Stephen Spender

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Sir Stephen Spender

CBE
Spender in 1933
Spender in 1933
Born(1909-02-28)28 February 1909
Kensington, London, England
Died16 July 1995(1995-07-16) (aged 86)
St John's Wood, London, England
OccupationPoet, novelist, essayist
NationalityBritish
Alma materUniversity College, Oxford
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1936; div. 1939)​
​
(m. 1941)​
Children

Sir Stephen Harold Spender

Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress
in 1965.

Early life

Spender was born in

honorary fellow). Spender said at various times throughout his life that he never passed any exam. Perhaps his closest friend and the man who had the biggest influence on him was W. H. Auden, who introduced him to Christopher Isherwood. Spender handprinted the earliest version of Auden's Poems. He left Oxford without taking a degree and in 1929 moved to Hamburg
. Isherwood invited him to Berlin. Every six months, Spender went back to England.

Spender was acquainted with fellow

William Butler Yeats, Allen Ginsberg, Ted Hughes, Joseph Brodsky, Isaiah Berlin, Mary McCarthy, Roy Campbell, Raymond Chandler, Dylan Thomas, Jean-Paul Sartre, Colin Wilson, Aleister Crowley, F. T. Prince and T. S. Eliot, as well as members of the Bloomsbury Group, particularly Virginia Woolf. He was involved with American writer William Goyen and later traveled with a group through India with Goyen’s former partner, American artist Joseph Glasco.[4]

Career

Spender began work on a novel in 1929, which was not published until 1988, under the title The Temple. The novel is about a young man who travels to Germany and finds a culture at once more open than England's, particularly about relationships between men, and shows frightening harbingers of Nazism that are confusingly related to the very openness the man admires. Spender wrote in his 1988 introduction:

In the late Twenties young English writers were more concerned with censorship than with politics.... 1929 was the last year of that strange Indian Summer—the Weimar Republic. For many of my friends and for myself, Germany seemed a paradise where there was no censorship and young Germans enjoyed extraordinary freedom in their lives[5]

Spender was discovered by

Faber and Faber, in 1933.[6]

His early poetry, notably Poems (1933), was often inspired by social protest. Living in

antifascist drama in verse
.

At the Shakespeare and Company bookstore in Paris, which published the first edition of James Joyce's Ulysses, historic figures made rare appearances to read their work: Paul Valéry, André Gide and Eliot. Hemingway even broke his rule of not reading in public if Spender would read with him. Since Spender agreed, Hemingway appeared for a rare reading in public with him.[8]

In 1936, Spender became a member of the

Moscow Trials. In late 1936, Spender married Inez Pearn, whom he had recently met at an Aid to Spain meeting.[9][page needed][10]
She was described as 'small and rather ironic' and 'strikingly good-looking'.

In January 1937, during the

International Brigade.[11] Hyndman saw action at the Battle of Jarama in February 1937, and promptly deserted. He was captured and imprisoned in a Republican goal on charges of desertion and cowardice. Spender eventually secured his release and repatriation, in the process being forced to disclose the sexual nature of their relationship to Harry Pollitt, head of the Communist Party of Great Britain, leading shortly afterwards to his departure from the Party.[12]

In July 1937, Spender attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the attitude of intellectuals to the war, held in Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid and attended by many writers, including Hemingway, André Malraux, and Pablo Neruda.[13]

Pollitt told Spender 'to go and get killed; we need a

Byron in the movement'.[citation needed] Spender was imprisoned for a while in Albacete. In Madrid, he met Malraux; they discussed Gide's Retour de l'U.R.S.S.. Because of medical problems, he went back to England and bought a house in Lavenham
. In 1939, he divorced.

Spender's 1938 translations of works by Bertolt Brecht and Miguel Hernández appeared in John Lehmann's New Writing.[14]

Spender felt close to the Jewish people; his mother, Violet Hilda Schuster, was half-Jewish (her father's family were German Jews who converted to Christianity, and her mother came from an upper-class family of

Lutheran Danish and distant Italian descent). His second wife, Natasha, whom he married in 1941, was also Jewish. In 1942, he joined the fire brigade of Cricklewood and Maresfield Gardens as a volunteer. Spender met several times with the poet Edwin Muir.[citation needed
]

After leaving the Communist Party, Spender wrote of his disillusionment with communism in the essay collection

Geelong Grammar.[16]

After the war, Spender was a member of the

Allied Control Commission, restoring civil authority in Germany.[17]

With

CIA.[18]

Spender insisted that he was unaware of the ultimate source of the magazine's funds. He taught at various American institutions including University of California at Berkeley and Northwestern University.[19][20] He accepted the Elliston Chair of Poetry[21] at the University of Cincinnati in 1954. In 1961, he became professor of rhetoric at Gresham College, London.

Spender helped found the magazine

Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1965.[23]

During the late 1960s, Spender frequently visited the University of Connecticut, which he declared had the 'most congenial teaching faculty' he had encountered in the United States.[24]

Spender was Professor of English at

Normandy Invasion on 6 June 1984, US President Ronald Reagan
quoted from Spender's poem 'The Truly Great' in his remarks:

Gentlemen, I look at you and I think of the words of Stephen Spender's poem. You are men who in your 'lives fought for life... and left the vivid air signed with your honor'.

World of art

Spender also had profound intellectual workings with the world of art, including

Dante, Gide and Shakespeare. The exhibition was held at The Henry Moore Foundation.[28]

Spender 'collected and befriended artists such as Arp, Auerbach, Bacon, Freud, Giacometti, Gorky, Guston, Hockney, Moore, Morandi, Picasso and others'. In The Worlds of Stephen Spender, the artist Frank Auerbach selected art work by those masters to accompany Spender's poems.[29]

Spender wrote China Diary with David Hockney in 1982, published by Thames and Hudson art publishers in London.[30]

The Soviet artist Wassily Kandinsky created an etching for Spender, Fraternity, in 1939.[31]

Personal life

In 1933, Spender fell in love with Tony Hyndman, and they lived together from 1935 to 1936.[17] In 1934, Spender had an affair with Muriel Gardiner. In a letter to Christopher Isherwood in September 1934, he wrote, 'I find boys much more attractive, in fact I am rather more than usually susceptible, but actually I find the actual sexual act with women more satisfactory, more terrible, more disgusting, and, in fact, more everything'.[17] In December 1936, shortly after the end of his relationship with Hyndman, Spender fell in love with and married Inez Pearn after an engagement of only three weeks.[32] The marriage broke down in 1939.[17] In 1941, Spender married Natasha Litvin, a concert pianist. The marriage lasted until his death. Their daughter, Elizabeth Spender, previously an actor, was married to the Australian actor and satirist Barry Humphries until his death in April 2023, and their son, Matthew Spender, is married to the daughter of the Armenian artist Arshile Gorky.

Spender's sexuality has been the subject of debate. His seemingly changing attitudes have caused him to be labelled bisexual, repressed, latently homophobic, or simply something complex that resists easy labelling.[33] Many of his friends in his earlier years were gay. Spender had many affairs with men in his earlier years, most notably Hyndman, who was called 'Jimmy Younger' in his memoir World Within World. After his affair with Muriel Gardiner, he shifted his focus to heterosexuality,[17] but his relationship with Hyndman complicated both that relationship and his short-lived marriage to Pearn. His marriage to Litvin in 1941 seems to have marked the end of his romantic relationships with men but not the end of all homosexual activity, as his unexpurgated diaries have revealed.[34] Subsequently, he toned down homosexual allusions in later editions of his poetry. The following line was revised in a republished edition: 'Whatever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a revolution' to 'Whatever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have an affair, a railway fare, or a revolution'. Nevertheless, he was a founding member of the Homosexual Law Reform Society, which lobbied for the repeal of British sodomy laws.[35] Spender sued author David Leavitt for allegedly using his relationship with 'Jimmy Younger' in Leavitt's While England Sleeps in 1994. The case was settled out of court, with Leavitt removing certain portions from his text.

Death

On 16 July 1995, Spender died of a heart attack in Westminster, London, aged 86.[36] He was buried in the graveyard of St Mary on Paddington Green Church, in London.

Stephen Spender Trust

The Stephen Spender Trust is a registered charity that was founded to widen the knowledge of 20th-century literature, with a particular focus on Spender's circle of writers, and to promote literary translation. The trust's activities include poetry readings; academic conferences; a seminar series in partnership with the Institute of English Studies; an archive programme in conjunction with the British Library and the Bodleian; work with schools via Translation Nation; the Guardian Stephen Spender Prize, an annual poetry translation prize established in 2004; and the Joseph Brodsky/Stephen Spender Prize, a worldwide Russian–English translation competition.[37]

Awards and honours

Spender was awarded the Golden PEN Award in 1995.[38]

Works

Poetry

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-19-517816-6
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-4299-3974-4
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-19-517816-6
    .
  4. ISBN 9781611688542
    .
  5. S2CID 161250466
    .
  6. ISSN 0140-0460
    . Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  7. ^ a b "Trial of a Judge: A Tragedy in Five Acts". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  8. ISBN 9780803260979
    .
  9. ISBN 9780099561071
    .
  10. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  11. ^ Sutherland, John (21 August 2015). "A House in St John's Wood: In Search of My Parents by Matthew Spender; Review by John Sutherland". The Financial Times. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  12. ISBN 978-0-00-813208-8
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-141-01161-5
    .
  14. ^ New Writing at Google Books. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  15. ^ "Stephen Spender". poetryarchive.org.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Stephen Holt, Manning Clark and Australian History, 1915–1963, St Lucia: UQP, 1982, p. 60.
  17. ^
    doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/57986
    . Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  18. ^ Frances Stonor Saunders (12 July 1999). "How the CIA plotted against us". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  19. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  20. ^ Archives, L. A. Times (17 July 1995). "Sir Stephen Spender; British Poet, Essayist". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  21. ^ "Resources: George Elliston Poetry Foundation". asweb.artsci.uc.edu. Archived from the original on 21 February 2002. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  22. ^ Warwick McFadyen, review of John Sutherland's biography Stephen Spender, The Age, p. 3 [date missing]
  23. ^ "Poet Laureate Timeline: 1961–1970". Library of Congress. 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  24. ISBN 9780198614128. Retrieved 21 February 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  25. ^ "No. 42683". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 May 1962. pp. 4316–4317.
  26. ^ "No. 49375". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 June 1983. pp. 1–2.
  27. ^ "No. 49575". The London Gazette. 20 December 1983. p. 16802.
  28. ^ "- Henry Moore: Prints and Portfolios". webarchive.henry-moore.org. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  29. ^ The Worlds of Stephen Spender ARTBOOK | D.A.P. 2018 Catalog Hauser & Wirth Publishers Books Exhibition Catalogues 9783906915197.
  30. OCLC 490550105
    .
  31. ^ "Vasily Kandinsky. Plate (folio 9) from Fraternity (1939)". MoMA.org. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  32. ISBN 978-1-9996543-2-0
    .
  33. ^ "glbtq >> literature >> Spender, Sir Stephen". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  34. ^ Paul Kildea, Benjamin Britten: A Life in the Twentieth Century, Penguin Books (ISBN 978-0-14-192430-4), 2013, p. 216.
  35. ISBN 9781906791988
    . Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  36. ^ Stephen Spender: A Literary Life
  37. ^ "The Stephen Spender Trust". stephen-spender.org.
  38. ^ "Golden Pen Award, official website". English PEN. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.

Further reading

  • Hynes, Samuel. The Auden Generation. 1976.
  • Spender, Matthew. A House in St John's Wood: In Search of My Parents. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015.
  • Sutherland, John. Stephen Spender: The Authorized Biography. 2004; U.S. edition: Stephen Spender: A Literary Life. 2005.
  • Sutherland, John & Feigel, Lara (eds.) Stephen Spender: New Selected Journals 1939-1995. Faber & Faber, 2012.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Stephen Spender.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Spender.
Library resources about
Stephen Spender
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Spender&oldid=1217893336"