Stephen of Anjou
Stephen | |
---|---|
Duke of Transylvania, Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia | |
John, Duke of Slavonia Elizabeth, Princess of Taranto | |
House | Capetian House of Anjou |
Father | Charles I of Hungary |
Mother | Elizabeth of Poland |
Stephen (Hungarian: István; 20 August 1332 – 9 August 1354) was a Hungarian royal prince of the Capetian House of Anjou. He was the youngest son of Charles I of Hungary and Elizabeth of Poland to survive childhood. He was styled as duke of Slavonia from 1339 to 1346, but he had no role in the government of the province. Stephen's separate household was set up in 1349. In this year, he received the counties of Szepes and Sáros from his brother, Louis I of Hungary. Louis made him duke of Transylvania in late 1349, but soon appointed him to administer Slavonia.
Stephen was regarded as his childless brother's heir. He and his mother governed the kingdom during
Youth
Stephen was the youngest of five sons born to
Stephen was first mentioned in a
Charles I died on 16 July 1342.[11] During the first years of the reign of his brother, Louis, Stephen was only sporadically mentioned in official documents.[6] At Stephen's request, the judge royal, Paul Nagymartoni, deferred a hearing in 1343 and exempted a nobleman of paying a fine in 1344.[6] Stephen was regularly mentioned in his brother's charters of grant from May 1345, evidencing that he had become a member of the royal council.[12]
Stephen's brother, Andrew, who had married Joanna I of Naples, was murdered on 18 September 1345.[13] Louis I of Hungary accused Joanna of staging the plot against Andrew.[14] Louis entered into correspondence with Pope Clement VI, demanding her punishment.[15] From early 1346, Louis also urged the pope to grant the Kingdom of Naples to him or to Stephen.[15] The pope styled Stephen as duke or duke of Transylvania in his letters addressed to Louis, but the Hungarian documents consequently referred to him as the "duke of all Slavonia" in 1345 and 1346.[15] Louis conquered significant territories during his first campaign in southern Italy in 1347 and 1348, but after he returned to Hungary, Joanna and her second husband, Louis of Taranto, expelled Louis' troops from most fortresses.[14]
Duke
Stephen was given a household of his own and he also received the counties of Szepes and Sáros in the summer of 1349.[8][16] The first reference to a member of Stephen's household was recorded on 11 June.[17] Historian Éva B. Halász says, the establishment of Stephen's own household was most probably connected to his brother's negotiations with the papal legate, Guy of Boulogne.[16] Louis I proposed that Stephen should marry Joanna I's sister and heir, Maria, and the pope should grant Naples to Stephen.[16]
Stephen styled himself as "lord of Szepes and Sáros" in his two charters in 1349.
Stephen had already been regarded the childless Louis's heir.[19][20] Before departing for his second Neapolitan campaign in 1350, Louis I appointed Stephen and their mother his lieutenants.[14][19] Stephen was again made duke of Transylvania in November or October 1350, after Louis's return from Naples.[21] He visited Transylvania and issued a charter in Felvinc (now Unirea in Romania) in January 1351.[21] He styled himself duke of Transylvania for the last time on 18 October 1351.[21]
Stephen again governed Szepes and Sáros, bearing the title of duke, from late 1351 to early 1353.[21] Thereafter, Louis I appointed him to administer Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia, most probably because the relationship of Hungary and the neighboring powers, Venice and Serbia, had become tense.[21] His relationship with his tutor had worsened for unknown reason and Ladislaus described Stephen as a new Nero in a letter addressed to the pope.[6] Stephen accompanied Louis against Serbia in the summer of 1354.[22] Stephen died for unknown reasons during his return from the campaign on 9 August 1354.[22] He was buried in the Zagreb Cathedral, according to local tradition, first recorded in 1760.[22]
Family
Ancestors of Stephen of Anjou Klementia of Habsburg | | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11. Gertrude of Hohenberg | |||||||||||||||||||
1. Stephen of Anjou | |||||||||||||||||||
24. Konrad I of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||
12. Casimir I of Kuyavia | |||||||||||||||||||
25. Agafia of Rus | |||||||||||||||||||
6. Władysław I of Poland | |||||||||||||||||||
26. Casimir I of Opole | |||||||||||||||||||
13. Euphrosyne of Opole | |||||||||||||||||||
27. Viola of (?) Bulgaria | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Elisabeth of Poland | |||||||||||||||||||
28. Władysław Odonic of Greater Poland | |||||||||||||||||||
14. Bolesław the Pious | |||||||||||||||||||
29. Jadwiga | |||||||||||||||||||
7. Jadwiga of Kalisz | |||||||||||||||||||
30. Béla IV of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||
15. Yolanda of Hungary | |||||||||||||||||||
31. Maria Laskarina | |||||||||||||||||||
Plans about the marriage of Stephen and
Margaret gave birth to a daughter and a son.
See also
References
- ^ a b B. Halász 2016, p. 81.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 137.
- ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: (ch. 210), p. 148.
- ^ B. Halász 2016, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 33, 140.
- ^ a b c d B. Halász 2016, p. 83.
- ^ a b c B. Halász 2016, p. 82.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 157.
- ^ Knoll 1972, p. 98.
- ^ Knoll 1972, p. 137.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 138.
- ^ B. Halász 2016, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 159.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 160.
- ^ a b c d e B. Halász 2016, p. 84.
- ^ a b c d B. Halász 2016, p. 86.
- ^ B. Halász 2016, pp. 86–87.
- ^ a b c B. Halász 2016, p. 87.
- ^ a b B. Halász 2016, p. 88.
- ^ a b Csukovits 1994, p. 294.
- ^ a b c d e f B. Halász 2016, p. 89.
- ^ a b c B. Halász 2016, p. 91.
- ^ Dümmerth 1982, pp. 62–63, Appendix.
- ^ Franzl 2002, pp. 279–280.
- ^ Knoll 1972, pp. 15, 19, Appendix B.
- ^ Halecki 1991, pp. 366–367.
- ^ B. Halász 2016, pp. 84, 88.
- ^ Knoll 1972, p. 197.
- ^ a b B. Halász 2016, p. 92.
- ^ B. Halász 2016, p. 93.
- ^ B. Halász 2016, pp. 92–93.
Sources
Primary sources
- The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing. ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.
Secondary sources
- B. Halász, Éva (2016). "Anjou István herceg (1332–1354)". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.). Hercegek és hercegségek a középkori Magyarországon [Dukes and Dukedoms in Medieval Hungary] (in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. pp. 81–93. ISBN 978-963-8406-13-2.
- Csukovits, Enikő (1994). "Stephen 7.". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 294. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
- Dümmerth, Dezső (1982). Az Anjou-ház nyomában [On the House of Anjou] (in Hungarian). Panoráma. ISBN 963-243-179-0.
- ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Franzl, Johan (2002). I. Rudolf: Az első Habsburg a német trónon [Rudolph I: The First Habsburg on the German Throne] (in Hungarian). Corvina. ISBN 963-13-5138-6.
- ISBN 0-88033-206-9.
- Knoll, Paul W. (1972). The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320–1370. The ISBN 0-226-44826-6.
Further reading
- ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
- Halász, Éva (2005). "Anjou István hercegsége (1332–1354) [Stephen of Anjou's Dukedom (1332–1354)]" (PDF). Fons (in Hungarian). 12 (1): 29–69. ISSN 1217-8020.
- ISSN 0237-7934.
- Spekner, Enikő (2002). "Adalékok a budavári István torony névadójának kérdéséhez [Contributions to the Question of the Eponym of Stephen's Tower in Buda Castle]". Budapest Régiségei. 35 (2). Budapesti Történeti Múzeum: 403–425.
- Teiszler, Éva (2015). "Anjou István herceg pecsétjei [The Seals of Prince Stephan of Anjou]". In Tóber, Márta; Maléth, Ágnes (eds.). Középkortörténeti tanulmányok 8 (in Hungarian). ISBN 978-963-315-242-3.