, 1901)
- Pierre Charles L'Enfant (April 28, 1909)
- George Dewey (January 20, 1917)
- Unknown Soldier of World War I (November 9–11, 1921)
- Warren G. Harding (August 8, 1923)
- William Howard Taft (March 11, 1930)
- John Joseph Pershing (July 18–19, 1948)
- Robert Alphonso Taft (August 2–3, 1953)
- Unknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War (May 28–30, 1958)
- John F. Kennedy (November 24–25, 1963)
- Douglas MacArthur (April 8–9, 1964)
- Herbert Hoover (October 23–25, 1964)
- Dwight D. Eisenhower (March 30–31, 1969)
- Everett McKinley Dirksen (September 9–10, 1969)
- J. Edgar Hoover (May 3–4, 1972)
- Lyndon B. Johnson (January 24–25, 1973)
- Hubert Humphrey (January 14–15, 1978)
- Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War, later identified as Michael J. Blassie (May 25–28, 1984)
- Claude Denson Pepper (June 1–2, 1989)
- Ronald Reagan (June 9–11, 2004)
- Gerald Ford (December 30, 2006 – January 2, 2007)
- Daniel Inouye (December 20, 2012)
- John McCain (August 31, 2018)
- George H. W. Bush (December 3–5, 2018)
- John Lewis (July 27–29, 2020) (laid atop the East Front steps during public viewing hours)[110][111]
- Bob Dole (December 9, 2021)[112][113][114]
- Harry Reid (January 12, 2022)
People who have lain in honor in the United States Capitol rotunda are as follows:[109]
- a 1998 shooting(July 28, 1998)
- Rosa Parks (October 30–31, 2005)
- Billy Graham (February 28 – March 1, 2018)
- Capitol attack (February 2, 2021)[115]
- Capitol car attack(April 13, 2021)
- Hershel "Woody" Williams, last World War II Medal of Honor recipient (July 13, 2022)
People who have lain in state in the National Statuary Hall at the United States Capitol are as follows:[116]
- Elijah Cummings (October 24, 2019)
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg (September 25, 2020)[117][118]
- Don Young (March 29, 2022)
People who have lain in state in the House Chamber at the United States Capitol are as follows:[108]
- Samuel Hooper (February 16, 1875)
People who have lain in state in the Herbert C. Hoover Building are as follows:[108]
- Ronald H. Brown (April 9–10, 1996)
People who have lain in repose in the Senate Chamber at the United States Capitol are as follows:[119][120]
- Robert C. Byrd(July 1, 2010)
- Frank Lautenberg (June 6, 2013)
Presidents who have lain in repose in the East Room of the White House
- William Henry Harrison (April 4–7, 1841)
- Zachary Taylor (July 10–13, 1850)
- Abraham Lincoln (April 19–21, 1865)
- William McKinley (September 16–17, 1901)
- Warren G. Harding (August 7–8, 1923)
- Franklin D. Roosevelt (April 14, 1945)
- John F. Kennedy (November 23–24, 1963)
Supreme Court Justices who have lain in state in the Old Senate Chamber at the United States Capitol are as follows:[108]
- Salmon P. Chase (May 11, 1873)
Supreme Court Justices who have lain in repose in the Great Hall at the United States Supreme Court Building are as follows:[108]
- Earl Warren (July 11–12, 1974)
- Thurgood Marshall (January 27, 1993)
- Warren E. Burger (June 28, 1995)
- William J. Brennan Jr. (July 28, 1997)
- Harry A. Blackmun(March 8, 1999)
- William H. Rehnquist(September 6–7, 2005)
- Antonin Scalia (February 19, 2016)
- John Paul Stevens (July 22, 2019)
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg (September 23–24, 2020) (laid atop the front steps during public viewing hours)[118][121][122]
- Sandra Day O'Connor (December 18, 2023)
Funeral arrangements
Each president living, sitting or former, is generally expected to have funeral plans in place on becoming president. The
Detailed funeral arrangements have emerged for
See also
- Death and two state funerals of Kalākaua
- Death and state funeral of Liliuokalani
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Works cited
- Associated Press (1963). The Torch is Passed. New York: Associated Press.
- NBC News (1966). There Was a President. New York: Random House.
- The New York Times (2003). Semple, Robert B. Jr. (ed.). Four days in November. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- ISBN 0-7812-6171-6.
- Swanson, James (2006). Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killer. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-051849-3.
- United Press International; American Heritage (1964). Four Days. New York: American Heritage Pub. Co.
- White, Theodore Harold (1965). The Making of the President, 1964. New York: Atheneum.
Further reading
- "Presidential Funerals and Burials: Selected Resources" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress R45121. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. December 3, 2018.
- Johnson, Abby A.; Johnson, Ronald M. (2012). In the Shadow of the United States Capitol: Congressional Cemetery and the Memory of the Nation. New Academia Publishing. p. 434. ISBN 9780986021626.
- Mossman, B.C.; Stark, M.W. (1971). The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921-1969. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.