Szczecin
Szczecin | |
---|---|
Stare Miasto; Red Town Hall; and Szczecin Philharmonic | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | PL-70-017 to 71–871 |
Area code | +48 91 |
Car plates | ZS |
Climate | Cfb |
Primary airport | Solidarity Szczecin–Goleniów Airport |
Website | www |
Szczecin (
Szczecin is located on the
Szczecin is the administrative and industrial centre of West Pomeranian Voivodeship and is the site of the
Name and etymology
Szczecin and Stettin are the Polish and German equivalents of the same name, which is of
In her Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names of Poland, Maria Malec lists 11 theories regarding the origin of the name, including derivations from either: an Old Slavic word for 'hill peak' (Polish: szczyt), the plant fuller's teasel (Polish: szczeć), or the personal name Szczota.[14]Other medieval names for the town are Burstaborg (in the Knytlinga saga)[11][15] and Burstenburgh (in the Annals of Waldemar).[11][15] These names, which literally mean 'brush burgh', are likely derived from the translation of the city's Slavic name (assuming derivation No. 2 for that).[15]
History
Middle Ages
The recorded history of Szczecin began in the eighth century, as Vikings[16] and West Slavs settled Pomerania. The West Slavs, or Lechites, erected a new stronghold on the site of the modern castle.[17] Since the 9th century, the stronghold was fortified and expanded toward the
After the decline of the neighbouring regional centre Wolin in the 12th century, the city became one of the more important and powerful seaports of the Baltic Sea.[21][22]
In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122,
Polish rule ended with Boleslaw's death in 1138.
After the
In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen ("multus populus Teutonicorum"[48] from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St. Jacob's Church, which was donated in 1180[48] by Beringer, a trader from Bamberg, and consecrated in 1187.[48][49] Hohenkrug (now in Szczecin Struga) was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania that was clearly recorded as German (villa teutonicorum) in 1173.[50] Ostsiedlung accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century.[51] Duke Barnim I of Pomerania granted Szczecin a local government charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around the St. Nicholas Church in the neighbourhood of Kessin (Polish: Chyzin). In the charter, the Slavs were put under Germanic jurisdiction.[52]
When Barnim granted Szczecin Magdeburg rights in 1243, part of the Slavic settlement was reconstructed.[53] The duke had to promise to level the burgh in 1249.[54] Most Slavic inhabitants were resettled to two new suburbs north and south of the town.[55]
In 1249, Barnim I also granted Magdeburg town privileges to the town of Damm (also known as Altdamm) on the eastern bank of the Oder.
On 2 December 1261, Barnim I allowed Jewish settlement in Szczecin in accordance with the Magdeburg law, in a privilege renewed in 1308 and 1371.[59] The Jewish Jordan family was granted citizenship in 1325, but none of the 22 Jews allowed to settle in the duchy in 1481 lived in the city, and in 1492, all Jews in the duchy were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave – this order remained effective throughout the rest of the Griffin era.[59]
In 1273, in Szczecin duke of Poznań and future King of Poland Przemysł II married princess Ludgarda, granddaughter of Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania, in order to strengthen the alliance between the two rulers.[60]
Szczecin was part of the federation of Wendish towns, a predecessor of the Hanseatic League, in 1283.[61] The city prospered due to its participation in the Baltic Sea trade, primarily with herring, grain, and timber; craftsmanship also prospered, and more than forty guilds were established in the city.[62] The far-reaching autonomy granted by the House of Griffins was in part reduced when the dukes reclaimed Stettin as their main residence in the late 15th century.[62] The anti-Slavic policies of German merchants and craftsmen intensified in this period, resulting in measures such as bans on people of Slavic descent joining craft guilds, a doubling of customs tax for Slavic merchants, and bans against public usage of their native language.[10] The more prosperous Slavic citizens were forcibly stripped of their possessions, which were then handed over to Germans.[10] In 1514, the guild of tailors added a Wendenparagraph to its statutes, banning Slavs.[63]
While not as heavily affected by medieval witchhunts as other regions of the empire, there are reports of the burning of three women and one man convicted of witchcraft in 1538.[64]
In 1570, during the reign of John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania, a congress was held at Stettin ending the Northern Seven Years' War. During the war, Stettin had tended to side with Denmark, while Stralsund tended toward Sweden – as a whole, however, the Duchy of Pomerania tried to maintain neutrality.[65] Nevertheless, a Landtag that had met in Stettin in 1563 introduced a sixfold rise in real estate taxes to finance the raising of a mercenary army for the duchy's defence.[65] Johann Friedrich also succeeded in elevating Stettin to one of only three places allowed to coin money in the Upper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two places being Leipzig and Berlin.[66] Bogislaw XIV, who resided in Stettin beginning in 1620, became the sole ruler and Griffin duke when Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania died in 1625. Before the Thirty Years' War reached Pomerania, the city, as well as the entire duchy, declined economically due to the decrease in importance of the Hanseatic League and a conflict between Stettin and Frankfurt an der Oder.[67]
17th to 18th centuries
Following the
The city was on the path of Polish forces led by
Wars inhibited the city's economic prosperity, which had undergone a deep crisis during the devastation of the Thirty Years' War and was further impeded by the new Swedish-Brandenburg-Prussian frontier, cutting Stettin off from its traditional Farther Pomeranian hinterland.[62] Due to a Plague during the Great Northern War, the city's population dropped from 6,000 people in 1709 to 4,000 in 1711.[72] In 1720, after the Great Northern War, Sweden was forced to cede the city to King Frederick William I of Prussia. Stettin was made the capital city of the Prussian Pomeranian province, since 1815 reorganised as the Province of Pomerania. In 1816, the city had 26,000 inhabitants.[73]
The Prussian administration deprived the city of its right to administrative autonomy, abolished guild privileges as well as its status as a staple town, and subsidised manufacturers.[69] Also, colonists were settled in the city, primarily French Huguenots.[69] The French established a prosperous community, greatly contributed to the city's economic revival, and were treated with reluctance by the German burghers and city authorities.[74]
19th to 20th centuries
In October 1806, during the War of the Fourth Coalition, believing that he was facing a much larger force, and after receiving a threat of harsh treatment of the city, the Prussian commander Lieutenant General Friedrich von Romberg agreed to surrender the city to the French led by General Lasalle.[75] In fact, Lasalle had only 800 men against von Romberg's 5,300 men. In March 1809 Romberg was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for giving up Stettin without a fight. In 1809, also Polish troops were stationed in the city, while the French remained until 1813.
From 1683 to 1812, one Jew was permitted to reside in Stettin, and an additional Jew was allowed to spend a night in the city in case of "urgent business".
After the
Until 1873, Stettin remained a fortress.[69] When part of the defensive structures were levelled, a new neighbourhood, Neustadt ("New Town") as well as water pipes, sewerage and drainage, and gas works were built to meet the demands of the growing population.[69]
Stettin developed into a major Prussian port and became part of the
On 20 October 1890, some of the city's Poles created the "Society of Polish-Catholic Workers" in the city, one of the first Polish organisations.
During the interwar period, Stettin was Weimar Germany's largest port on the Baltic Sea, and her third-largest port after Hamburg and Bremen.[81] Cars of the Stoewer automobile company were produced in Stettin from 1899 to 1945. By 1939, the Reichsautobahn Berlin–Stettin was completed.[69]
Stettin played a major role as an entrepôt in the development of the Scottish herring trade with the Continent, peaking at an annual export of more than 400,000 barrels in 1885, 1894 and 1898. Trade flourished until the outbreak of the First World War and resumed on a reduced scale during the years between the wars.[82]
In the March 1933 German elections to the Reichstag, the Nazis and German nationalists from the German National People's Party (or DNVP) won most of the votes in the city, together winning 98,626 of 165,331 votes (59.3%), with the NSDAP getting 79,729 (47.9%) and the DNVP 18,897 (11.4%).[83]
In 1935, the Wehrmacht made Stettin the headquarters for Wehrkreis II, which controlled the military units in all of Mecklenburg and Pomerania. It was also the area headquarters for units stationed at Stettin I and II; Swinemünde (Świnoujście); Greifswald; and Stralsund.
In the interwar period, the Polish minority numbered 2,000 people,[10][84] less than 1% of the city's population at that time.[78] A number of Poles were members of the Union of Poles in Germany (ZPN), which was active in the city from 1924.[85] A Polish consulate was located in the city between 1925 and 1939.[86] On the initiative of the consulate[86] and ZPN activist Maksymilian Golisz,[87] a number of Polish institutions were established, e.g., a Polish Scout team and a Polish school.[10][86] German historian Musekamp writes, "however, only very few Poles were active in these institutions, which for the most part were headed by employees of the [Polish] consulate."[87] The withdrawal of the consulate from these institutions led to a general decline of these activities, which were in part upheld by Golisz and Aleksander Omieczyński.[88] Intensified repressions by the Nazis,[10][84] who exaggerated the Polish activities to propagate an infiltration,[87] led to the closing of the school.[10] In 1938, the head of Szczecin's Union of Poles unit, Stanisław Borkowski, was imprisoned in Oranienburg.[10] In 1939, all Polish organisations in Stettin were disbanded by the German authorities.[10] Golisz and Omieczyński were murdered during the war.[10] After the defeat of Nazi Germany, a street was named after Golisz.[87] According to German historian Jan Musekamp, the activities of the Polish pre-war organizations were exaggerated after World War II for propaganda purposes.[89]
World War II
During
On 15 October 1939, neighbouring municipalities were joined to Stettin, creating Groß-Stettin, with about 380,000 inhabitants, in 1940.[69] The city had become the third-largest German city by area, after Berlin and Hamburg.[91]
As the war started, the number of non-Germans in the city increased as slave workers were brought in. The first transports came in 1939 from Bydgoszcz, Toruń and Łódź. They were mainly used in a synthetic silk factory near Stettin.[10] The next wave of slave workers was brought in 1940, in addition to PoWs who were used for work in the agricultural industry.[10] According to German police reports from 1940, 15,000 Polish slave workers lived within the city.[10][92]
During the war, 135 forced labour camps for slave workers were established in the city. Most of the 25,000 slave workers were Poles, but Czechs, Italians, Frenchmen and Belgians, as well as Dutch citizens, were also enslaved in the camps.[10] A Nazi prison was also operated in the city, with forced labour subcamps in the region.[93]
In February 1940,
Allied air raids in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German and Soviet armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport, and local industries. Polish Home Army intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.[96] The city itself was covered by the Home Army's "Bałtyk" structure, and Polish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards.[97][98] Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people to Sweden.[99]
The Soviet Red Army captured the city on 26 April 1945. While the majority of the almost 400,000 inhabitants had left the city, between 6,000 and 20,000 inhabitants remained in late April.[100]
On 28 April 1945 Polish authorities tried to gain control,
Post-war
While in 1945 the number of pre-war inhabitants dropped to 57,215 on 31 October 1945, the
Szczecin was rebuilt, and the city's industry was expanded. At the same time, Szczecin became a major Polish industrial centre and an important seaport (particularly for
The city witnessed
Szczecin has been the capital of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999.
Geography
Climate
Szczecin has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with some humid continental (Dfb) characteristics in normal not updated, typical of Western Pomerania. The winters are colder than on the immediate coast and the summers are warm, but still with some moderation, especially due to the Baltic Sea.[119]
The average air temperature in Szczecin ranges from 8 to 8.4 °C. The hottest month is July with a temperature of 15.8 °C to 20.3 °C, the coldest January from -4.1 °C to 2.6 °C. Air temperature below 0 °C occurs on average over 86 days a year, most frequently in January and February. The average annual rainfall is 537 mm, the average rainfall in the cool half-year is 225 mm, and in the warmer half-year is 350 mm. On average, 167 days with precipitation occurs.[120]
Climate data for Szczecin (Szczecin Dąbie), elevation: 1 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.3 (99.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
37.8 (100.0) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
31.8 (89.2) |
25.7 (78.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
14.7 (58.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.9 (35.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −30.0 (−22.0) |
−28.7 (−19.7) |
−23.1 (−9.6) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.3 (32.5) |
4.4 (39.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40.0 (1.57) |
32.8 (1.29) |
38.4 (1.51) |
31.2 (1.23) |
55.8 (2.20) |
59.1 (2.33) |
76.2 (3.00) |
60.3 (2.37) |
47.7 (1.88) |
43.5 (1.71) |
39.0 (1.54) |
43.0 (1.69) |
567.1 (22.33) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 3.6 (1.4) |
4.0 (1.6) |
1.9 (0.7) |
0.4 (0.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.7 (0.3) |
2.3 (0.9) |
4.0 (1.6) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.13 | 14.54 | 13.53 | 11.07 | 13.57 | 13.07 | 14.17 | 13.10 | 11.93 | 14.07 | 14.60 | 16.87 | 166.64 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) | 7.6 | 6.9 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 4.7 | 23.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87.1 | 83.3 | 78.2 | 70.8 | 71.5 | 72.9 | 74.4 | 75.9 | 81.2 | 85.5 | 89.1 | 89.0 | 79.9 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −1 (30) |
−1 (30) |
0 (32) |
3 (37) |
8 (46) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
3 (37) |
0 (32) |
6 (42) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 42.7 | 66.7 | 121.2 | 199.3 | 244.5 | 242.3 | 246.3 | 230.3 | 160.0 | 105.7 | 47.4 | 32.2 | 1,738.6 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),[129][130][131] Weather Atlas (UV),[132] Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)[133] |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Architecture and urban planning
Szczecin's architectural style is due to trends popular in the last half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century: Academic art and Art Nouveau. In many areas built after 1945, especially in the city centre, which had been destroyed due to Allied bombing, social realism is prevalent.
The city has an abundance of green areas: parks and avenues – wide streets with trees planted in the island separating opposing traffic (where often tram tracks are laid); and roundabouts. Szczecin's city plan resembles that of Paris, mostly because Szczecin was rebuilt in the 1880s according to a design by Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who had redesigned Paris under Napoléon III.[134] This pattern of street design is still used in Szczecin, as many recently built (or modified) city areas include roundabouts and avenues.[134]
During the city's reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, the communist authorities of Poland wanted the city's architecture to reflect an old Polish
The ruins of the
The Gothic monuments preserved to this day are parts of European Route of Brick Gothic, along with monuments of other Pomeranian cities, e.g. Stargard, Kamień Pomorski, Sławno and Chełmno.
A portion of the Szczecin Landscape Park in the forest of Puszcza Bukowa lies within Szczecin's boundaries.
Szczecin contains 28 extant historic water pumps, known as Szczecin pumps or Berliners, which are a popular tourist attraction due to their colorful and intricate design.[141]
Municipal administration
The city is administratively divided into districts (Polish: dzielnica), which are further divided into smaller neighbourhoods. The governing bodies of the latter serve the role of auxiliary local government bodies called Neighbourhood Councils (Polish: Rady Osiedla). Elections for neighbourhood councils are held up to six months after each City Council election. Voter turnout is rather low (on 20 May 2007 it ranged from 1.03% to 27.75% and was 3.78% on average). Councillors are responsible mostly for small infrastructure like trees, park benches, playgrounds, etc. Other functions are mostly advisory.
- Dzielnica Śródmieście (City Centre) includes: .
- Dzielnica Północ (North) includes: Bukowo, Golęcino-Gocław, Niebuszewo, Skolwin, Stołczyn, Warszewo, Żelechowa.
- Dzielnica Zachód (West) includes: Arkońskie-Niemierzyn, Głębokie-Pilchowo, Gumieńce, Krzekowo-Bezrzecze, Osów, Pogodno, Pomorzany, Świerczewo, Zawadzkiego-Klonowica.
- Dzielnica Prawobrzeże (Right-Bank) includes: Załom, Zdroje, Żydowce-Klucz.
Other historical neighbourhoods
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1600 | 5,000 | — |
1720 | 6,081 | +21.6% |
1740 | 12,300 | +102.3% |
1812 | 21,255 | +72.8% |
1840 | 35,300 | +66.1% |
1852 | 48,028 | +36.1% |
1861 | 58,487 | +21.8% |
1872 | 76,000 | +29.9% |
1885 | 99,543 | +31.0% |
1905 | 224,119 | +125.1% |
1939 | 383,000 | +70.9% |
1946 | 72,948 | −81.0% |
1950 | 178,907 | +145.3% |
1960 | 269,318 | +50.5% |
1970 | 338,000 | +25.5% |
1980 | 388,322 | +14.9% |
1990 | 413,437 | +6.5% |
2000 | 416,657 | +0.8% |
2010 | 405,606 | −2.7% |
2020 | 398,255 | −1.8% |
source [142] |
Since the 12th-century Christianization of the city, the majority of the population were Catholics, then since the Renaissance era, up to the end of World War II, the vast majority of the population were Lutheran Protestants, and since 1945, the majority are again Catholics. Historically, the number of inhabitants doubled from 6,081 in 1720,[143] to 12,360 in 1740,[143] and reached 21,255 in 1812, with only 476 Catholics and 5 Jews.[143] By 1852 the population was 48,028,[143] and 58,487 ten years later (1861), including 1,065 Catholics and 1,438 Jews.[143] In 1885, it was 99,543,[83] and by 1905 it ballooned to 224,119 settlers (incl. the military), among them 209,152 Protestants, 8,635 Catholics and 3,010 Jews.[144] In 1939, the number of inhabitants reached 268,421 persons according to German sources including 233,424 Protestants, 10,845 Catholics, and 1,102 Jews.[83][145] The current population of Szczecin by comparison was 406,427 in 2009. Following the Revolution of Dignity, Szczecin, much like most other major urban centers in Poland, saw an unprecedented influx of foreign nationals, an overwhelming majority of them Ukrainians; in July 2017 26 thousand of them were officially registered as living and working in Szczecin, with unofficial estimates going as high as 50 thousand, thus making up more than 10% of the city's inhabitants.[146]
- Number of inhabitants over the centuries
Politics
Recently[
Members of European Parliament (MEPs) from Szczecin
- Sławomir Nitras, PO, former MP in the Polish lower house of Parliament.
- Bogusław Liberadzki, SLD-UP, economist, former Minister of Transport.
- Marek Gróbarczyk, PiS, engineer and manager, Minister of Maritime Economy.
Museums and galleries
- National Museum in Szczecin (Polish Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie) is the largest cultural institution in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has branches:
- The Main Building of Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie, Wały Chrobrego 3 Street.[149]
- Szczecin's History Museum (Polish Muzeum Historii Szczecina) in the Old Town Hall, Szczecin, Księcia Mściwoja II Street.[149]
- The Old Art Gallery of the National Museum, Staromłyńska Street 27.[149]
- The Museum of Contemporary Art, Staromłyńska 1 Street.[149]
- The
- Planned investments: Dialogue Center Breakthroughs (Polish Centrum Dialogu Przełomy)[150] and Maritime Science Centre (Polish Muzeum Morskie – Centrum Nauki).
- Literature Museum (Polish Muzeum Literatury)[151]
- EUREKA – the miracles of science.[152]
- The Castle Museum (Polish Muzeum Zamkowe) in the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin.
- Museum of Technology and Communication – Art Depot (Polish Muzeum Techniki i Komunikacji – Zajezdnia Sztuki).[153]
Arts and entertainment
There are a few theatres and cinemas in Szczecin:
- The Castle Cinema (Polish Kino Zamek)
- Pionier 1909 Cinema (Polish Kino Pionier 1909)
- Kana Theatre (Polish Teatr Kana)
- Modern Theatre (Polish Teatr Współczesny)
- Opera in the Castle (Polish Opera na Zamku)
- Polish Theatre in Szczecin(Polish Teatr Polski w Szczecinie
- The Cellar by the Vault Cabaret (Polish Kabaret Piwnica przy Krypcie)
- The Crypt Theatre (Polish Teatr Krypta)
- The Pleciuga Puppetry Theatre[154] (Polish Teatr Lalek Pleciuga)
- The Niema Theatre (Polish Teatr Niema)
- Szczecin Philharmonic
and many historic places as:
- Bismarck tower Szczecin
- (ruins of) The Quistorp's Tower (Polish Wieża Quistorpa)
- Napoleon mound (at the intersection of Klonowica Street and Unii Lubelskiej Street)
The statue, Monument of Sailor stands at the Grunwald Square at John Paul II Avenue.
Local cuisine
The local cuisine in Szczecin was mostly shaped in the mid-20th century by people who settled in the city from other parts and regions of Poland, including the former
Pasztecik szczeciński is a deep-fried yeast dough stuffed with meat or vegetarian filling, served in specialised bars as a fast food. The first bar serving pasztecik szczeciński, Bar "Pasztecik", founded in 1969, is located on Wojska Polskiego Avenue 46 in the centre of Szczecin. Pasztecik szczeciński is usually served with clear borscht.[156]
Paprykarz szczeciński is a paste made by mixing fish paste (around 50%) with rice, onion, tomato concentrate, vegetable oil, salt and a mixture of spices including chili powder to put it on a sandwich. It is available in most grocery stores in the country.[156]
Szczecin gingerbread (pierniki szczecińskie) is a traditional local gingerbread glazed with chocolate or sugar with decorations mostly referring either to the city's architecture or to maritime motifs.[157]
Szczecin beer (piwo szczecińskie) includes various types of traditional local Polish beer: light, amber, and wheat beer.[158] The city's brewing traditions go back over a thousand years.[158]
The word "szczeciński" or "szczecińskie" in the names of the products is an adjective from the name of the city of Szczecin, the place of its origin.
Sports
There are many popular professional sports teams in Szczecin area. The most popular sport today is probably football thanks to Pogoń Szczecin. Amateur sports are played by thousands of Szczecin citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).
Professional teams
- Pogoń Szczecin – football team, which competes in the Ekstraklasa (country's top division), as of 2022–23
- Wilki Morskie Szczecin – basketball team, which competes in the Polish Basketball League (country's top division), as of 2022–23
- Sandra SPA Pogoń Szczecin – men's handball team playing in the Superliga (top division), as of 2022–23
- SPR Pogoń Szczecin – women's handball team, three times Polish champions (as of 2022)[update]
- Arkonia Szczecin – football team, which competes in the lower divisions, but played in the top division in the past
- KS Stal Szczecin – 15 youth and junior teams, 1 senior, being in 4th regional league in the 2008/2009 season
- Pogoń Szczecin – women's football team, playing in the Ekstraliga (top division), as of 2022–23
- KS Piast Szczecin – women's volleyball team, (Seria A in the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons)
- Łącznościowiec Szczecin - women's handball team
- OSoT Szczecin - trains Polish and foreign pole jumpers
- SEJK Pogoń Szczecin - sailing team
- Wicher Warszewo – futsal team playing in Środowiskowa Liga Futsalu (Futsal League) – two regional Futsal League: 2nd place in 2006/2007 season – promotion in the first regional Futsal League
- Husaria Szczecin – American football team playing in Polish American Football League
- Szczecin Dukes – senior baseball team
As can be seen above, many teams in Szczecin are named after
Amateur leagues
- Halowa Amatorska Liga Pilkarska – Hall Amateur Football League[159]
- Halowa Liga Pilki Noznej – Hall Football League
- Szczecinska Liga Amatorskiej Koszykowki – Szczecin Amateur Basketball League[160]
- Szczecinska Amatorska Liga Pilki Siatkowej – Szczecin Amateur Volleyball League[161] – women league, 1st, 2nd and 3rd men league
- Elita Professional Sport – Elita Hall Football League[162] – 1st and 2nd league, futsal cup
- Kaskada Szczecin Rugby Club – club rugby[163] – 7 and 15 league, rugby cup
Cyclic events
Every year in September the men's tennis tournament
Economy and transport
Economy
Szczecin is a center of the maritime economy; it employs 13279 people. The seaport of Szczecin serves shipowners from all over the world and is the home port of two shipping companies: Polsteam and Euroafrica. In addition, other maritime-related companies are headquartered here.
In 2013, a subzone of the Szczecin-Kostrzyn-Slubice Special Economic Zone was established.[164]
As of September 2016, the number of registered unemployed in Szczecin included about 8,400 residents, representing an unemployment rate of 5.0% to the economically active population.[165]
The average employee salary in October 2012 was PLN 3807.73, with the number of employed workers in Szczecin - 90,754 people. According to data from the District Labor Office in Szczecin, effective January 1, 2023, the minimum wage is PLN 3490, while the average salary of residents of the capital of West Pomerania is at PLN 6733.49.[166]
In 2009, the average gross monthly salary in the enterprise sector in Szczecin was PLN 3439.94.
Szczecin's GDP is PLN 20.255 billion, which is 1/3 of the GDP of the entire province. There are 49497 zlotys per capita, about 40% more than the result for the province.
Air
Szczecin is served by Solidarity Szczecin–Goleniów Airport, which is 47 kilometres (29 miles) northeast of central Szczecin. There is also a grass airstrip within city limits, the Szczecin-Dąbie Airstrip.
Trams
Szczecin has a tram network comprising 12 tram lines serving 95 tram stops and measuring 110.77 km (69 mi) in length. Tram transport is operated by the Tramwaje Szczecińskie (TS).
Szczecin's first horse tram opened in 1879, running from Gałczyńskiego Square to Staszica Street. In 1896, the first line using electric traction was opened. By 1900, the horse trams had been entirely replaced by electric trams.
Buses
Szczecin has a bus network of 70 bus routes. Bus transport is operated by 4 companies: SPA Dąbie, SPA Klonowica, SPPK and
Of all bus routes, 50 lines are designated as normal. At nighttime, Szczecin is served by a night bus network of 16 routes. There are also 7 express bus lines, which do not serve all stops on their route.
Roads
The recently upgraded A6 motorway serves as the southern bypass of the city, and connects to the German A11 autobahn (portions of which are currently undergoing upgrade), from where one can reach Berlin in about 90 minutes (about 150 km (93 mi)). Other important highways are the S3 Expressway, linking Szczecin with the more southern cities of Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zielona Góra and Legnica, and the S6 Expressway, connecting Szczecin with Koszalin (and eventually Gdańsk once the easternmost section is completed). Through intersections with other highways, Szczecin has convenient highway connections with a number of other major Polish cities, such as Poznań, Łódź, Wrocław, Katowice, Warsaw and Kraków. Also planned is the construction of the S10 highway to connect the city with Bydgoszcz, Toruń, Płock and Warsaw.
Rail
The main train station –
Port
The Port of Szczecin is the third largest port in Poland and handles over 32 million tons of cargo annually.[167] This is a harbour of the Baltic Sea and the Oder river.
Education and science
- University of Szczecin (Polish: Uniwersytet Szczeciński), with 35,000 students; rector: Waldemar Tarczyński
- West Pomeranian University of Technology (Polish: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny)
- Pomeranian Medical University (Polish: Pomorski Uniwersytet Medyczny)
- Art Academy of Szczecin (Polish: Akademia Sztuki)
- Maritime University of Szczecin (Polish: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie)
- WSB Merito Universities – WSB Merito University in Poznań,[168] departments of Economics
- The West Pomeranian Business School (Polish: Zachodniopomorska Szkoła Biznesu)
- Higher School of Public Administration in Szczecin (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Administracji Publicznej w Szczecinie)
- High Theological Seminary in Szczecin (Polish: Arcybiskupie Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Szczecinie)
- Higher School of Applied Arts (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Sztuki Użytkowej)
- Academy of European Integration (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Integracji Europejskiej)
- Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Turystyczna
- Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna TWP
- Wyższa Szkoła Języków Obcych
- Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna
- Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa - Collegium Balticum
- Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa "OECONOMICUS" PTE
- Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania
- Bangor University
-
University of Szczecin, Faculty of Humanities
Scientific and regional organisations
- Western Pomeranian Institute (Polish: Instytut Zachodnio-Pomorski)
- Szczecin Scientific Society (Polish: Szczecińskie Towarzystwo Naukowe)
- local branches of Polish scientific societies in many disciplines, including Polish Philosophical Society, Polish Historical Society, Polish Philological Society, Polish Mathematical Society, Polish Economic Society, Polish Geographical Society, Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists, Polish Phytopathological Society, Polish Parasitological Society and many medical societies
- local branches of students' societies, e.g., AIESEC, International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA) and Polish Association of Dental Students
Famous people
Over the long course of its history Szczecin has been a place of birth and of residence for many famous individuals, including Empress
Twin towns and sister cities
Szczecin is twinned with:[169]
- Bari, Italy
- Bremerhaven, Germany
- Dnipro, Ukraine
- Esbjerg, Denmark
- Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg (Berlin), Germany
- Greifswald, Germany
- Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
- Klaipėda, Lithuania
- Malmö, Sweden
- Rostock, Germany
- St. Louis, United States
See also
- Towns near Szczecin: Stargard, Police, Gryfino, Goleniów, Pyrzyce, Cedynia, Chojna, Mieszkowice, Moryń, Trzcińsko-Zdrój, Nowe Warpno, Penkun (Germany), Pasewalk (Germany), Eggesin (Germany), Gartz (Germany)
- Villages near Szczecin: Kolbacz, Przęsocin, Kołbaskowo
- Szczecin Lagoon
- Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka
- Wkrzanska Forest
- Central Cemetery in Szczecin
- Ostrów Grabowski, an Oder river island in Szczecin
- Bystry Rów, a stream in Niebuszewo
- Gacek, a popular cat from Szczecin
Notes
- ^ Spelling variants in medieval sources include:
- Stetin,[11] recorded e.g. in 1133,[11] 1159,[11] 1177[11]
- Stetyn,[11] recorded, e.g., in 1188,[11] 1243[11]
- Stetim, 1237[12]
- Szcecin, 1273.[12]
- Stetina,[11] by Herbord[11]
- Sthetynensibus or Sthetyn, 1287, in Anglicised medieval Latin.[12] (The ending –ens–ibus means 'to the people of' in Latin.)
- Stetinum and Sedinum, still used in contemporary Latin language references
- Stitin, recorded, e.g., in 1251,[11] in the Annales Ryensis,[11] in 1642[13]
- Stitinum, by Saxo Grammaticus[11]
- Stittinum
- Stytin,[11] in the Annales Colbacensis.[11]
References
- ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 10 February 2024. Data for territorial unit 3262000.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Szczecin". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020.
- ^ "Szczecin". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Szczecin". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Szczecin". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Johann Georg Theodor Grässe: Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld’s Buchhandlung (C. A.Werner), 1861, p. 179, 186, 278. [access-date: 2010-01-10].
- ^ "Strona domeny www.szczecin2016.pl". szczecin2016.pl. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Białecki, Tadeusz (1992). Historia Szczecina. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. pp. 9, 20–55, 92–95, 258–260, 300–306.
- ^ ISBN 83-01-04342-3
- ^ a b c Wojciech Lizak, "Jak wywodzono nazwę Szczecina?", [1], last accessed 4/2/2011
- ^ Merians anmüthige Städte-Chronik, das ist historische und wahrhaffte Beschreibung und zugleich Künstliche Abcontrafeyung zwantzig vornehmbster und bekantester in unserm geliebten Vatterland gelegenen Stätte, 1642
- ^ Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski Profesor Maria Malec PWN 2003
- ^ a b c Stanisław Rospond, Slawische Namenkunde Ausg. 1, Nr. 3, C. Winter, 1989, p. 162
- ISBN 91-27-91001-6(CD)
- ^ OCLC 43087092
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998, p. 473 "In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial settlement, later named Western Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie). During the 10th century, it was annexed to Poland by Mieszko I
- ^ The Origins of Polish state. Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry. Professor Henry Lang, Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. info-poland.buffalo.edu Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Charles Higounet. Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter (in German). p. 141.
- ^ Addyman et al., 1979 (1981). "Waterfront Archaeology in Britain and Northern Europe: A review of current research in waterfront archaeology in six European countries, based on the papers presented to the First International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in North European Towns held at the Museum of London on 20-22 April 1979" (PDF). Council for British Archaeology Research Reports. 41: 69 – via The Council for British Archaeology.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Port of Szczecin". World Port Source. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- OCLC 43087092
- OCLC 43087092: pg. 31 (yrs 967-after 1000 AD): "[...] gelang es den polnischen Herrschern sicherlich nicht, Wollin und die Odermündung zu unterwerfen." pg. 36: "Von 1119 bis 1122 eroberte er schließlich das pommersche Odergebiet mit Stettin, [...]" pg. 43: "[...] während Rügen 1168 erobert und in den dänischen Staat einverleibt wurde."
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-931185-07-9
- ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: pp. 14–15: "Die westslawischen Stämme der Obroditen, Lutizen und Pomoranen konnten sich lange der Eroberung widersetzen. Die militärisch überlegenen Mächte im Norden und Osten, im Süden und im Westen übten jedoch einen permanenten Druck auf den südlichen Ostseeraum aus. Dieser ging bis 1135 hauptsächlich von Polen aus. Der polnische Herzog Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Schiefmund) unterwarf in mehreren Feldzügen bis 1121 pomoranisches Stammland mit den Hauptburgen Cammin und Stettin und drang weiter gen Westen vor", pg. 17: Das Interesse Waldemars richtete sich insbesondere auf das Siedlungsgebiet der Ranen, die nördlich des Ryck und auf Rügen siedelten und die sich bislang gegen Eroberer und Christianisierungsversuche gewehrt hatten. [...] und nahmen 1168 an König Waldemar I. Kriegszug gegen die Ranen teil. Arkona wurde erobert und zerstört. Die unterlegenen Ranen versprachen, das Christentum anzunehmen, die Oberhoheit des Dänenkönigs anzuerkennen und Tribut zu leisten."
- ^ Malcolm Barber, "The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320", Routledge, 2004, pg. 330 books.google.com
- ^ An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973, pg. 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin."
- ^ Medley, D. J. (2004). The church and the empire. Kessinger Publishing. p. 152.
- OCLC 43087092
- ^ Archeologia Polska, Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, pg. 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993.
- ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: "Mit dem Tod Kaiser Lothars 1137 endete der sächsische Druck auf Wartislaw I., und mit dem Ableben Boleslaw III. auch die polnische Oberhoheit."
- ^ ISBN 3-486-55034-9
- ^ ISBN 3-525-33589-X
- ^ Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, The Encyclopedia of world history, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001; pg. 206 @ books.google.com[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 0-06-097468-0, pg. 362
- OCLC 43087092: Greater Polish continguents of Mieszko the Elder
- ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- ^ Jean Richard, Jean Birrell, "The Crusades, c. 1071–c. 1291", Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 158, books.google.com
- ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, "The Crusades: A History", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, p. 130, books.google.com
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISSN 2545-0905.
- ^ ISBN 87-7838-615-2.
- ISBN 978-2-902685-05-9
- ^ ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-05-004155-2
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-05-004155-2
- ISBN 978-3-406-57767-3.
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-412-06976-0
- ^ ISBN 3-17-018152-1
- ISBN 3-8083-1164-9
- ^ ISBN 3-487-10074-6
- ^ Kronika wielkopolska, PWN, Warszawa, 1965, p. 297 (in Polish)
- ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.
- ^ ISBN 3-486-57641-0
- ISBN 3-923293-19-4.
- ISBN 3-936788-07-3
- ^ ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
- ISBN 3-8258-9768-0
- ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
- ^ a b Swedish encyclopedia "Bonniers lexikon" (1960's), vol 13:15, column 1227
- ^ ISBN 3-486-57641-0
- ^ Swedish encyclopedia "Bonniers lexikon" (1960's), vol 13:15, column s 709-710
- ^ Historia Szczecina: zarys dziejów miasta od czasów najdawniejszych, Tadeusz Białecki, 1992: "Nowa wojna polsko-szwedzka w połowie XVII w. nie ominęła i Szczecina. Oprócz zwiększonych podatków i zahamowania handlu w 1657 r. pod Szczecinem pojawiły się oddziały polskie Stefana Czarnieckiego"
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 978-83-61233-45-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Petre, 252–253
- ^ ISBN 3-487-10074-6
- ^ Kultura i sztuka Szczecina w latach 1800–1945:materiały Seminarium Oddziału Szczecińskiego Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, 16–17 październik 1998 Stowarzyszenie Historyków Sztuki. Oddział Szczeciński. Seminarium, Maria Glińska
- ^ ISBN 978-3-412-20436-5.
- ^ Dzieje Szczecina:1806–1945 p. 450 Bogdan Frankiewicz 1994
- ^ ISBN 978-3-447-06273-2.. Quote1: "[...] Polen, die sich bereits vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges in der Stadt befunden hatten. Es handelte sich bei ihnen zum einen um Industriearbeiter und ihre Angehörigen, die bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg meist aus der Gegend um Posen in das damals zum selben Staat gehörende Stettin gezogen waren [...]"
- ISBN 978-3-412-20436-5.
- ^ "Annual Statistics". scottishherringhistory.uk.
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- ^ a b Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939 Anna Poniatowska Bogusław Drewniak, Poznań 1961
- ^ Historyczna droga do polskiego Szczecina:wybór dokumentów i opracowań. Kazimierz Kozłowski, Stanisław Krzywicki. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, p. 79, 1988
- ^ ISBN 978-3-447-06273-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-447-06273-2.
- ISBN 83-88731-15-7.
- ^ Musekamp, Jan: Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin, p. 74, with reference to: Edward Wlodarczyk: "Próba krytycznego spojrzenia na dzieje Polonii Szczecińskiej do 1939 roku" in Pomerania Ethnica, Szczecin 1998 Quote: "..und so musste die Bedeutung der erwähnten Organisationen im Sinne der Propaganda übertrieben werden."
- ^ Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, P52
- ISBN 3-931836-74-6.
- ISBN 978-3-447-06273-2. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
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- ^ The Origins of the Final Solution Christopher R. Browning, Jürgen Matthäus, page 64 University of Nebraska Press, 2007
- ISBN 0-19-504522-X.
- ^ Polski ruch oporu 1939–1945 Andrzej Chmielarz, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny im. Wandy Wasilewskiej, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1988 page 1019
- ^ Wywiad Związku Walki Zbrojnej—Armii Krajowej, 1939–1945 Piotr Matusak 2002 page 166
- ^ Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939–1945 Andrzej Pepłoński AWM, 1995 page 342
- ^ Cudzoziemcy w polskim ruchu oporu: 1939–1945 Stanisław Okęcki 1975 page 49
- ^ ISBN 3-356-00528-6.
- ^ "Chronicle of the most important events in the history of Szczecin". Szczecin.pl. 2000. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
- ^ OCLC 43087092
- ISBN 3-86108-282-9, p. 467.
- OCLC 43087092
- ^ OCLC 43087092
- ISBN 9786068266275.
- ^ ISBN 3-447-05297-X.
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- ^ "Centrum Dialogu PRZEŁOMY MUZEUM NARODOWE W SZCZECINIE".
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- ^ "Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Teatru Lalek Pleciuga w Szczecinie".
- ^ "Czym wyróżnia się kuchnia szczecińska? Czy znasz te przysmaki? [TOP 9, GALERIA] - szczecin.eskainfo.pl". Retrieved 24 March 2018.
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- ^ "Pierniki szczecińskie". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Piwo szczecińskie". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "HALP Szczecin". Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ infoludek.pl/slak Archived 23 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "salps.home.pl". home.pl. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
- ^ futsal.szczecina.pl Archived 10 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 13 sierpnia 2013 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie kostrzyńsko-słubickiej specjalnej strefy ekonomicznej". isap.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ GUS. "Liczba bezrobotnych zarejestrowanych oraz stopa bezrobocia według województw, podregionów i powiatów. Stan w końcu września 2016 r." stat.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 March 2024.
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{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ WSB University in Poznań Archived 1 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – WSB Universities
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie Miasta Szczecin". szczecin.pl (in Polish). Szczecin. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
Bibliography
- Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. I, A-O. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 1999. ISBN 83-87341-45-2(pl).
- Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. II, P-Ż. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 2000. ISBN 83-7241-089-5(pl).
- Jan M. Piskorski, Bogdan Wachowiak, Edward Włodarczyk, A short history of Szczecin, Poznań, 2002. ISBN 83-7063-332-3(pl).
- ISBN 1-85367-145-2.
- (in German) Jan Musekamp: Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin – Metamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2001 (Between Stettin and Szczecin – a town's metamorphoses from 1945 to 2005). Wiesbaden, 2010 (restricted online preview), there is also a Polish edition Między Stettinem a Szczecinem. Metamorfoza miasta od 1945 do 2005.
- (in German) Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. Stettin, 1911 (reprinted in 1993 by Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg. ISBN 3-89350-119-3).
- (in German) W. H. Meyer: Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin in ancient and modern times). Stettin, 1887.
- (in German) Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern – Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The towns of the Province of Pomerania – Sketch of their history, mostly according to historical records). Berlin, 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by ).
- (in German) Fr. Thiede: Chronik der Stadt Stettin – Bearbeitet nach Urkunden und bewährtesten historischen Nachrichten (Chronicle of the town of Stettin – Worked out according to documents and reliable historical records). Stettin, 1849 (online).
External links
Szczecin travel guide from Wikivoyage