Pakistan
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| |
|---|---|
| Motto: Pakistani | |
| Government | Federal Islamic parliamentary republic |
| Asif Ali Zardari | |
| Shehbaz Sharif | |
| Yusuf Raza Gilani | |
| Ayaz Sadiq | |
| Qazi Faez Isa | |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| Senate | |
| National Assembly | |
| Independence from the United Kingdom | |
| 23 March 1940 | |
| 14 August 1947 | |
• Republic | 23 March 1956 |
| 8 December 1958 | |
| 16 December 1971 | |
| 14 August 1973 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi)[b][7] (33rd) |
• Water (%) | 2.86 |
| Population | |
• 2023 census | 241,499,431[c] (5th) |
• Density | 273.8/km2 (709.1/sq mi) (56th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $1.643 trillion[9] (24th) |
• Per capita | $6,955[9] (137th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total |  $338.237 billion[9] (43rd) |
• Per capita | $1,461[9] (158th) |
| Gini (2018) |  29.6[10]low |
| HDI (2022) | 0.540[10] low (164th) |
| Currency | Pakistani rupee (₨) (PKR) |
| Time zone | UTC+05:00 (PKT) |
| DST is not observed | |
| Date format |
|
| Driving side | left[11] |
| Calling code | +92 |
| ISO 3166 code | PK |
| Internet TLD | |
Pakistan,[e] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,[f] is a country in South Asia. It is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023.[8] Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area and the ninth-largest in Asia. Bounded by the Arabian Sea on the south, the Gulf of Oman on the southwest, and the Sir Creek on the southeast, it shares land borders with India to the east; Afghanistan to the west; Iran to the southwest; and China to the northeast. It shares a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan in the northwest by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor.
Pakistan is the site of
Spurred by the Pakistan Movement, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of British India, and election victories in 1946 by the All-India Muslim League, Pakistan gained independence in 1947 after the Partition of the British Indian Empire, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled mass migration and loss of life.[17][18] Initially a Dominion of the British Commonwealth, Pakistan officially drafted its constitution in 1956, and emerged as a declared Islamic republic. In 1971, the exclave of East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh after a nine-month-long civil war. In the following four decades, Pakistan has been ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively secular and Islamist.[19]
Pakistan is considered a
Etymology
The name Pakistan was coined by
Rahmat Ali's concept of Pakistan only related to the north-west area of the Indian subcontinent. He also proposed the name "Banglastan" for the Muslim areas of Bengal and "Osmanistan" for Hyderabad State, as well as a political federation between the three.[31][32]
History
Indus Valley Civilization
Some of the earliest ancient human civilizations in
Vedic Period
Following the decline of the Indus valley civilization,
Classical Period
The western regions of Pakistan
At its zenith, the Rai dynasty (489–632 CE) ruled Sindh and the surrounding territories.[51]
Islamic conquest
The Arab conqueror
The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of
Colonial period
None of modern Pakistan was under British rule until 1839 when
Under British rule, modern Pakistan was primarily divided into the Sind Division, Punjab Province, and the Baluchistan Agency. The region also included various princely states, with the largest being Bahawalpur.
The major armed struggle against the British in the region was the
The Muslim League gained momentum in the 1930s due to concerns about British neglect of
Pakistan Movement
The
As the Cabinet Mission failed, the British announced their intention to end rule in 1946–47.
In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, between 200,000 and 2,000,000
Post Independence
After
The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders including Lord Mountbatten.[91] Mountbatten expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League's idea of Pakistan.[92] Jinnah refused Mountbatten's offer to serve as Governor-General of Pakistan.[93] When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, he replied 'most probably'.[94]
"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State."
—Muhammad Ali Jinnah's first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan[95]
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i-Islami played key roles in advocating for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi insisted that the Constituent Assembly declare the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan.[96]
The efforts of Jamaat-i-Islami and the ulama led to the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949. This resolution, described by Liaquat Ali Khan as the second most significant step in Pakistan's history, affirmed that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". It was later included as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.[97]
In 1970, Pakistan conducted its
Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million,
With Pakistan
Democracy ended with a
Military tension between the two countries in the
The
Role of Islam
Pakistan, the only country established in the name of Islam,
The Objectives Resolution of March 1949 marked the initial step towards this goal, affirming God as the sole sovereign.[136][97] Muslim League leader Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit.[137] Keith Callard observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world, expecting similar views on religion and nationality from Muslims worldwide.[138]
Pakistan's desire for a united Islamic bloc, called Islamistan, wasn't supported by other Muslim governments,[139] though figures like the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood were drawn to the country. Pakistan's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) was formed.[140] East Pakistan's Bengali Muslims, opposed to an Islamist state, clashed with West Pakistanis who leaned towards Islamic identity.[141][142] The Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami backed an Islamic state and opposed Bengali nationalism.[143]
After the 1970 general elections, the Parliament crafted the 1973 Constitution.[144] It declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic, with Islam as the state religion, and mandated laws to comply with Islamic teachings laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted.[145] Additionally, it established institutions like the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to interpret and apply Islam.[146]
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced opposition under the banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the Prophet"),[147] advocating an Islamic state. Bhutto conceded to some Islamist demands before being ousted in a coup.[148]
General Zia-ul-Haq, after seizing power, committed to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law.[148] He instituted Shariat judicial courts[149] and court benches[150] to adjudicate using Islamic doctrine.[151]{{Wynbrandt quote: "Zia, however, tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society." ([151])}} Zia aligned with Deobandi institutions,[152] exacerbating sectarian tensions with anti-Shia policies.[153]
Most Pakistanis, according to a Pew Research Center (PEW) poll, favor Sharia law as the official law,[154] and identify more with religion than nationality compared to Muslims in other nations such as Egypt, Indonesia, and Jordan.[155]
Geography and climate
Pakistan's diverse
Pakistan's landscapes vary from coastal plains to glaciated mountains, offering deserts, forests, hills, and plateaus.
The climate varies from tropical to temperate, with arid conditions in the coastal south. There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall, and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all. Pakistan experiences four distinct seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November.[67] Rainfall varies greatly from year to year, with patterns of alternate flooding and drought common.[167]
Flora and fauna
The diverse landscape and climate in Pakistan support a wide range of trees and plants. From coniferous
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Pakistan's fauna mirrors its diverse climate. The country boasts around 668 bird species,
The lack of vegetative cover, severe climate, and grazing impact on deserts have endangered wild animals. The
Government and politics
Pakistan operates as a democratic
- military, and legislative appointments require executive confirmation, with the President holding powers to pardon and grant clemency.
- constituencies. The constitution reserves 70 seats for women and religious minorities, allocated to political parties based on proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, ensuring equal representation across all provinces.
- Executive: The Prime Minister, typically the leader of the majority rule party or coalition in the National Assembly (the lower house), serves as the country's chief executive and head of government. Responsibilities include forming a cabinet, making executive decisions, and appointing senior civil servants, subject to executive confirmation.
- Provincial Governors, are appointed by the President.[158]
- court system at all levels. The superior judiciary includes the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Federal Shariat Court, and five high courts, with the Supreme Court at the top. It's responsible for safeguarding the constitution. Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have their own court systems.
Foreign relations
Since Independence, Pakistan has aimed to balance its foreign relations.
The Kashmir conflict remains a major issue between Pakistan and India, with three of their four wars fought over it.[188] Due partly to strained relations with India, Pakistan has close ties with Turkey and Iran,[189] both focal points in its foreign policy.[189] Saudi Arabia also holds importance in Pakistan's foreign relations.
As a non-signatory of the
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Located strategically in the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fiber optic corridors, Pakistan also enjoys proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries.[195] Pakistan actively participates in the United Nations with a Permanent Representative representing its positions in international politics.[196] It has advocated for the concept of "enlightened moderation" in the Muslim world.[197] Pakistan is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations,[198] SAARC, ECO,[199] and the G20 developing nations.[200]
Pakistan is designated as an "Iron Brother" by China,
Pakistan does not have formal
Relations with China
Pakistan was among the first nations to establish formal diplomatic ties with the China, forging a strong relationship since China's
Emphasis on relations with the Muslim world
After Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries.
These developments, alongside Pakistan's creation, didn't receive approval from the United States, with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee expressing a hope for India and Pakistan to reunite.[224] However, due to a nationalist awakening in the Arab world at that time, there was little interest in Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations.[225] Some Arab countries perceived the 'Islamistan' project as Pakistan's bid to dominate other Muslim states.[226]
Pakistan vigorously advocated for self-determination among Muslims globally. Its efforts in supporting independence movements in countries like Indonesia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Eritrea fostered strong ties.[227] Although initially tense due to the secession war, relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh have deepened recently.[228]
Conversely, Pakistan's relations with Iran have faced strains over sectarian tensions.[229] Iran and Saudi Arabia have used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war. By the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban in Afghanistan posed a challenge for Shia-led Iran, which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.[230] Tensions escalated in 1998 when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes after Pakistani warplanes bombed Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban.[231] As the Taliban regains power in the 2020s, Pakistan advocates for cooperation among neighboring countries, arguing against the use of Afghanistan for geopolitical rivalry.[232]
Pakistan, a prominent member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), prioritizes maintaining cultural, political, social, and economic relations with Arab and other Muslim-majority nations in its foreign policy.[233]
Leadership in World governance initiatives
Pakistan signed the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a
In 1982, the inaugural Provisional World Parliament (PWP) convened in Brighton, United Kingdom, with Pakistani jurist and diplomat Sir Chaudhry Mohammad Zafarullah Khan presiding over the session at the Royal Pavilion.[240][241]
Administrative divisions
| Administrative division | Capital | Population |
|---|---|---|
 Balochistan |
Quetta | 12,344,408 |
 Punjab |
Lahore | 110,126,285 |
 Sindh |
Karachi | 47,886,051 |
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
Peshawar | 40,525,047 |
 Gilgit-Baltistan |
Gilgit | 1,800,000 |
 Azad Kashmir |
Muzaffarabad | 4,567,982 |
| Islamabad Capital Territory | Islamabad | 2,851,868 |
Pakistan, a
The
Kashmir conflict
Kashmir, a Himalayan region at the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent, was governed as the autonomous princely state of Jammu and Kashmir during the British Raj before the Partition of India in August 1947. This sparked a major territorial dispute between India and Pakistan, resulting in several conflicts over the region. India controls about 45.1% of Kashmir, including Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, while Pakistan controls roughly 38.2%, comprising Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit−Baltistan. Additionally, about 20% of the region, known as Aksai Chin and the Shaksgam Valley, is under Chinese control.[247] India claims the entire Kashmir region based on the Instrument of Accession signed by the princely state's ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, while Pakistan argues for its Muslim-majority population and geographical proximity to Pakistan. The United Nations was involved in resolving the conflict, leading to a ceasefire in 1949 and the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC) as a de facto border.[248] India, fearing Kashmir's secession, did not hold the promised plebiscite, as it believed Kashmiris would vote to join Pakistan.[249]
Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the Kashmiri people to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations,[250] while India has stated that Kashmir is an "integral part" of India, referring to the 1972 Simla Agreement and to the fact that regional elections take place regularly.[251] In recent developments, certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan.[188]
Law enforcement
Specialized Units:
- National Highways & Motorway Police (NHMP): Enforces traffic laws and ensures safety on Pakistan's inter-provincial motorway network.
- Elite Police Units: Each provincial police force, such as the Punjab Elite Force, focuses on counter-terrorism operations and high-risk situations.
The Civil Armed Forces (CAF) support regular law enforcement agencies, aiding in tasks like riot control, counter-insurgency, and border security, enhancing Pakistan's law enforcement capabilities.[252]
The National Intelligence Coordination Committee oversees intelligence activities at federal and provincial levels, including the ISI, MI, IB, FIA, Police, and Civil Armed Forces.[253] Pakistan's primary intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was established within a year of Pakistan's independence in 1947.[254][255]
Human rights
In 2018, Pakistan ranked 139 out of 180 countries in the
Military
The armed forces of Pakistan
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) is the highest-ranking military officer, advising the civilian government.[261] However, they lack direct command over the branches and serve as intermediaries, ensuring communication between the military and civilian leadership.[261] Overseeing the Joint Staff Headquarters, they coordinate inter-service cooperation and joint military missions.[261][262]
The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close military relations with
Joint exercises and war games are occasionally conducted with the militaries of China and Turkey.[260][265]
The Constitution of Pakistan introduces the philosophical basis for the military draft in times of emergency, though it has never been imposed.[266]
Military history
Since 1947, Pakistan has been involved in
During the
Pakistan has
Despite the UN arms embargo on
Since 2004, the military has been engaged in an
Economy
| Economic indicators | ||
|---|---|---|
PPP ) |
$1.254 trillion (2019) | [280] |
| GDP (nominal) | $284.2 billion (2019) | [281] |
| Real GDP growth | 3.29% (2019) | [282] |
| CPI inflation | 10.3% (2019) | [283] |
Unemployment |
5.7% (2018) | [284] |
| Labor force participation rate | 48.9% (2018) | [285] |
| Total public debt | $106 billion (2019) | |
National wealth |
$465 billion (2019) | [286] |
Pakistan's economy
In recent years, Pakistan has faced social instability and
As of 2022[update], Pakistan's estimated
Pakistan's economic growth varied over time, with slow progress during democratic transitions but robust expansion under martial law, lacking sustainable foundations.[99] Rapid reforms in the early to mid-2000s, including increased development spending, reduced poverty by 10% and boosted GDP by 3%.[158][303] The economy cooled post-2007,[158] with inflation peaking at 25.0% in 2008,[304] necessitating IMF intervention to prevent bankruptcy.[305] The Asian Development Bank later noted easing economic strain in Pakistan.[306] Inflation for fiscal year 2010–11 stood at 14.1%.[307] Since 2013, Pakistan's economy has seen growth under an IMF program. Goldman Sachs predicted Pakistan's economy could grow 15 times by 2050,[308] and Ruchir Sharma in his 2016 book anticipated a transformation to a middle-income country by 2020.[309]
Pakistan's vast natural commodity production and 10th-largest labour market, along with a US$19.9 billion contribution from its 7-million-strong diaspora in 2015–16,[310][311][312] position it significantly. However, Pakistan's global export share is declining, accounting for just 0.13% in 2007 according to the World Trade Organization.[313]
Agriculture and mining sector
The Pakistani economy has shifted from agriculture to services, with agriculture contributing only 20.9% of the GDP as of 2015.[315] Despite this, Pakistan's wheat production in 2005 surpassed Africa's and nearly matched South America's, highlighting its agricultural significance.[316] The sector employs 43.5% of the labor force and is a major source of foreign exchange.[315][317]
Manufactured exports, heavily reliant on agricultural raw materials like cotton and hides, face inflationary pressures due to supply shortages and market disruptions. Pakistan ranks fifth in cotton production, self-sufficient in sugarcane, and the fourth-largest milk producer globally. Though land and water resources haven't increased proportionately, productivity gains, especially from the Green Revolution in the late 1960s and 1970s, significantly boosted wheat and rice yields. Private tube wells and High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) further augmented crop yields.[318] Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP.[319]
Industry
Industry, constituting 19.74% of GDP and 24% of total employment, is the second-largest sector. Large-scale manufacturing (LSM) dominates, representing 12.2% of GDP, with cement production thriving due to demand from Afghanistan and the domestic real estate sector.[321] In 2013, Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement, with an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons.[322] The textile industry, a key player in Pakistan's manufacturing, contributes 9.5% to GDP and employs around 15 million people. Pakistan ranks fourth globally in cotton production, with substantial spinning capacity, making it a major exporter of textile products in Asia.[323] China is a significant buyer of Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion worth of textiles last fiscal year.[324]
Services
As of 2014–15, the services sector contributes 58.8% to GDP,[315] serving as the main driver of economic growth in Pakistan,[325] with a consumption-oriented society. The sector's growth rate surpasses that of agriculture and industry, accounting for 54% of GDP and over one-third of total employment. It has strong linkages with other sectors, providing essential inputs to agriculture and manufacturing.[326] Pakistan's IT sector is one of the fastest-growing, ranked 110th for ICT development by the World Economic Forum.[327] With around 82 million internet users as of May 2020, Pakistan ranks 9th globally,[328][329] and its ICT industry is projected to exceed $10 billion by 2020.[330] With 12,000 employees, Pakistan is among the top five freelancing nations,[331] and its export performance in telecom, computer, and information services has notably improved.[332]
Tourism
With its diverse cultures, landscapes, and attractions, Pakistan drew around 6.6 million foreign tourists in 2018.
Infrastructure
Pakistan was lauded as the top nation for infrastructure development in South Asia during the 2016 annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank.[341]
Nuclear power and energy
As of May 2021, Pakistan operates six licensed commercial
The
In June 2008, the nuclear complex at
Motorways
Pakistan's motorways, operated by the
Highways
Highways are vital to Pakistan's transport, covering 92% of passengers and 96% of freight traffic with a road length of 263,942 kilometres (164,006 miles). Predominantly managed by the private sector, road transport relies on the National Highway Authority for maintenance. While comprising just 4.6% of total road length, the north-south links handle 85% of the nation's traffic, connecting southern ports to populous provinces like Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[355][356]
Railways
The railroad system in Pakistan, managed by the Pakistan Railways under the Ministry of Railways, saw a decline in usage from the 1990s onwards as the automotive industry expanded and national highways were built, reducing the railway's share of inland traffic to below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight.[315] This shift led to a decrease in total rail track from 8,775 kilometres (5,453 miles) in 1990–91 to 7,791 kilometres (4,841 miles) in 2011.[355][357] However, Pakistan aims to utilize rail services to enhance foreign trade with China, Iran, and Turkey.[358]
Airports
As of 2013, Pakistan boasts approximately 151 airports and airfields, encompassing both military and
airports.The civil aviation industry, deregulated in 1993, operates with a blend of
Seaports
Major seaports include
Rapid transit systems
The transport landscape of Pakistan features various
Education
Pakistan's
Initiatives since 2007 made
Science and technology
Developments in science and technology have played a significant role in Pakistan's infrastructure, linking the nation to the global community.[389] Each year, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the government invite scientists worldwide to the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[390] In 2005, Pakistan hosted an international seminar on "Physics in Developing Countries" for the International Year of Physics.[391] Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction.[392] Pakistani scientists have made notable contributions in mathematics, biology, economics, computer science, and genetics.[393]
In
In 2010, Pakistan ranked 43rd globally in published scientific papers.[399] The influential Pakistan Academy of Sciences guides the government on science policies.[400] Pakistan climbed from 107th to 88th in the Global Innovation Index by 2023.[401][402][403]
The 1960s marked the rise of Pakistan's space program, led by
Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015. Making Pakistan's cited article's higher than the BRIC countries put together.
—Thomson Reuters's Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report[406]
Following the
Pakistan is the sole Muslim nation active in Antarctica research, maintaining its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station since 1992.[408] By May 2020, Pakistan had 82 million internet users, ranking ninth globally.[328][329] The government invests heavily in information technology projects, focusing on e-government and infrastructure.[409]
Demographics
Pakistan had a population of 241,492,197 according to the final results of the
Between 1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7 million to 207.7 million. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. Between 1998 and 2017, the average annual population growth rate stood at +2.40%.
Dramatic social changes have led to urbanization and the emergence of two
Due to a high
TheEthnicity and languages
Pakistan is a diverse society with estimates suggesting it has between 75 to 85 languages.
Immigration
Even post-1947 partition, Indian Muslims kept migrating to Pakistan, especially Karachi and Sindh province.
Migration of Bengalis and Rohingya to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued till 1998. Karachi hosts a significant number of Bengali settlements, and large Rohingya migration made it one of their largest populations outside Myanmar.[433] Karachi's Burmese community resides in various slums across the city.[434]
Thousands of Uyghur Muslims sought refuge in Gilgit-Baltistan, fleeing persecution in Xinjiang, China.[435] Since 1989, thousands of Kashmiri Muslim refugees fled to Pakistan, alleging rape and forced displacement by Indian soldiers.[436]
Diaspora
According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the sixth-largest diaspora globally.
Urbanisation
Since
| Rank | Name
|
Province
|
Pop. | Rank | Name
|
Province
|
Pop. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Karachi  Lahore |
1 | Karachi | Sindh | 14,916,456 | 11 | Bahawalpur | Punjab | 762,111 |  Faisalabad  Rawalpindi |
| 2 | Lahore | Punjab | 11,126,285 | 12 | Sargodha | Punjab | 659,862 | ||
| 3 | Faisalabad | Punjab | 3,204,726 | 13 | Sialkot | Punjab | 655,852 | ||
| 4 | Rawalpindi | Punjab | 2,098,231 | 14 | Sukkur | Sindh | 499,900 | ||
| 5 | Gujranwala | Punjab | 2,027,001 | 15 | Larkana | Sindh | 490,508 | ||
| 6 | Peshawar | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1,970,042 | 16 | Sheikhupura | Punjab | 473,129 | ||
| 7 | Multan | Punjab | 1,871,843 | 17 | Rahim Yar Khan | Punjab | 420,419 | ||
| 8 | Hyderabad | Sindh | 1,734,309 | 18 | Jhang | Punjab | 414,131 | ||
| 9 | Islamabad | Capital Territory | 1,009,832 | 19 | Dera Ghazi Khan | Punjab | 399,064 | ||
| 10 | Quetta | Balochistan | 1,001,205 | 20 | Gujrat | Punjab | 390,533 | ||
Religions
Islam is the state religion,[448] with freedom of religion guaranteed by the constitution.[448][449] The majority are Muslims (96.47%), followed by Hindus (2.14%) and Christians (1.27%). Minorities include Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians (Parsi), and the unique Kalash people who practice animism.[450] Additionally, a small percentage profess no faith, as seen in the 1998 census.
Islam
Islam dominates in Pakistan, with about 96.47% of the population being Muslim.[451] Pakistan ranks second globally in Muslim population,[452] and is home to 10.5% of the world's Muslims.[453] Karachi is the largest Muslim city in the world.[454]
The majority follow
The Ahmadis are a minority, officially considered non-Muslims.[461][462] Ahmadis face persecution, banned from calling themselves Muslims since 1974.[463]
Hinduism
At Pakistan's inception, the 'hostage theory' suggested fair treatment of Hindus to safeguard Muslims in India.
Christianity and other religions
Christians are the next largest religious minority after Hindus, constituting 1.27% of the population.
Following Christianity, the
In 2005, 1% of the population identified as atheist. By 2012, this figure had risen to 2.0% according to Gallup.[474]
Culture and society
Clothing, arts, and fashion
The
Pakistan's fashion industry has thrived, blending traditional and modern styles to create a unique cultural identity. Regional and traditional dress remain significant symbols of native tradition, evolving into both modern and purer forms. Organizations like the Pakistan Fashion Design Council in Lahore and the Fashion Pakistan Council in Karachi host events like PFDC Fashion Week and Fashion Pakistan Week. Pakistan's inaugural fashion week took place in November 2009.[481]
Media and entertainment
The private
The Lollywood, Punjabi, and Pashto film industry is centered in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Although Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 to 2008, they remained influential in Pakistani popular culture.[486] However, in 2019, the screening of Bollywood movies faced an indefinite ban.[487] Despite challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry, Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances remain popular, frequently broadcast by many entertainment media outlets.[488] Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, renowned for their quality since the 1990s.[489] Pakistani music encompasses diverse forms, from provincial folk music and traditional styles like Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern fusions of traditional and western music.[490] Pakistan boasts numerous renowned folk singers, and the arrival of Afghan refugees in western provinces has sparked interest in Pashto music, despite occasional intolerance.[491]
Literature and philosophy
Pakistan boasts literature in various languages including
The
Architecture
Four periods define Pakistani architecture:
.jpg)
The advent of Islam in present-day Pakistan marked the cessation of Buddhist architecture, ushering in
Traditional food
Pakistani cuisine, rooted in the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors, blends influences from
Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan, followed by football. Field hockey is the national sport. Other sports like squash, Polo, and traditional games are also enjoyed.
In cricket, Pakistan boasts victories in all major
In football, Pakistan established the Pakistan Football Federation soon after its creation, and it is known for producing FIFA World Cup balls.[512][513]
In field hockey, Pakistan boasts four Hockey World Cup wins, eight Asian Games gold medals, and three Olympic gold medals. Squash player Jahangir Khan holds the record for the longest winning streak in professional sport history, winning 555 consecutive matches.[514][515] Pakistan has hosted various international events, including Cricket and Hockey World Cups and Asian Games.[516]
See also
.svg){kind=small}
- Outline of Pakistan
- Administrative divisions of Pakistan
Notes
- ^ Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan[3]
- Gilgit–Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[6]Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of 796,095 km2 (307,374 sq mi)."
- ^ "This figure does not include data for Pakistan-administered areas of Kashmir; Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan."[8]
- ^ See Date and time notation in Pakistan.
- Urdu: پَاکِسْتَان, Urdu pronunciation: [ˈpɑːkɪst̪ɑːn] ⓘ; Pronounced variably in English as /ˈpækɪstæn/ ⓘ, /ˈpɑːkɪstɑːn/ ⓘ, /ˌpækɪˈstæn/, and /ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːn/.
- ^ ISO: اِسْلامی جُمْہُورِیَہ پَاکِسْتَان, Islāmi Jumhūriyāh Pākistān
- ^ Coningham-Young quote: "Mehrgarh remains one of the key sites in South Asia because it has provided the earliest known undisputed evidence for farming and pastoral communities in the region, and its plant and animal material provide clear evidence for the ongoing manipulation, and domestication, of certain species. Perhaps most importantly in a South Asian context, the role played by zebu makes this a distinctive, localised development, with a character completely different from other parts of the world. Finally, the longevity of the site, and its articulation with the neighbouring site of Nausharo (c. 2800—2000 BCE), provides a very clear continuity from South Asia's first farming villages to the emergence of its first cities (Jarrige, 1984)." Coningham & Young (2015)
- ^ Allchin quote: "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system. Allchin & Allchin (1982) p. 81"
- Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.[42]
- ^ The precise time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700 and 1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period.[44]
References
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- ^ Ethnologue 2022.
- ^ Munir 1975.
- ^ James 2022.
- ^ Bhandari 2022.
- ^ a b PBS 2023.
- ^ a b c d IMF 2024.
- ^ a b IMF 2023.
- ^ Haleem 2013.
- ^ Wright (2009) "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
- ^ Allchin & Allchin (1982) "During the second half of the fourth and early part of the third millennium B.C., a new development begins to become apparent in the greater Indus system, which we can now see to be a formative stage underlying the Mature Indus of the middle and late third millennium. This development seems to have involved the whole Indus system, and to a lesser extent the Indo-Iranian borderlands to its west, but largely left untouched the subcontinent east of the Indus system."
- ^ Badian 1987.
- ^ Wynbrandt 2009.
- ^ Spuler 1969.
- ^ Copland (2001) "However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general election of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats ... The result left no one, not least the British, in doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay ... In most respects, therefore, the League's success in the elections of 1945–46 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan. (p 72)"
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf (2006) "The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. ... Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people."
- ^ Talbot 2016.
- ^
- Solomon (1997)
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- Buzan & Waever (2003) "In the framework of their regional security complex theory (RSCT), Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and influence the global level (or system level) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less effect at the global level. This category of regional powers includes Brazil, Egypt, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey."
- Vandamme (2014) "Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small, but not enough to be major powers. Within the limits of their regions, they play a significant political role. Thus instinctively, they would qualify as middle powers. While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan's definition of middle powers, we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear-armed. When looking at the numbers, for instance, it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers (see in this regard Ping, 2007)."
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- ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?". Columbia University. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
- ^ Krishna K. Tummala, Public Administration in India (Allied Publishers, 1996), p. 42, citing Choudhry Rahmat Ali, Pakistan (Cambridge University Press, 1946), p. 225
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- ^ Hayyim, Sulayman (1892), "ستان", New Persian-English Dictionary, vol. 2, Tehran: Librairie imprimerie Béroukhim, p. 30
- ^ Burki, Shahid Javed. "Pakistan". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- South Asian Studies, Volume 11 (Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan, 1976), p. 69
- ^ Sugam Anand, Modern Indian Historiography: From Pillai to Azad (MG Publishers, 1991), p. 178
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- ^ Parth R. Chauhan. "An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective". Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology. University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
- ^ Coningham & Young 2015.
- ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2Quote: "page 33: "The earliest discovered instance in India of well-established, settled agricultural society is at Mehrgarh in the hills between the Bolan Pass and the Indus plain (today in Pakistan) (see Map 3.1). From as early as 7000 BCE, communities there started investing increased labor in preparing the land and selecting, planting, tending, and harvesting particular grain-producing plants. They also domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, pigs, and oxen (both humped zebu [Bos indicus] and unhumped [Bos taurus]). Castrating oxen, for instance, turned them from mainly meat sources into domesticated draft-animals as well."
- ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8, Quote: "(p 29) "The subcontinent's people were hunter-gatherers for many millennia. There were very few of them. Indeed, 10,000 years ago there may only have been a couple of hundred thousand people, living in small, often isolated groups, the descendants of various 'modern' human incomers. Then, perhaps linked to events in Mesopotamia, about 8,500 years ago agriculture emerged in Baluchistan."
- ^ Allchin & Allchin 1982, p. 131.
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- ^ "India: Reemergence of Urbanization". Britannica. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
- ^ Witzel 1989.
- ^ Kurt A. Behrendt (2007), The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp.4—5, 91
- ^ Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100
- ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2.
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- ^ James 1980.
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- ^ Saigol, Rubina (2014). "What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistan textbooks?". Dawn. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
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Perhaps best known as home to Asia's earliest cities, the Harappan sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan's rich history includes contributions from prominent Buddhist, Hindu, Hellenistic, Jain and Zoroastrian civilizations, as well as those connected to its Islamic heritage.
- ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-81-7625-693-3.
- ^ a b c d "Country Profile: Pakistan". Library of Congress. 1995. pp. 2–3, 6, 8. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
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- ^ "Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address". Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
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The conduct of Congress governments in the Muslim-minority provinces premanently alienated the Muslim League.
- ^ a b "Understanding Jinnah's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned". United Kingdom: Politact. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-7023-205-6.
- ISBN 978-1-84904-276-5.
- ISBN 978-0-940500-31-0.
- ISBN 979-8-216-06249-3.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9.
In the elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims. It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates that led to this massive landslide victory (Alavi 2002, 14). Even Congress, which had always denied the League's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim. The 1946 election was, in effect, a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan.
- ISBN 978-1-317-55981-8.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9.
Despite the League's victory in the elections, the British did not want the partition of British India. As a last attempt to avoid it, Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan, according to which India would become a federation of three large, self-governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense, implying a weak center.
- ^ Akram, Wasim. "Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan 1946". Retrieved 3 February 2015 – via Academia.edu.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-577462-7.
- ISBN 978-1-134-37825-8.
- ^ Brass, Paul R. (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 81–82 (5(1), 71–101). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder.
- "20th-century international relations (politics) :: South Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 August 2014. - ISBN 978-81-241-0847-5.. nGoogle Books.in (16 May 2011).
In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes', torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them.
- Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and ... – Kamala Visweswara - ISBN 978-1-84369-734-3.
When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947, 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India, and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan.
- ^ Bates, Crispin (3 March 2011). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC History. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
Unfortunately, it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million.
- "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
- Tanya Basu (15 August 2014). "The Fading Memory of South Asia's Partition". The Atlantic. Retrieved 16 August 2014. - ISBN 978-1-897829-12-7. Retrieved 15 April 2012.on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- "Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan". Mount Holyoke College. Archived from the original - ^ "BBC – History – Historic Figures: Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)". BBC. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan, but died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948.
- JSTOR 23726109,
Few today, including those who work on the subcontinent, recollect that India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka did not become republics the day British rule ended. Even distinguished scholars of Empire like Perry Anderson and A. G. Hopkins have made the common assumption that India naturally became a republic upon independence on 15 August 1947. Instead, all three of these South Asian states began their independent life as Realms within the British Commonwealth and mirrored the style and institutions of the Dominions of Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. Though their sovereignty was in no way impaired by this seemingly ambiguous position they all held the British sovereign as their head of state who was represented in each capital by a governor- general appointed on the advice of the local prime minister. India, Pakistan and Ceylon were Realms from 1947 to 1950, 1947 to 1956 and 1948 to 1972 respectively.
- ISBN 978-0-19-577583-9.
Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.
- ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2.
Mountbatten's partiality was apparent in his own statements. He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress. While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea.
- ISBN 978-0-19-974504-3.
Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself.
- ISBN 978-1-134-75022-1.
When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis, his answer was instructive. There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan. 'Most probably,' he said (1982:39).
- ^ "Muhammad Ali Jinnah's first Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (August 11, 1947)". JSpeech. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan.
- ^ a b Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based". It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust", that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed", and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna". The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.
- ^ Wynbrandt 2009, p. 190–197.
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Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam: it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam
- Talbot, Ian (2 February 1984). "Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan". History Today.As British rule there drew to an end, many Muslims demanded, in the name of Islam, the creation of a separate Pakistan state.
- ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5.
The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P.
- ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5.
As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.
- ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5.
Similarly, Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid's ceaseless message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He [Jinnah] wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies
- ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country's first prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly.
- ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5.
Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state. He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim, and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself. It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved.
- ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics, Keith Callard, observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality.
- ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, however, were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language, or territory.
- ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan. Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country.
- ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
- ISBN 978-1-4452-4043-5.
The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.
- ^ Lintner, Bertil (2004). "Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh" (PDF). p. 418.
- ISBN 978-1-136-67565-2.
The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections. In this first ever general elections ...
- ISBN 978-1-134-01999-1.
- ISBN 978-1-136-67565-2.
The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam: the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court.
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- ISBN 978-1-136-67565-2.
The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia-ul Haq ...
- ISBN 978-0-87003-285-1.
- ^ a b Wynbrandt 2009, p. 216–217.
- ISBN 978-1-349-94966-3.
... the military dictator Zia ul Haq (1977–1988) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements (e.g. the TJ).
- ISBN 978-1-349-94966-3.
The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization.
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Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.
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As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity'.
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Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan – a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time, come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
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During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction.
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The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.
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- Spuler, Bertold (1969). The Muslim World: a Historical Survey. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-02104-3.
- Talbot, Ian (2016). A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas. ISBN 978-0-30-021659-2.
- Wright, Rita P. (26 October 2009). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. ISBN 978-0-52-157219-4.
- Vandamme, Dorothee (August 2014), Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy? (PDF), Université catholique de Louvain, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017, retrieved 21 December 2016
- Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-81-606184-6.
History
- ISBN 978-0-52-184697-4.
- James, Gilad (1980). Introduction to Pakistan. Gilad James Mystery School. ISBN 978-8-06-257501-8.
- Mufti, Shahan (2013). The Faithful Scribe: A Story of Islam, Pakistan, Family and War. Other Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-59-051505-1.
Further reading
- JSTOR 42620473.
- Ahmed, Akbar (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2.
- Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0.
- Lieven, Anatol (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-145-0.
- Malik, Hafeez (2006). The Encyclopedia of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597735-6.
- Malik, Iftikhar (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan (Culture and Customs of Asia). Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33126-8.
- McCartney, Matthew (2011). Pakistan: The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–2009. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-57747-2.
- ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2.
- ISBN 978-1-4067-1215-5.
- Stimson, Robert; Haynes, Kingsley E. (1 January 2012). Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis: Addressing Real World Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78100-796-9.
- Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Government
General information
- Pakistan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Pakistan at Curlie
- Pakistan from BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan- Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from International Futures
Geographic data related to Pakistan at OpenStreetMap
