Steppe
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In physical geography, a steppe (/stɛp/) is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.[1] Steppe biomes may include:
- the montane grasslands and shrublands biome
- the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome
- the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome
A steppe is usually covered with grass and shrubs, depending on the season and latitude. The term steppe climate denotes a semi-arid climate, which is encountered in regions too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert.
Steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid or continental[citation needed] climate. Extremes can be recorded in the summer of up to 45 °C (115 °F) and in winter of down to −55 °C (−65 °F). Besides this major seasonal difference, fluctuations between day and night are also very great. In both the highlands of Mongolia and northern Nevada, 30 °C (85 °F) can be reached during the day with sub-freezing readings at night.
Steppes average 250–500 mm (10–20 in) of annual
Classification
Steppe can be classified by climate:[2]
- Temperate steppe: the true steppe, found in continental climates[failed verification] can be further subdivided, as in the Rocky Mountains Steppes[2]
- Subtropical steppe: a similar association of plants occurring in the driest areas with a Mediterranean climate[failed verification]; it usually has a short wet period
It can also be classified by vegetation type, e.g.
Cold steppe
The world's largest steppe region, often referred to as "the
The inner parts of
are largely dominated by cold steppe.The
In South America, cold steppe can be found in Patagonia and much of the high elevation regions east of the southern Andes.
Relatively small steppe areas can be found in the interior of the South Island of New Zealand.
In
Subtropical steppe
In Europe, some Mediterranean areas have a steppe-like vegetation, such as central Sicily in Italy, southern Portugal, parts of Greece in the southern Athens area,[4] and central-eastern Spain, especially the southeastern coast (around Murcia), and places cut off from adequate moisture due to rain shadow effects such as Zaragoza.
In
In Australia, subtropical steppe can be found in a belt surrounding the most severe deserts of the continent and around the Musgrave Ranges.
In North America this environment is typical of transition areas between zones with a Mediterranean climate and true deserts, such as Reno, Nevada, the inner part of California, and much of western Texas and adjacent areas in Mexico.
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Steppe in Mongolia
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Steppe in Kazakhstan
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Steppe in Turkey
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Steppe in Russia
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Steppe in Hungary
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Steppe in Kherson, Ukraine
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Southern Siberian steppe: windbreaker trees in the wintertime
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Cold Patagonian steppe near Fitz Roy, Argentina
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A guanaco in the Patagonian steppe nearTorres del Paine, Chile
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Prairie in Alberta, Canada
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Steppe in West Texas
See also
References
- ^
Compare:
Chibilyov, Alexander (2002). "Steppe and Forest-steppe". In Shahgedanova, Maria (ed.). The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia. Oxford regional environments. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2003). p. 248. ISBN 9780198233848. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
There are many definitions of steppes. For example, Allan (1946) provides fifty-four definitions of this term. Stamp and Clark (1979) define steppes as 'mid-latitude areas dominated by herbaceous vegetation and termed locally steppes, prairies, pampas, high veldts, downland, etc.'
- ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- ISBN 9780691148182. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
[...] the critical era when innovative Proto-Indo-European dialects began to spread across the steppes.
- ^ "Hellinikon". HNMS.gr. Greece: Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
Sources
- Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-land Birds by Manuel B.Morales, Santi Mañosa, Jordi Camprodón, Gerard Bota. International Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of steppe-land birds. Lleida, Spain. December 2004.ISBN 84-87334-99-7
External links
- "The Steppes". barramedasoft.com.ar. 1998–2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.