State of Fear
OCLC 56759026 | | |
Preceded by | Prey | |
---|---|---|
Followed by | Next |
State of Fear is a 2004
The novel had an initial print run of 1.5 million copies and reached the #1 bestseller position at
Plot summary
Peter Evans is a lawyer for a millionaire philanthropist, George Morton. Evans' main duties are managing the legal affairs surrounding Morton's contributions to an environmentalist organization, the National Environmental Resource Fund (NERF) (modeled after the Natural Resources Defense Council).[7]
Morton becomes suspicious of NERF's director, Nicholas Drake, after discovering that Drake has misused some of the funds Morton had donated to the group. Soon afterward, Morton is visited by two men, John Kenner and Sanjong Thapa, who appear on the surface to be researchers at MIT, but, in fact, are international law enforcement agents on the trail of an
Evans joins Kenner, Thapa, and Morton's assistant, Sarah Jones, on a globe-spanning series of adventures to thwart various ELF-manufactured disasters before these disasters kill thousands of people. Kenner's niece, Jennifer Haynes, joins the group for the final leg as they travel to a remote island in the Solomon Islands to stop the ELF's pièce de résistance, a tsunami that will inundate the California coastline just as Drake is winding up the international conference on the "catastrophe" of global warming. Along the way, the group battles man-eating crocodiles and cannibalistic tribesmen (who feast on Ted Bradley, an environmentalist TV actor whom Drake had sent to spy on Kenner and his team). The rest of the group is rescued in the nick of time by Morton, who had previously faked his own death to throw Drake off the trail so that he could keep watch on the ELF's activities on the island while he waited for Kenner and his team to arrive.
The group has a final confrontation with the elite ELF team on the island during which Haynes is almost killed, and Evans kills one of the terrorists who had previously tried to kill both him and Jones in
Morton, Evans, and Jones return to Los Angeles. Evans quits his law firm to work for Morton's new, as yet unnamed, organization, which will practice environmental activism as a business, free from potential conflicts of interest. Morton hopes Evans and Jones will take his place in the new organization after his death.
Allegorical characters
Several critics have suggested that Crichton uses the major characters as proxies for differing viewpoints on the topic of global warming in order to allow the reader to clearly follow the various positions portrayed in the book.
- Joseph Romm suggests that Kenner is a stand-in for Crichton himself.[8]
- David Roberts suggests that Evans is the stand-in for the reader (who Crichton presumes accepts most of the tenets of global warming without any detailed study of it, but not unquestioningly).[9]
- David Roberts also suggests that Ted Bradley is a stand-in for people who accept the "environmentalist" party line without question.[9]
- Ronald Bailey suggests that Drake is a stand-in for the environmental movement "professional" activist.[10]
- Bruce Barcott suggests that Jones,[11] and Michael B. McElroy and Daniel P. Schrag suggest that Haynes[12] are stand-ins for the academic community (intelligent enough to follow the debate but undecided until the evidence is presented), with Jones being the portion of the community likely to believe in global warming on less than undeniable evidence (they will accept "Likely, but not proven" as sufficient proof) and Haynes representing the part of the community that accepts undeniable evidence only.
- Michael B. McElroy and Daniel P. Schrag suggest that Haynes is simultaneously a stand-in for conflicts of interest created by how the research is funded (i.e., her "official" story changes based on who is paying the bills, but in private she makes her true feelings known).[12]
- Gregory Mone suggests that Thapa is a stand-in for the local university library/reputable Internet source verification, etc.[13]
Author's afterword/appendices
Crichton included a statement of his views on global climate change as an afterword. In the "Author's message", Crichton states that the cause, extent, and threat of climate change are largely unknown. He finishes by endorsing the management of wilderness and the continuation of research into all aspects of the Earth's environment.
In Appendix I, Crichton warns "both sides" of the
This appendix is followed by a bibliography of 172 books and journal articles that Crichton presents "...to assist those readers who would like to review my thinking and arrive at their own conclusions."[14]
Global warming
State of Fear is, like many of Crichton's books, a fictional work that uses a mix of speculation and real world data, plus technological innovations as fundamental storyline devices. The
The main villains in the plot are environmental extremists. Crichton does place blame on "industry" in both the plot line and the appendices. Various assertions appear in the book, for example:
- The science behind global warming is speculative and incomplete, meaning no concrete conclusions can be drawn regarding human involvement in climate change.
- Elites in various fields use either real or artificial crises to maintain the existing social order, misusing the "science" behind global warming.
- As a result of potential conflicts of interest, the scientists conducting research on topics related to global warming may subtly change their findings to bring them in line with their funding sources. Since climatology can not incorporate double-blind studies, as are routine in other sciences, and climate scientists set experiment parameters, perform experiments within the parameters they have set, and analyze the resulting data, a phenomenon known as "bias" is offered as the most benign reason for climate science being so inaccurate.
- A key concept, delivered from the eccentric Professor Hoffman, suggests, in Hoffman's words, the existence of a "politico-legal-media" complex, comparable to the "military-industrial complex," of the Cold War era. Hoffman insists climate science began using more extreme, fear-inducing terms such as "crisis," "catastrophe," and, "disaster," shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, in order to maintain a level of fear in citizens, for the purpose of social control, since the specter of Soviet Communism was gone. This "state of fear" gives the book its title.
Numerous charts and quotations from real world data, including footnoted charts which strongly suggest mean global temperature is, in this era, lowering. Where local temperatures show a general rise in mean temperature, mostly in major world cities, Crichton's characters infer it is due to
Crichton argues for removing politics from science and uses global warming and real-life historical examples in the appendices to make this argument. In a 2003 speech at the California Institute of Technology, he expressed his concern about what he considered the "emerging crisis in the whole enterprise of science—namely the increasingly uneasy relationship between hard science and public policy."[15]
Reception
Literary reviews
The novel has received mixed reviews from professional literary reviewers.[16]
The Wall Street Journal's Ronald Bailey gave a favorable review, calling it "a lightning-paced technopolitical thriller" and the "novelization of a speech that Mr. Crichton delivered in September 2003 at San Francisco's Commonwealth Club."[10] Entertainment Weekly's Gregory Kirschling gave a favorable A− review and said it was "one of Crichton's best because it's as hard to pigeonhole as greenhouse gas but certainly heats up the room."[17]
In The New Republic, Sacha Zimmerman gave a mixed review. Zimmerman criticized Crichton's presentation of data as condescending to the reader but concluded that the book was a "globe-trotting thriller that pits man against nature in brutal spectacles while serving up just the right amount of international conspiracy and taking digs at fair-weather environmentalists.".[18] In March 2006, Michael Crowley, a senior editor of The New Republic, wrote a strongly critical review focusing on Crichton's stance on global warming.[19] In the same year, Crichton published the novel Next, which contains a minor character named "Mick Crowley", who is a Yale graduate and a Washington, D.C.-based political columnist. The character was portrayed as a child molester with a small penis.[20] The character does not appear elsewhere in the book.[20] The real Crowley, also a Yale graduate, alleged that by including a similarly named character Crichton had libeled him.[20]
Much criticism was given to Crichton's presentation of global warming data and the book's portrayal of the global warming debate as a whole. In the
In the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Allan Walton gave a mostly favorable review and offered some praise for Crichton's work. Walton wrote that Crichton's books, "as meticulously researched as they are, have an amusement park feel. It's as if the author channels one of his own creations, "Jurassic Park's" John Hammond, and spares no expense when it comes to adventure, suspense and, ultimately, satisfaction."[24]
Criticism from scientific community
This novel received criticism from climate scientists,[25][26][27] science journalists[28][29] and environmental groups[30][31] for inaccuracies and misleading information. Sixteen of 18 US climate scientists interviewed by Knight Ridder said the author was bending scientific data and distorting research.[26]
Several scientists whose research had been referenced in the novel stated that Crichton had distorted it in the novel. Peter Doran, leading author of the Nature paper,[32] wrote in the New York Times: "our results have been misused as 'evidence' against global warming by Michael Crichton in his novel State of Fear".[27]
The Union of Concerned Scientists devote a section of their website to what they describe as misconceptions readers may take away from the book.[31]
Recognition
US Congress
Despite being a work of fiction, the book has found use by advocates for
Al Gore said on March 21, 2007, before a US House committee: "The planet has a fever. If your baby has a fever, you go to the doctor ... if your doctor tells you you need to intervene here, you don't say 'Well, I read a science fiction novel that tells me it's not a problem'". Several commentators interpreted this as a reference to State of Fear.[38][39][40][41]
AAPG 2006 Journalism Award
The novel received the
Daniel P. Schrag, Director of the Center for the Environment at Harvard University, called the award "a total embarrassment" that he said "reflects the politics of the oil industry and a lack of professionalism" on the association's part. As for the book, he added "I think it is unfortunate when somebody who has the audience that Crichton has shows such profound ignorance".[42]
See also
- Antarctica cooling controversy
- Climate change denial
Notes
References
- S2CID 12274971. PDF version from climateprediction.net site
- ^ "Review of Michael Crichton's State of Fear ". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 2004-12-30. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ Doran, Peter (July 27, 2006). "Cold, Hard Facts". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Michael Crichton's "Scientific Method" James E. Hansen
- ^ "Crichton's Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from Fiction". Union of Concerned Scientists.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (2005-02-10). "Novel on global warming gets some scientists burned up". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
- ^ Barcott, Bruce (2005-01-30). "'State of Fear': Not So Hot". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ Romm, Joseph (May 1, 2005). "Greenhouse Gas
Michael Crichton's new novel fingers the wrong villains in global warming". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved October 24, 2020. - ^ a b Roberts, David (February 2, 2005). "A review of the distorted plot and politics in Michael Crichton's State of Fear". Grist. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Bailey, Ronald (December 10, 2004). "A Chilling Tale". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ Barcott, Bruce (January 30, 2005). "'State of Fear': Not So Hot". Sunday Book Review. New York Times.
- ^ a b McElroy MB, Schrag DP (March–April 2005). "Overheated Rhetoric
A new novel misrepresents global warming and distorts science". Harvard Magazine. - ^ Mone, Gregory (April 20, 2005). "Science Friction". Popular Science. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
- ^ (State of Fear, pp, 583).
- ^ "Aliens Cause Global Warming a speech give at the California Institute of Technology January 17, 2003". Archived from the original on November 9, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ "State of Fear. What the Critics Said". Metacritic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Gregory Kirschling (2004-12-13). "Book Review State of Fear (2004)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Sacha Zimmerman (2005-01-20). "Review-A-Day: State of Fear. Weather Man". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Crowley, Michael. "Cock and Bull" Archived May 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. The New Republic. December 25, 2006.
- ^ a b c Lee, Felicia (December 14, 2006). "Columnist Accuses Crichton of 'Literary Hit-and-Run'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
On Page 227 Mr. Crichton writes: 'Alex Burnet was in the middle of the most difficult trial of her career, a rape case involving the sexual assault of a two-year-old boy in Malibu. The defendant, thirty-year-old Mick Crowley, was a Washington-based political columnist who was visiting his sister-in-law when he experienced an overwhelming urge to have anal sex with her young son, still in diapers.' Mick Crowley is described as a 'wealthy, spoiled Yale graduate' with a small penis that nonetheless 'caused significant tears to the toddler's rectum.'
- Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Peter Guttridge (2005-01-16). "Well, the bibliography sings". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Bruce Barcott (2005-01-30). "'State of Fear': Not So Hot". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
- ^ Allan Walton (2004-12-24). "'State of Fear': 'State of Fear' by Michael Crichton". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
- ^ S2CID 12274971. PDF version from climateprediction.net site
- ^ a b Borenstein, Seth (4 February 2005). "Novel on global warming gets some scientists burned up". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ a b Peter Doran (2006-07-27). "Cold, Hard Facts". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
- ^ Mooney, Chris (2005-01-18). "Bad Science, Bad Fiction". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ Evans, Harold (2005-10-07). "Crichton's conspiracy theory". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "Michael Crichton's State of Fear: They Don't Call It Science Fiction for Nothing". Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004-12-16. Archived from the original on 2008-07-18. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ a b "Crichton's Thriller State of Fear". Union of Concerned Scientists. 2005-06-27. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
- ^ a b <Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (5 September 2006). "American Geophysical Union, Petroleum Geologists' Award to Novelist Crichton Is Inappropriate" (PDF). Eos. 87 (36). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
- ^ "Review of Michael Crichton's State of Fear : Weather Underground". Archived from the original on 2004-12-30. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ Mooney, Chris (2005-01-11). "Warmed Over — American Prospect: Sen. James Inhofe's Science Abuse". CBS News. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
- ^ Coile, Zachary (2006-10-11). "Senator says warming by humans just a hoax". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
- ^ a b Janofsky, Michael (2005-09-29). "Michael Crichton, Novelist, Becomes Senate Witness". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
- ^ Glenn, Joshua (1 April 2007). "Climate of fear". The Boston Globe.
- ^ "More from 'Inconvenient Gore'". Alaska Report. 22 March 2007.
- ^ "What Al Gore Really Wants". FOX News. 25 March 2007.
- ^ Ansible 237, April 2007
- ^ a b Dean, Cornelia (2006-02-09). "Truth? Fiction? Journalism? Award Goes to …". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ President 06:2006 EXPLORER
External links
- State of Fear page on Michael Crichton's official web site
- "Why Politicized Science is Dangerous" (Appendix I in State of Fear, excerpted on Crichton's official web site)