Stephen V of Hungary

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Stephen V
Duke of Slavonia, Duke of Transylvania
Duke of Styria
Reign1258–1260
PredecessorBéla
SuccessorOttokar V
BornBefore 18 October 1239
Died6 August 1272 (aged 32–33)
Csepel Island, Kingdom of Hungary
Burial
Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island (now Margaret Island in Budapest
)
Spouse
​
(m. 1253)​
Issue
Roman Catholic

Stephen V (

Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the age of six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the Great Hungarian Plain
.

King Béla appointed Stephen Duke of Transylvania in 1257 and Duke of Styria in 1258. The local noblemen in Styria, which had been annexed four years before, opposed his rule. Assisted by King Ottokar II of Bohemia, they rebelled and expelled Stephen's troops from most parts of Styria. After Ottokar II routed the united army of Stephen and his father in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 July 1260, Stephen left Styria and returned to Transylvania.

Stephen forced his father to cede all the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary to the east of the Danube to him and adopted the title of junior king in 1262. In two years, a civil war broke out between father and son, because Stephen accused Béla of planning to disinherit him. They concluded a peace treaty in 1266, but confidence was never restored between them. Stephen succeeded his father, who died on 3 May 1270, without difficulties, but his sister Anna and his father's closest advisors fled to the Kingdom of Bohemia. Ottokar II invaded Hungary in the spring of 1271, but Stephen routed him. In next summer, a rebellious lord captured and imprisoned Stephen's son, Ladislaus. Shortly thereafter, Stephen unexpectedly fell ill and died.

Childhood (1239–1245)

Illuminated Chronicle
)

Stephen was the eighth child and first son of King

Emperor of Nicaea.[2] He was born in 1239.[3] Archbishop Robert of Esztergom baptised him on 18 October.[4] The child, heir apparent from birth, was named after Saint Stephen, the first King of Hungary.[5]

Béla and his family, including Stephen, fled to Zagreb after the Mongols had annihilated the royal army in the Battle of Mohi on 11 April 1241.[6] The Mongols crossed the frozen Danube in February 1242 and the royal family ran off as far as the well-fortified Dalmatian town of Trogir.[5][7] The King and his family returned from Dalmatia after the Mongols unexpectedly withdrew from Hungary in March.[8]

Junior king

Duke of Slavonia (1245–1257)

Seal of Elizabeth the Cuman
Seal of Stephen's wife, Elizabeth the Cuman

A royal charter of 1246 mentions Stephen as "King, and

Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia—were administered by royal governors, known as bans.[5][10]

In a letter addressed to Pope Innocent IV in the late 1240s, Béla IV wrote that "[o]n behalf of Christendom we had our son marry a Cuman girl".[11] The bride was Elizabeth, the daughter of a leader of the Cumans whom Béla had invited to settle in the plains along the river Tisza.[12][13] Elizabeth had been baptized, but ten Cuman chieftains present at the ceremony nevertheless took their customary oath upon a dog cut into two by a sword.[14]

Duke of Transylvania and Styria (1257–1260)

When Stephen attained the age of majority in 1257, his father appointed him Duke of Transylvania.[3][15] Stephen's rule in Transylvania was short-lived, because his father transferred him to Styria in 1258.[9][15] Styria had been annexed in 1254, but the local lords rose up in rebellion and expelled Béla IV's governor, Stephen Gutkeled, before Stephen's appointment.[16] Stephen and his father jointly invaded Styria and subdued the rebels.[17] In addition to Styria, Stephen also received two neighboring counties—Vas and Zala—in Hungary from his father.[17][18] He launched a plundering raid in Carinthia in the spring of 1259, in retaliation of Duke Ulrich III of Carinthia's support of the Styrian rebels.[17][19]

Stephen's rule remained unpopular in Styria. With support from King

advance guard, barely escaped from the battlefield.[25] The Peace of Vienna, which was signed on 31 March 1261, put an end to the conflict between Hungary and Bohemia, forcing Béla IV to renounce of Styria in favor of Ottokar II.[24]

Conflicts and civil war (1260–1270)

Vidin Castle
Baba Vida, the medieval fortress at Vidin in Bulgaria: Stephen captured it in 1261

Stephen returned to Transylvania and started to rule it for the second time after 20 August 1260.

Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria.[26] However, the Tsar succeeded in avoiding any clashes with the invaders and Stephen withdrew his troops from Bulgaria by the end of the year.[26]

Stephen's relationship with Béla IV deteriorated in the early 1260s.[27] Stephen's charters reveal his fear of being disinherited and expelled by his father.[27] He also accused some unnamed barons of inciting the old monarch against him.[27] On the other hand, Stephen's charters prove that he made land grants in Bihar, Szatmár, Ugocsa, and other counties which were situated outside Transylvania.[28]

Illuminated Chronicle
)

Archbishops Philip of Esztergom and Smaragd of Kalocsa undertook to mediate after some clashes occurred between the two kings' partisans in the autumn.[29][30] According to the Peace of Pressburg, which was concluded around 25 November, Béla IV and his son divided the country and Stephen received the lands to the east of the Danube.[31][32] When confirming the treaty on 5 December, Stephen also promised that he would not invade Slavonia which had been granted to his younger brother, Béla, by their father.[29] On this occasion, Stephen styled himself "Junior King, Duke of Transylvania and Lord of the Cumans".[29][31]

A Bulgarian nobleman, Despot Jacob Svetoslav sought assistance from Stephen after his domains, which were situated in the regions south of Vidin, were overrun by Byzantine troops in the second half of 1263.[33][34] Stephen sent reinforcements under the command of Ladislaus II Kán, Voivode of Transylvania to Bulgaria.[34] The Voivode routed the Byzantines and drove them out of Bulgaria.[35] Stephen granted Vidin to Jacob Svetoslav who accepted his suzerainty.[35]

The reconciliation of Stephen and his father was only temporary.

Feketehalom (now Codlea, Romania).[37][39] The Judge royal lay siege to the fortress, but Stephen's partisans relieved it.[37][39] Stephen launched a counter-offensive and forced his father's army to retreat.[36][40] He gained a decisive victory over his father's army in the Battle of Isaszeg in March 1265.[20][37] The two archbishops mediated a new consolidation between father and son, which confirmed the 1262 division of the country.[41] Béla and Stephen signed the peace treaty in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on the Rabbits' Island (now Margaret Island in Budapest) on 23 March 1266.[36][42]

During the civil war in Hungary, Stephen's vassal, Despot Jacob Svetoslav submitted himself to Tsar Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria.[43] In the summer of 1266, Stephen invaded Bulgaria, seized Vidin, Pleven and other forts and routed the Bulgarians in five battles.[42][44] Jacob Svetoslav again accepted Stephen's suzerainty and was reinstalled in Vidin.[44] From then on, Stephen used the title "King of Bulgaria" in his charters.[20]

Béla and Stephen together confirmed the liberties of the "

Charles I of Sicily—Stephen's son, Ladislaus married Charles's daughter, Elisabeth, and Charles's namesake son married Stephen's daughter, Mary—strengthened Stephen's international position in 1269.[45][46] Confidence was never restored between Béla and Stephen.[46] On his deathbed, the old King requested King Ottokar II of Bohemia to give shelter to his daughter Anna and his partisans after his death.[46][47]

Reign (1270–1272)

Map of the Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century
King Stephen V as depicted in the Chronica Hungarorum

The senior King died on 3 May 1270.

Borostyánkő (Bernstein, Austria) and their other castles along the western borders to Ottokar II.[20][49] Instead of leaving Hungary, Nicholas Hahót garrisoned Styrian soldiers in his fort at Pölöske, and made plundering raids against the nearby villages.[50] Stephen nominated his own partisans to the highest offices; for instance, Joachim Gutkeled became Ban of Slavonia, and Matthew Csák was appointed Voivode of Transylvania.[49] Stephen granted Esztergom County to Archbishop Philip who crowned him king in Esztergom on or after 17 May.[49][51]

The Polish chronicler

Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia), but they only concluded a truce.[48][49]

Stephen launched a plundering raid into Austria around 21 December.

Nagyszombat (present-day Trnava, Slovakia).[51][54] Ottokar routed Stephen at Pressburg on 9 May, and at Mosonmagyaróvár on 15 May, but Stephen won the decisive battle on the Rábca River on 21 May.[54] Ottokar withdrew from Hungary and Stephen chased his troops as far as Vienna.[54] The two kings' envoys reached an agreement in Pressburg on 2 July.[51][54] According to their treaty, Stephen promised that he would not assist Ottokar's opponents in Carinthia, and Ottokar renounced the castles he and his partisans held in Hungary.[20][54] The Hungarians soon recaptured Kőszeg, Borostyánkő and other fortresses along the western border of Hungary.[54]

Stephen V's funeral crown
Stephen's funeral crown

According to the Life of Stephen's saintly sister,

Szepesség region (present-day Spiš, Slovakia), contributing to the development of their autonomous community.[56] On the other hand, Stephen protected the Archbishop of Esztergom's rights against the conditional nobles of the archbishopric who attempted to get rid of their obligations.[54]

Ban Joachim Gutkeled kidnapped Stephen's ten-year-old son and heir, Ladislaus and imprisoned him in the castle of Koprivnica in the summer of 1272.[20][57] Stephen besieged the fortress, but could not capture it.[57] Stephen fell ill and was taken to the Csepel Island. He died on 6 August 1272.[51] Stephen was buried near to the tomb of his sister, Margaret, in the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island.[58][59]

Family

Stephen's daughter and her family
Stephen's second daughter, Mary, with her husband, Charles II of Naples and their children

Stephen's wife, Elizabeth, was born around 1239, according to historian

Stephen Uroš I of Serbia, in about 1268.[63] Her sister Mary was born around 1257 and married the future Charles II of Naples in 1270.[64] Their grandson Charles Robert became King of Hungary in the first decade of the 14th century.[64]

According to historian Gyula Kristó, Stephen's third (unnamed) daughter was the wife of Despot Jacob Svetoslav.

Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII.[65]

Stephen's first son, Ladislaus IV, was born in 1262.[68] He succeeded his father in 1272.[69] Stephen's youngest child, Andrew, was born in 1268 and died at the age of 10.[69][70]

References

  1. ^ Kristó 2007, p. 238.
  2. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 267, Appendix 4.
  3. ^ a b c Makk 1994, p. 294.
  4. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 146.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 267.
  6. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 148.
  7. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 148–149.
  8. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 149.
  9. ^ a b Bartl et al. 2002, p. 32.
  10. ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 13.
  11. ^ Bárány 2012, p. 353.
  12. ^ Berend 2001, p. 261.
  13. ^ Engel 2001, p. 105.
  14. ^ Berend 2001, pp. 98, 261.
  15. ^ a b c Sălăgean 2005, p. 234.
  16. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 154, 156.
  17. ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 156.
  18. ^ Zsoldos 2007, pp. 16–17.
  19. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 177.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Engel 2001, p. 107.
  21. ^ Kristó 2003, pp. 177–178.
  22. ^ a b Kristó 2003, p. 178.
  23. ^ a b Sălăgean 2005, p. 235.
  24. ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 157.
  25. ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 17.
  26. ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 174.
  27. ^ a b c Zsoldos 2007, p. 11.
  28. ^ Zsoldos 2007, pp. 21–23.
  29. ^ a b c Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 158.
  30. ^ Zsoldos 2007, pp. 19–21.
  31. ^ a b c Sălăgean 2005, p. 236.
  32. ^ a b c Zsoldos 2007, p. 21.
  33. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 175–176.
  34. ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 159.
  35. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 177.
  36. ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 270.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 160.
  38. ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 48.
  39. ^ a b Makkai 1994, p. 203.
  40. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 106–107.
  41. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 160–161.
  42. ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 161.
  43. ^ Fine 1994, p. 178.
  44. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 179.
  45. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 120.
  46. ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 271.
  47. ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 163.
  48. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 272.
  49. ^ a b c d e f Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 164.
  50. ^ Zsoldos 2007, p. 127.
  51. ^ a b c d Bartl et al. 2002, p. 33.
  52. ^ a b The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1270), p. 213.
  53. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, pp. 164–165.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 165.
  55. ^ a b Klaniczay 2002, p. 224.
  56. ^ Segeš 2011, p. 44.
  57. ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 166.
  58. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 273.
  59. ^ Klaniczay 2002, p. 225.
  60. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 268.
  61. ^ Klaniczay 2002, p. 439.
  62. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 268, Appendix 5.
  63. ^ Fine 1994, p. 203.
  64. ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 271, Appendix 5.
  65. ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. Appendix 5.
  66. ^ Klaniczay 2002, p. 262.
  67. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 279, Appendix 5.
  68. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 274, Appendix 5.
  69. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 274.
  70. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 173.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen V of Hungary.
Stephen V of Hungary
House of Árpád
Born: before 18 October 1239 Died: 6 August 1272
Regnal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Coloman
 		Duke of Slavonia
1245–1257 		Vacant
Title next held by
Béla
Vacant
Title last held by
Béla 		Duke of Transylvania
1257–1258
1260–1270 		Vacant
Title next held by
Louis
Preceded by
Béla IV
Duke of Styria

1258–1260 		Succeeded by
Croatia

1270–1272 		Succeeded by
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