State of Mexico
Mexico
Estado de México ( Teotihuacán Cristo Rey | ||
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Area code | ||
Ranked 15th | ||
Website | Official website |
The State of Mexico (
Located in south-central Mexico, the state is divided into
The territory that now comprises the State of Mexico once formed the core of the Pre-Hispanic Aztec Empire. During the Spanish colonial period, the region was incorporated into New Spain. After gaining independence in the 19th century, Mexico City was chosen as the capital of the new nation; its territory was separated out of the state. Years later, parts of the state were broken off to form the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity.
The demonym used to refer to people and things from the state is mexiquense, distinct from mexicano ('Mexican'), which describes the people or things from the country as a whole.
Origin and etymology
Mēxihco was originally the
There are two possible origins for
Anáhuac was the proper term for all territories dominated by the Aztec Empire, from Cem Anáhuac, "the entire earth" or "surrounded by waters" e.g. the waters of Lake Texcoco which were considered to be the center of the Aztec world,[10][11] and as such was proposed as an early name for the entire nation of Mexico prior to independence, to distinguish it from the (preexisting) administrative division of New Spain that became the State of Mexico.[12]
History
Prehistoric to Pre-Hispanic period
The earliest evidence of human habitation in current territory of the state is a
In prehistoric State of Mexico, the Tepexpan Man is an important finding for Mexican and foreign anthropologists; it is an important key to understand what the Valley of Mexico area was like, 5,000 years ago, as well as helping establish the occupation chronology of the region. Currently some scholars attribute an age of 11,000 years, others 8,000, and some have suggested 5,000 years old. This individual was originally identified as a male, but recent research confirms a female identity, although this is still a subject of discussion.[14][unreliable source?]
The earliest major civilization of the state is
Spanish Colonial period
The origin of the modern state is the reorganization of Aztec lands starting after the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire. These lands were initially called the "audiencia" of Mexico and included Mexico City, much of modern states of Guerrero, Morelos and Hidalgo. As the Spanish expanded their control west and south, the entirety was called "New Spain" with former Aztec lands being called "Mexico." The organization of New Spain would change over the course of the colonial period, but the territory of the Aztecs would keep the name "Mexico".[9][13]
After the Conquest in 1521,
In 1535, the areas around Mexico City were divided into a number of "alcaldías mayors" called
During the colonial period, most of the area's economy was based on agriculture with some mining in the areas of Temascaltepec, Sultepec, Valle de Bravo, Tlatlaya, Amatepec and Zacualpan and the production of pulque[8] in Otumba and Texcoco. In addition certain areas were known for crafts such as wool processing in Texcoco and Sultepec, soap in Toluca, saddles in Almoloya de Juárez, and rebozos in various areas. However, the vast majority of the area's population was extremely poor due to exploitation.[13]
Independence
During the Mexican War of Independence,
After the War, the State of Mexico was created by the
The struggles between the liberals (federalists) and the conservatives (centralized power) in the 19th century affected the state, especially in those areas which would later break away to form the states of Hidalgo, Morelos and Guerrero. During the Mexican–American War, the Americans occupied Toluca and Mexico City with the state government temporarily located in the unoccupied Sultepec.[13]
By 1852, the state had lost a significant amount of territory to the creation of the state of Guerrero, which promoted the reorganization of the municipalities here. During the Reform War, General José María Cobos took and sacked a number of municipalities in the territory remaining. During this war, a number of major figures such as Melchor Ocampo, Santos Delgollado and Leandro Valle were executed by firing squad in the Toluca Valley regions.[13]
In 1869, the areas north east and south of Mexico City were converted to the states of Hidalgo and Morelos respectively. The state promulgated a new constitution in 1869, which established the state as consisting of the districts of Chalco, Cuautitlan, Ixtlahuaca, Jilotepec, Lerma, Otumba, Sultepec, Temascaltepec, Tenango del Valle, Tenancingo and Texcoco, which is the territory the state has today.[13] The period before the Mexican Revolution was relatively prosperous for the state, especially under governor José Vicente Villada, who promoted public education, government reform, the establishment of a teachers' college for women and promoted the Instituto Cientifico y Literario (later UAEM). Mines in various parts of the state were at maximum production.[13]
Mexican Revolution to present
Battles were fought in the state during the Mexican Revolution, especially by Zapatistas in the southwest part of the state, with Genovevo de la O and Francisco de Pacheco entering with their armies in 1912. Fighting intensified after Victoriano Huerta took power in 1913. In 1915, Toluca was the site of the Convencion de Generales y Gobernadores Revolucionaries (Convention of Generals and Revolutionary Governors) on two occasions. In 1917, the state had another new constitution, which divided the state into sixteen districts and 118 municipalities.[13]
The extension of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area began in 1940 with the creation of the industrial zone of Naucalpan. The increase of the metro area's population, commerce and industry has continued to this day. The Consejo del Area Metropolitana was created in 1988 to coordinate concerns and action of the Greater Mexico City area in both the Distrito Federal and the State of Mexico.[13]
From 1824 to 1941, the state had no seal. Governor Wenceslao Labra proposed one in 1940, which was adopted the following year. It was designed by Pastor Velázquez with the motto of "Patria, Libertad, Trabajo y Cultura" (Country, Liberty, Work and Culture).[18]
In 1956, the Instituto Cientifico y Literario was converted into the
During much of rest of the 20th century, works to divert water from the Lerma River and other locations to Mexico City were built as well as highways through the state to connect Mexico City with the rest of the country.[13]
In 1990, the Commission Coordinadora para la Recuperación Ecológica de la Cuenca del Alto Lerma (Coordinating Commission for the Ecological Recuperation of the Upper Lerma River Basin) was established.[13]
Geography
Limits
Its main neighbor is Mexico City.[19]
The State of Mexico is located in the central zone of the
Locations and ecosystems
The state is located in the center of the country, consisting mostly of the eastern side of the Anahuác Mesa. Most of the state consists of the Toluca Valley, the Tierra Caliente, Mezquital Valley with the eastern panhandle mostly defined by the Chalco Valley. The state has a territory of 22,499.95km2.[21]
The state is divided into five natural regions: the Volcanos of the Valley of Mexico, the hills and plains north of the state, the western mountains, the Balsas Depression and the mountains and valleys of the southeast.[22]
The physical geography of the state varies. The eastern portion is dominated by the Sierra Nevada, which divides the state from Puebla. In this mountain chain are the
There are three river basins in the state: the Lerma, the Balsas and the Pánuco. The most important is the Lerma River, which begins in the municipality of Almoloya del Río and passes through a large number of municipalities in the state. The southwestern part of the state is dominated by the Balsas River basin. The eastern panhandle of the state is dominated by the Pánuco River basin. On the various rivers of the state are dams such as José Antonio Alzate in Temoaya, Ignacio Ramirez in Almoloya, Guadalupe in Cuautitlán Izcalli, Madín in Naucalpan, Vicente Guerrero in Tlatlaya, Tepetitlan in San Felipe del Progreso as well as those in Valle del Bravo and Villa Victoria.[21]
Lakes in the state include the Laguna del Sol and Laguna de la Luna in the Nevado de Toluca, the lake in the crater of the Cerro Gorde. Atexcapan Lake in Valle de Bravo, San Simón Lake in Donato Guerra, San Pedro Lake and Concepcion de los Baños Lake and Tepetitlan Lake in San Felipe del Progreso, Acuitzilapan Lake at the food of Jocotitlan volcano, El Rodeo Lake near Xonacatlán, Xibojay and Santa Elena Lakes in Jilotepec and Huapango Lake in Timilpan.[21]
About seventy percent of the state has a temperate moist climate, which consists of the highlands of the Toluca Valley and the areas around Texcoco in the north, the Toluca Valley and the areas around Texcoco. Average year-round temperature varies between 12C and 18C with annual precipitation above 700 millimeters. Higher elevations, about 13% of the state, in the center and east of the state have a semicold climate with average temperatures below 16C. Hotter climes are in the relative lowlands in the south west with have an average temperature of between 18C and 22C and constitute about eight percent of the territory. The hottest regions occupy five percent of the state in the extreme southwest with temperatures averaging over 22C. The coldest areas in the highest elevations such as the Nevado de Toluca, Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl. Snow can be found on these elevations year round. There are some arid areas along the borders of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala with annual precipitation between 500 and 700 milliliters.[21][23]
Due to the various climates, the state has a wide variety of flora. 609,000 hectares is covered in tree, most of which is in the temperate and cold climates of the state. In the extreme southwest of the state, rainforests can be found and desert plants in the Hidalgo border area. In the highest altitudes, such as the peak of the Nevada de Toluca, alpine grassland can be found. In the extreme west, there are forests which receive thousands of monarch butterflies each winter.[21]
The state has 49 environmentally protected areas, with the most important being the Nevado de Toluca National Park. Other important areas include the state parks of Otomi-Mazahua, Sierra Morelos, and Nahuatlaca-Matlatzinca. The Bosencheve National Park extends into Mexico State from Michoacán, and is one of the major monarch butterfly sanctuaries. At the far east is the Iztaccíhuatl–Popocatépetl National Park which is shared with neighboring Puebla state.[21]
Government and politics
Government
The state is governed according to the
The state is divided into
- Toluca Region
- Zumpango Region
- Texcoco Region
- Tejupilco Region
- Atlacomulco Region
- Coatepec Harinas
- Valle de Bravo
- Jilotepec
There are two metropolitan areas; the first is Greater Mexico City, in which there are 27 municipalities, and the city of Toluca, in which there are 6 municipalities.[22]
The judiciary (Poder Judicial del Estado de México) is composed of:
- The High Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), the state's highest court.
- The Judicial Council (Consejo de la Judicatura), responsible for administration of the judiciary.
- The trial courts (juzgados de primera instancia).
- The small claims courts (juzgados de cuantía menor).
The trial courts are divided on the municipalities basis.
Demographics
Rank | Municipality
|
Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | San Cristóbal Ecatepec |
Ecatepec de Morelos | 1,643,623 | Toluca de Lerdo
| |||||
2 | Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl | Nezahualcóyotl | 1,077,208 | ||||||
3 | Naucalpan de Juárez |
Naucalpan de Juárez |
911,168 | ||||||
4 | Toluca de Lerdo |
Toluca | 910,608 | ||||||
5 | Chimalhuacán | Chimalhuacán | 703,215 | ||||||
6 | Tlalnepantla | Tlalnepantla de Baz | 658,907 | ||||||
7 | Cuautitlán Izcalli | Cuautitlán Izcalli | 555,163 | ||||||
8 | Ciudad López Mateos | Atizapán de Zaragoza | 523,065 | ||||||
9 | Xico | Valle de Chalco | 384,327 | ||||||
10 | Ixtapaluca | Ixtapaluca | 368,585 |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1895[27] | 842,873 | — |
1900 | 934,463 | +10.9% |
1910 | 989,510 | +5.9% |
1921 | 884,617 | −10.6% |
1930 | 990,112 | +11.9% |
1940 | 1,146,034 | +15.7% |
1950 | 1,392,623 | +21.5% |
1960 | 1,897,851 | +36.3% |
1970 | 3,833,185 | +102.0% |
1980 | 7,564,335 | +97.3% |
1990 | 9,815,795 | +29.8% |
1995 | 11,707,964 | +19.3% |
2000 | 13,096,686 | +11.9% |
2005 | 14,007,495 | +7.0% |
2010 | 15,175,862 | +8.3% |
2015 | 16,187,608 | +6.7% |
2020[5] | 16,992,418 | +5.0% |
The fast-growing state contains about fourteen percent of the country's population and is one of the most densely populated with 740 people per square km. Since Mexico City has not absorbed many citizens since 1990, Greater Mexico City's explosive expansion is largely absorbed by the state, along with similar trends in Greater Toluca. Outside than these two metropolitan zones, the state is composed largely of villages. Historically however, a handful of other states had been larger population centers until the 1960s, today it has by far the highest population in the country. In 2005, 85% of the population lived in urban centers, and 39% were born in other parts of Mexico.[28]
Five ethnicities are native to the state: the
According to the 2020 Census, 1.74% of the state of Mexico's population identified as Black,
Education
The state has over three million students who attend about 15,000 schools from kindergarten to high school. It is the largest school system in the country after that of Mexico City. However, as late as 1990, there were over half a million people who were illiterate over the age of 15.[31]
The state university is the
Another important public university is the Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, located in Texcoco. It is an agricultural college offering technical and bachelor's degrees.[33] The school began as the Escuela Nacional de Agricultura (National School of Agriculture) which was founded in 1854 at the Monastery of San Jacinto in Mexico City. The school was moved in 1923 to the ex Hacienda of Chapingo President Álvaro Obregón.[34][35] One distinguishing feature of the campus is the mural done in the old chapel, now University Ceremonies Room by Diego Rivera called "Tierra Fecundada" (Fertile Land). It is considered to be one of Rivera's best works.[35][36] More recently, the school acquired an unnamed mural by Luis Nishizawa. This work depicts the agriculture of Mexico in both the past and the present. It is placed in a building that is commonly called "El Partenon".[37] Other important educational institutions include the Universidad Technológica del Sur del Estado de Mexico Universidad Tecnológica del Sur del Estado de México and
Recently,[when?] the Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Ecatepec (TESE) has become relevant[according to whom?] due to the number of students, careers and location.
Infrastructure
Transport
The state contains 9,723 km of highways with about 90% being state and 10% federal. There are 1227.4 km of rail line and two airports, "Lic. Adolfo López Mateos" in Toluca and "Dr. Jorge Jiménez Cantú" in
The
Airports
- Aeródromo de Valle de Bravo
- Aeropuerto Nacional Jorge Jiménez Cantú
- Base Aérea Militar N.º 1 de Santa Lucía (Only military use)
- Felipe Ángeles International Airport
- Toluca International Airport
Media
The state contains 23 radio stations, 29 television station (2 local and public and 27 affiliates), the information out there is that the two public stations (radio and television) are "
Newspapers of Estado de México include: Amanecer de México, Antesala la Verdad Sin Complicaciones, Aventuras de Vaqueros, De los Municipios Conurbados Imagen, Diario Puntual, El Diario de Toluca , El Heraldo de Toluca , El Sol de Toluca, Extra de El Sol, Global Energy, Impulso, Metro, Milenio Estado de México, Solo Ofertas, and Tollocan a 8 Columnas.[39][40]
Economy
The state provides 9.7% of the country's gross national product,[29] with over 12% of all of Mexico's active workforce employed in the state.[41] The most important sector of the economy is industry and manufacturing, with over 10% of the state's land urbanized.[21][41] The State of Mexico ranks second in the country for industrial output. The most important industries include chemicals, food products, textiles, paper products, metalworks and the construction and maintenance of transport vehicles.[41] This sector employs the highest percentage of the population at 27.7%.[42]
The next largest employer is commerce at 21.5%.[42] One important segment of this sector is this hotel and restaurant industry.[41][42] Outside of the metropolitan areas, tourism is an important element in the state economy, with attractions such as Valle de Bravo, Teotihuacan, Ixtapan de la Sal and others.[41]
Most of the state's land is devoted to agriculture (38.1%) or to forest (34.9%). Much of these crop forest lands are ejido or communal lands.[21][41] The State of Mexico is the main producer of cut flowers in the country with the municipality of Villa Guerrero producing up to 75% of Mexico's total floral output. The main crop is corn, with peas, barley, beans, potatoes, alfalfa, wheat, avocados and guava also grown.[23][41] Livestock is raised on about 17% of the state's farmland with cattle being the most important animal. Almost all of the forest lands in the state are used for producing forestry products such as wood and paper.[41] However, this sector only employs 1.3% of the state's population.[42]
Other sectors of the economy include financial services, employing 21.4% of the population and transportation which employs 14.4%.[42] While mining has been historically important, today it is only a minor activity despite residual deposits of gold, silver, lead and other minerals.[41]
Tourism
Archeological sites
Main archeological sites include Teotihuacan, Malinalco, Teotenango and Calixtlahuaca. The best known and most important of these is the massive Mesoamerican Teotihuacan, with thousands visiting it each year.[43][44] This city predates the Aztecs and the Toltecs, and is distinguished by two large pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon.[44]
In Malinalco, the archeological site is officially called the Cuauhtinchan Archeological Zone but it is more commonly called the Cerro de los Idolos.[45] The site is located on a cliff overlooking the town. The visible complex dates from the Aztec Empire but the site's use as a ceremonial center appears to be much older.[46] The main building served as a sanctuary for Aztec warriors.[47] This complex has been compared to Ellora in India, Petra on the shores of the Dead Sea and Abu Simbel in Egypt.[46]
Calixtlahuaca is another Matlazinca site located just outside the city of Toluca. The site is at least 3,000 years old and shows Teotihuacan,
Spanish colonial and other historical sites
Most of the state's colonial attractions are promoted through the "Pueblos con Encanto" program. These include the monasteries and churches located in towns such as de
The state has twenty six museums and 543 libraries dependent on the Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura. Major institutions include the Centro Cultural Mexiquense and the Notary Archive, the Executive and Legislative Archives in Toluca.[43]
Natural landmarks
The natural feature most closely associated with the state is the Nevado de Toluca or Xinantécatl volcano which is just south of the capital of Toluca. This is an extinct volcano which rises 4,690 masl, making it the fourth highest peak in Mexico. At the top is a very large crater that contains two lakes called the Laguna del Sol and the Laguna de la Luna. The volcano and its immediate surroundings are part of the Nevado de Toluca National Park and the Los Venado National Park.[43][44]
Valle de Bravo along with neighboring Lake Avandaro is a major weekend getaway for many in Mexico City and Mexico State. The town is filled with red tile roofs and stone paved streets and has been named a "Pueblo Magico" by the federal tourism agency. The lake is a result of the damming of a regional river and is home to more than forty nautical clubs.[44]
The Grutas de la Estrella is located in the far south of the state on the border with Guerrero. It is a series of live caves in which running water creates formations, some of which are called "The Mammoth", the "Bride and Groom", "The Hand" and "The Palace". They have lighting and other infrastructure as well as guided tours.[44]
Most of the other natural attractions are situated on water sources. Ixtapan de la Sal and Tonatico are noted for their hot-water springs and water parks.[43] Ixtapan de la Sal has attracted the construction of spas and water parks.[44] Tonatico has the fifty-meter high El Salto Waterfall.[43] The Lagunas de Zempoala (Zempoala Lakes) are located on the Santiago Tianguistenco-Cuernavaca highway. The area has forest and cabins. The Isla de la Aves (Island of the Birds) is located in a lake in the municipalities of Atlacolmulco and Timilpan and has an aviary.[43]
Chalma
Chalma is a small community, which is part of the municipality of
Others
To honor the native peoples of the area, there are the Centro Ceremonial Otomi in Temoaya and the Centro Ceremonial Mazahua in San Felipe del Progreso. Both of these have museums, auditoriums, handcrafts centers as well as large forested areas for camping and hiking.[43] Both were built to honor and preserve these indigenous cultures.[44]
Zacango is the state's major zoo with over 2,000 species from all over the world.[43] It is located fourteen km from the city of Toluca in the municipality of Calimaya. It is one of the few zoos in Mexico where all the animals live in natural-like enclosures.[53]
The
Culture
Ceramics have been made in the Toluca Valley region since far into the pre-Hispanic period, mostly by Matlatzincas and Nahuas. The tradition continued into the colonial period although it much changed in both technique and design. Today both manufactured and handcrafted ceramics are produced in the state. The most traditional handcrafted wares are produced in places such as Metepec, Valle de Bravo, Texcoco and
Objects made from precious metals such as silver are a specialty of the Mazahua people of the Toluca Valley. One specialty is jewelry and other decorative objects made with fine silver or gold wire. One community associated with this work is San Felipe del Progreso, where both wire and hammered items are made. Other communities of metalworkers exist in Naucalpan and Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl. In addition to jewelry, items such as bells, sculpture religious paraphernalia and more can be found.[59]
Waxworks is dedicated mostly to the making of decorative and aromatic candles. These range from the simple to elaborately carved samples. These are mostly made in Amecameca, Tenango del Valle and Toluca.[60]
The making of
The making of fireworks is best known in Tultepec in the municipality of Lerma. Not only are firecrackers and rockets made, but elaborate contraptions with firecrackers place to moves the parts when lit are made as well. These can be called "castillos" (castles) or "toritos" (little bulls) depending on their shape. These are use during religious and secular festivals such as saints' day and Independence Day.[62] Tultepec holds a fireworks festival each year.[63]
Other crafts practiced in the state include the making of candies, basketry, artistic ironwork, and items from bone, horn, stone and wood.[64]
Traditional dances performed in the state include the Danza de los Concheros, Danza de Moros y Cristianos, Doce Pares de Francia, Morisma and Santiagos. One particular to Mexico State is the El Tzimare-cu, which is performed by the Otomi communities in Xonacatlán, Villa Cuauhtemoc and Temoaya.[43]
The state is known for its red and black moles, the barbacoa of Capulhuac and Tenango del Valle, the chorizo sausage of Toluca and the cheese products of Ayapango and Aculco. Beverages include pulque and "tecui."[43]
Major festivals and fairs in the state include the Feria de San Isidro Labrador, an agricultural fair in Metepec, the Festival de la Quimera, a cultural fair in Metepec, the Feria Internacional del Caballo horse fair in Texcoco, the Feria de la Nuez (Nut Fair) in Amecameca, the Festival de las Almas and Fiests de San Francisco de Asis in Valle de Bravo and the Feria de Alfeñique, which sells candies and other traditional goods for Day of the Dead.[63]
The Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de México or Mexico State Symphonic Orchestra was established in 1971 by Enrique Bátiz Campbell. It is based in Toluca in the Felipe Villanueva Hall. It has given performances in various parts of both the state and nation of Mexico. It has made more recordings than any other state orchestra in the country, and in the 2000s it made its first appearances outside of Mexico in the United States and Europe.[65]
Major municipalities
- Ecatepec de Morelos
- Nezahualcóyotl
- Naucalpan de Juárez
- Toluca
- Tlalnepantla de Baz
- Chimalhuacán
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
- Atizapán de Zaragoza
- Tultitlán
- Ixtapaluca
- Nicolás Romero
- Tecámac
- Valle de Chalco Solidaridad
- Chalco
- Coacalco de Berriozábal
Twinning and covenants
Notable people
Chimalxochitl II - Queen consort of Cuautitlan
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz - Feminist writer, poet and philosopher
Nezahualcoyotl - King of Texcoco
Enrique Peña Nieto - President of Mexico and governor of the state
See also
Notes
- ^ The official name is only "Mexico" but it is called "State of Mexico" or "EDOMEX" to distinguish it from the country "Mexico" and its capital "Mexico City".[7]
References
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- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). "Panorama". Inegi.org.mx. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones2005" [Social Infrastructure and Communications]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Génesis de la Universidad" [Genesis of the University] (in Spanish). Toluca: UAEM. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Rectoría" (in Spanish). Texcoco, Mexico: Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo. Archived from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ "Historia" (in Spanish). Texcoco, Mexico: Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ ISBN 968-5437-26-2.
- ^ "Ciudad / Atractivos turísticos y culturales" [City: Tourist and cultural attractions] (in Spanish). Texcoco, Mexico: Municipality of Texcoco. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ Avalos, Leopoldo (16 February 2006). "Llevan mural a Chapingo" [Bringing mural to Chapingo]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 14.
- ^ "Tren Suburbano de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México" [Suburban Train of the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Estado de México". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Actividad Economica" [Economic Activity]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ INEGI. Archived from the originalon 2 March 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Atractivos Culturales y Turísticos" [Cultural and Tourist Attractions]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Sitios para Turistas en Estado de México" [Sites for Tourists in the State of Mexico] (in Spanish). Explorando Mexico. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Malinalco "Guerreros de una Sola Pieza"" (in Spanish). INAFED. Retrieved 29 October 2009.[dead link]
- ^ ISBN 968-5437-26-2.
- ^ Noguez, Xavier (2006). "El templo monolítico de Malinalco, Estado de México" [The monolithic temple of Malinalco, Mexico State]. Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). 78: 68–73. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
- ^ a b "Teotenango (Tenango del Valle)" (in Spanish). Mexico State: Estado de México. Archived from the original on 7 August 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Hernandez A., Tania (16 November 2008). "Irregularidades en la protección de la zona arqueológica de Teotenango" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Milenio. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- ^ Teotenango:La Antigua Ciudad Amurallada, Guia de la Zona Arqueologica [Teotenango:The Walled City] (in Spanish). Toluca: Instituto Mexiqunse de Cultura.
- ^ "Calixtlahuaca (Estado de México)" [Calixtlahuaca (Mexico State)] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Pueblos con encanto del Bicentenario" [Towns with Charm of the Bicentennial] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Retrieved 8 July 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Zoologico de Zacango" [Zacango Zoo] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Turi Mexico. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ISBN 970-13-1194-9.
- ^ Espinosa, Arturo (23 March 2008). "Destella el Hombre Sol" [The Sun Man stands out]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 8.
- ^ Ruido TV: Bóveda Craneana: La India Maria Archived 2016-03-20 at the Wayback Machine (Spanish)
- ^ Migración mazahua a la ciudad de México / Carlos García Mora - Academia.edu Archived 2018-11-05 at the Wayback Machine (Spanish)
- ^ IIFAEM (2009). "Alfarería y Cerámica" [Pottery and Ceramics] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ IIFAEM (2009). "Orfebrería y Joyería" [Precious metals and jewelry] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ IIFAEM (2009). "Cerería" [Wax work] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ IIFAEM (2009). "Papelería y cartonería" [Crafts from paper and cardboard] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ IIFAEM (2009). "Pirotécnia" [Pyrotechnics] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Fiestas en el estado de México" [Festivals in the State of Mexico] (in Spanish). Club Planeta. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Artesanías del estado de México" [Crafts of the State of Mexico] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
- ^ "Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de Mexico/Semblanza" [Symphonic Orchestra of the State of Mexico/Ensamble] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
External links
- Geographic data related to State of Mexico at OpenStreetMap
- (in Spanish) State of Mexico Government official website
- Bizarro Radio, Radio Station form the zone