Stecklikrieg

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Stecklikrieg

The death of Lieutenant Rudolf von Werdt during the siege of Bern on 18 September 1802, an episode of the Stecklikrieg. Drawing by Karl Ludwig Zehender, 1805.
DateAugust – 26 October 1802
Location
Helvetic Republic
Result

Federalist victory

  • Collapse of the Helvetic Republic
  • New French military occupation
  • Act of Mediation (10 March 1803)
Belligerents
Helvetic Republic

Federalists

Zürich
Bern
Luzern
Uri
Schwyz
Unterwalden
Glarus
Solothurn
Appenzell
    
Aargau
Commanders and leaders
Johann Rudolf Dolder Alois von Reding
Niklaus Franz von Bachmann

The Stecklikrieg ("War of Sticks") was a civil war in Switzerland in 1802 that resulted in the collapse of the

Napoleon Bonaparte
on 19 February 1803. The conflict itself was between insurgents, mostly drawn from the rural population, and the official forces of the Helvetic Republic. The term Stäckli, or "wooden club," from which the conflict draws its name, refers to the improvised weaponry of the insurgents.

Background

Cantons of the Helvetic Republic at the time of the Stecklikrieg

Following the

Swiss plateau in the cantons Aargau and Solothurn.[1] It would eventually spread to most of the Republic's nineteen cantons.[2]

Course of the war

The war began with an engagement at

Landamman Johann Rudolf Dolder, capitulated militarily on September 18, but was able to negotiate a retreat from Bern to Lausanne before collapsing entirely.[1][3]

With the exception of

First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte issued the proclamation of Saint-Cloud, calling for a return to constitutional order and inviting both parties to a conciliatory conference in Paris, known as the "Helvetic Consulta".[2] Niklaus Franz von Bachmann, commander-in-chief of the federal army, inflicted a final defeat on the Helvetic army at Faoug on 3 October.[1] Bonaparte then launched a military intervention under General Michel Ney to pacify the country, disarm the federalists and restore the Helvetic Republic.[4] Under French pressure, the Federal Diet at Schwyz announced its dissolution on 26 October, bringing an end to the Stecklikrieg.[4]

With the more liberal order of the Helvetic Republic, anti-Jewish sentiment rose, as accusations emerged that Jews were unfairly profiting from the unpopular new order. On the 21st of September 1802, the hatred and resentment came to a head in the so-called “Zwetschgenkrieg” or plum war. In an outbreak of violence, spurred on by antisemitic rumours, an armed horde of 800 farmers, craftsmen and some patricians assaulted the Surbtal Jews, looting and destroying their homes and belongings. The attack was not entirely unexpected, tensions having built up over several days, and the Christian inhabitants of Endingen and Lengnau were largely unaffected. The Jews did not receive compensation for the damages, and the perpetrators did not face any consequences.[5][6]

Aftermath

Napoleon was concerned that the instability of Switzerland could infect Europe at large, and was authorized to negotiate a settlement between the feuding sides.[7] His Act of Mediation made concessions to the demands of the insurgents, abandoning the centralist structure of the Helvetic Republic in favor of a more federalist approach. He likewise stated the natural state of Switzerland was federal and that attempts to force any other system upon them were unwise.[8]

The British response

French intervention constituted a breach of the Treaty of Amiens, which was used as a pretext by the United Kingdom to resume their war against France on 18 May 1803. The French involvement within the internal affairs of the Swiss was exemplary of Britain's worry that it was to have a diminishing role in continental affairs. Though the British often attempted to stay removed from the internal struggles of the Continent, the actions of Napoleon's France threatened to upset the existing order and thus Britain's existing economic supremacy.[9] While the Act of Mediation enforced by French intervention did not particularly upset the Swiss order, in fact restoring much of pre-existing traditions and forms of Swiss government from before the French Republican invasion, it was a technical violation of the Treaty of Amiens, which prohibited such foreign meddling by France.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg: Stecklikrieg in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 2012-02-20.
  2. ^ a b Helvetic Republic in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  3. ^ Switzerland, Markus G. Jud, Lucerne. "History – All About Switzerland". swiss-government-politics.all-about-switzerland.info. Retrieved 12 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b Victor Monnier: Michel Ney in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  5. ^ "Zwetschgenkrieg gegen die Juden". 15 August 2017.
  6. ISBN 978-3-8353-3645-2
    .
  7. ^ Federal Diet in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  8. ^ PM, Andreas Fankhauser /. "Médiation". HLS-DHS-DSS.CH (in French). Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  9. S2CID 162263868
    .
  10. ^ "Treaty of Amiens | France [1802]". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 December 2016.

External links

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