Stato da Màr
State of the Sea Stato da Màr (vec) | |||||||||||||||||
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Overseas colonies of the Republic of Venice | |||||||||||||||||
c. 992–1797 | |||||||||||||||||
Map of the Venetian overseas domains | |||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||||||||
• Pietro II Orseolo's expedition | Late 10th century | ||||||||||||||||
1202–04 | |||||||||||||||||
1463–79 | |||||||||||||||||
1645–69 | |||||||||||||||||
1684–99 | |||||||||||||||||
1714–18 | |||||||||||||||||
12 May 1797 | |||||||||||||||||
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The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (lit. 'State of the Sea' or 'Domains of the Sea') was the Republic of Venice's maritime and overseas possessions from around 1000 to 1797, including at various times parts of what are now Istria, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and notably the Ionian Islands, Peloponnese, Crete, Cyclades, Euboea, as well as Cyprus.[1]
It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice's possessions, the other two being the Dogado, i.e. Venice proper, and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy.
The overseas possessions, particularly islands such as Corfu, Crete, and Cyprus, played a critical role in Venice's commercial and military leadership. In his landmark study on the Mediterranean world in the 16th century, historian Fernand Braudel described these islands as "Venice's motionless fleet".[2]
History
The creation of Venice's overseas empire began around the year 1000 with the defeat of the Narentines by Doge Pietro II Orseolo and recognition of Venetian rule by Dalmatian city-states, allowing the Doge to call himself "Duke of Dalmatia" for the next few decades. Control over the latter, however, would not be stabilized until the early 15th century. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Venice gradually established its rule over Istria, which lasted until the end of the Republic.
Venice's overseas domains reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the
The aftermath of the
In 1489, Venice also acquired
Domains
The locations are listed broadly from closest to farthest from Venice. Where there is a difference between the name in Venetian language and standard Italian, the Venetian version is indicated first. Feudal lordships held by Venetians, such as Andrea Ghisi in Tinos and Mykonos, are included.
In today's northeastern Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia
- Venetian Istria:
- Trieste, 1283–1287, 1368–1372 and 1508–1509
- Muja/Muggia, 1420–1797
- Koper (Capodistria), 1145–1797
- Izola (Isola), 1145–1797
- Piran (Piràn/Pirano), 1283–1797
- Umag (Umago), 1269–1797
- Motovun (Montona d'Istria), 1278–1797
- Novigrad (Cittanova d'Istria), 1270–1797
- Poreč (Parenzo), 1267–1797
- Rovinj (Rovigno), 1283–1797
- Sveti Lovreč (San Lorenso del Paxenadego/San Lorenzo del Pasenatico), 1271–1797
- Bale (Vale/Valle d'Istria), 1331–1797
- Vodnjan (Dignano), 1330–1797
- Pula (Pola), 1145–1291 and 1331–1797
- Labin (Albona) and Plomin (Fianona), 1420–1797
- Pazin (Pisino), 1508–1509
- Kvarner Gulf (Quarnaro):
- Rijeka (Fiume), 1508–1509
- Cres (Cherso) and Lošinj islands (Lusin/Lussino), 15C–1797 except brief Ottoman occupation of Cres during the Cretan War (1645–1669)
- Krk Island (Vegia/Veglia), 1480–1797 except brief Ottoman occupation during the Cretan War (1645–1669)
- Rab Island(Arbe), 1409–1797
- Pag Island (Pago), 1420–1797 except brief Ottoman occupation during the Cretan War (1645–1669)
- Novigrad (Novegradi), 1409–1797 except Ottoman occupation in 1646–1647
- Nin (Nona), 1328–1358 and 1409–1797
- Zadar (Zara), 998–1186, 1202–1358 and 1409–1797
- Biograd (Zaravecia/Zaravecchia after 1204), early 11C, 1115–1124, 1125, 1409–1797
- Vrana(Aurana or Laurana Arauzona), 1409–1538, 1647 and 1683–1797
- Ugljan Island (Ugliano) and Dugi Island (Isola Lunga or Isola Grossa), 13C–1358 and 1409–1797
- Šibenik (Sebenego/Sebenico), 1116–1133, 1322–1358 and 1412–1797
- Trogir (Traù), 1125–1133 and 1420–1797
- Split (Spàlato), 998–1019, 1116–1117, 1118–1124, 1127–1141 and 1420–1797
- Fortress of Klis (Clissa), 1648–1797
- Omiš (Almissa), 1444–1797
- Vis Island (Lissa), ca. 1409–1797
- Brač Island (Braza/Brazza), 1268–1358 and 1420–1797
- Makarska (Macarsca), 13C–1326 and 1646–1797
- Hvar Island (Łexina/Lesina), 1331–1358 and 1409–1797
- Korčula Island (Curzola), 1255–1358 and 1409–1797
- Dalmatian Hinterland, mostly conquered during the Morean War:
- Dubrovnik (Raguxa/Ragusa), 1000–1030 and 1205–1358
In today's Montenegro and Albania
- Herceg Novi (Castelnuovo), 1687–1797
- Risan (Risano), 1688–1797
- Kotor (Càtaro/Cattaro) and Perast (Perasto), 1420–1797
- Sveti Stefan (Santo Stefano), 1423–1797
- Budva (Budua) and Sutomore (Spizza), 1420–1797
- Bar (Antivari), 1443–1571
- Ulcinj (Dulcigno), 1405–1571
- Shkodër (Scutari), 1396–1479
- Drisht (Drivasto), 1393–1423 and 1442–1478
- Lezhë (Alessio), 1386–1478 and 1501–1506
- Durrës (Durazo/Durazzo), 1205–1213 and 1392–1501
- Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina), 1690–1691
- Butrint (Butrinto), 1350 and 1386–1797
In today's Southern Italy (Venetian Apulian ports)
- Trani, 1496–1509
- Mola di Bari and Polignano a Mare, 1495–1509 and 1528–1530
- Monopoli, 1484–1509 and 1528–1530
- Brindisi and Otranto, 1496–1509
- Gallipoli, 1484
In modern Greece, Cyprus, or Aegean islands
- Paxi Island (Passo), 1207–1214 and 1386–1797
- Parga (Parga), 1401–1797 with several brief Ottoman occupations
- Preveza (Prevesa), 1401–1463, 1684–1699, 1717–1797
- Arta (Arta), 1717–1797
- Vonitsa (Vonizza), 1684–1797
- Lefkada Island (Santa Maura), 1684–1797
- Cephalonia (Cefalonia), 1500–1797
- Ithaca (Itaca), 1503–1797
- Zakynthos (Zante), 1479–1797
- Nafpaktos (Lepanto), 1390 and 1407–1499
- Amfissa (Salona), 1687–1697
- Realm of the Morea
- Patras (Patraso/Patrasso), 1408–1430 and 1687–1715
- Pylos (Navarino), 1417–1501 and 1686–1715
- Methoni (Modon/Modone), 1207–1500 and 1686–1715
- Koroni (Coron/Corone), 1207–1500 and 1685–1715
- Mani Peninsula (Braccio della Maina), 1487–1499
- Monemvasia (Malvasia), 1464–1540 and 1690–1715
- Argos (Argo), 1394–1462 and 1687–1715
- Nafplio (Napoli di Romània), 1388–1540 and 1686–1715
- Kythira (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto), 1238–1715 and 1718–1797
- Realm of Candia:
- Chania (La Canea), ca. 1210–1263 and 1285–1645
- Rethymno (Retimo), ca. 1210–1646
- Sitia (Sitia), ca. 1210–1651
- Heraklion (Candia), ca. 1210–1669
- Gramvousa (Grabusa), ca. 1210–1691
- Souda Islet (Suda) and Spinalonga Island (Spinalonga), ca. 1210–1715
- In the Dodecanese:
- the Cyclades, most of which Venice held as the Duchy of the Archipelago:
- Syros (Siro), 1207–1522
- Paros (Paro), Antiparos (Antiparo) and Mykonos (Micono), 1207–1537
- Naxos (Nasso), Milos (Milo), Folegandros (Policandro), Andros (Andro), Ios (Io), Amorgos (Amorgo), Kimolos (Argentiera), Sikinos (Sicandro), 1207–1566
- Santorini (Santorini), 1207–ca. 1280 and 1301–1576
- Kythnos (Citno) and Sifnos (Sifanto), 1207–1617
- Tinos (Tino), 1207–1715
- Pteleos, 1322–1470
- the Sporades including Skiathos (Sciato), Skopelos (Scopelo), Alonnisos (Alonneso) and Skyros (Sciro), 1207–1270s and 1453–1538
- Lemnos (Lemno), 1464–1479 and 1656–1657
- Samothrace (Samotracia), 1204–1355
- Thessaloniki (Salonico/Salonicco), 1423–1430
- Gelibolu Peninsula (Gallipoli) and Tekirdağ (Rodosto), 1204–1235
- Beyoğlu (Pera) neighborhood in Constantinople, 1204–1261
- Gökçeada (Imbro), 1377–1462
- Bozcaada (Tenedo), 1377–1381, ?–1455 and 1656–1657
- Cyprus (Sipro/Cipro), 1489–1570
- Famagusta (Famagosta), 1489–1571
In today's Russia
- Tanais (Tana), 13C–1332
See also
- Venetian navy
- Savi agli Ordini
- Provveditore Generale da Mar
- Captain General of the Sea
- Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar
- Genoese colonies
Notes
- ^ Map of venetian forts & presence in the Stato da Mar of southern Balkans
- ^ "Sur le grand axe de sa puissance, ces îles sont la flotte immobile de Venise." Fernand Braudel (1949). La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 1 : La part du milieu. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 149.
- ^ a b Gullino 1996, § La politica delle annessioni.
- ^ Gullino 1996, § La conquista della Dalmazia (1409–1420).
Bibliography
- Arbel, Benjamin (1996). "Colonie d'oltremare". In Alberto Tenenti; Ugo Tucci (eds.). Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima (in Italian). Vol. V: Il Rinascimento. Società ed economia. Rome: Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 947–985. OCLC 644711009.
- Crowley, Roger (2011). City of Fortune - How Venice Won and lost a Naval Empire. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24594-9.
- Da Mosto, Andrea (1937). L'Archivio di Stato di Venezia. Rome: Biblioteca d'Arte editrice.
- Gullino, Giuseppe (1996). "Le frontiere navali". In Alberto Tenenti; Ugo Tucci (eds.). Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima (in Italian). Vol. IV: Il Rinascimento. Politica e cultura. Rome: Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 13–111. OCLC 644711024.
- Mutinelli, Fabio (1851). Lessico Veneto. Venice: tipografia Giambattista Andreola.