Stock photography

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Stock image" redirects here. For the securities valuation tool, see stock valuation.
A public domain stock photo titled "frog on palm frond"

Stock photography is the supply of

photographs that are often licensed for specific uses.[1] The stock photo industry, which began to gain hold in the 1920s,[1] has established models including traditional macrostock photography,[2] midstock photography,[3] and microstock photography.[4] Conventional stock agencies charge from several hundred to several thousand US dollars per image, while microstock photography may sell for around US$0.25 cents.[4] Professional stock photographers traditionally place their images with one or more stock agencies on a contractual basis,[1] while stock agencies may accept the high-quality photos of amateur photographers through online submission.[5]

Themes for stock photos are diverse, although Megan Garber of

Adobe Stock.[15]

History

First stock photo companies (1920–1930s)

A stock photograph, now in the archive of Getty Images, showing the 1911 Solvay Conference in Belgium. Many stock photos document historical events.

Newspapers and magazines were first able to reproduce photographs instead of

first major stock photography libraries[7]
was founded in 1920 by H. Armstrong Roberts.

The Bettmann Archive in New York is an example of an early traditional stock agency,[1] with the company delivering photos upon 24-hour request to magazines such as Look and Life.[1] Founded in 1936 by Otto Bettmann, a German curator who emigrated to the United States in 1935,[17] the Bettman Archive began with Bettmann's personal collection of 15,000 images which he brought with him in suitcases when he escaped from Nazi Germany.[18] He actively expanded his collection by placing ads in magazines for stills and photos.[17] A different early pioneer with the stock industry was photographer Tony Stone, whose portfolio of mountain scenes proved popular with chocolate advertisers. Stone's stock library eventually reached 20,000 images, each selected for its likelihood to sell multiple copies.[7]

New indexing systems and growth (1940s–1980s)

Known as a stock resource for newspapers and magazines, the

Charles Gibbs-Smith of the Victoria and Albert Museum to catalogue the entire archive using a system of keywords and classifications. The Gibbs-Smith system claims to be the world's first indexing system for pictures, and it was eventually adopted by the British Museum collections.[6]

agefotostock was founded in 1973, in Barcelona, Spain, by Alfonso Gutierrez Escera.[19][20]

Expansion and transition online (1980s–1990s)

By the 1980s, stock photography had become a specialty in its own right, with the stock industry advancing quickly.

Royalty Free. In contrast to the Rights Managed system, royalty free allowed the purchaser of a CD ROM to use the images as many times as they liked without paying further fees.[7]

There was a great amount of consolidation among stock photo agencies

Photodisc went online in 1995,[21] in September 1997, PhotoDisc agreed to combine with London-based Getty Communications to form the Seattle-based Getty Images.[22] In 1996, the Hulton Picture Collection was bought by Getty Images for £8.6 million.[23]

photographers, stock agencies, news archives, museums and national collections. Its clients are from the photography
, publishing and advertising industries and the general public.

Recent developments (2000–present)

The early microstock company

Fotolia, that launched the very similar Fotolia Instant [27]
later that year.

Between the 1990s and the mid-2000s,

Adobe for $800 million on December 11, 2014.[32]

Description

Stock photography refers to the supply of

photographs, which are often licensed for specific uses such as magazine publishing or pamphlet-making.[33] According to The New York Times, as of 2005 "most" book cover designers prefer stock photography agencies over photographers in efforts to save costs. Publishers can then purchase photographs on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis.[34]

Established models of stock photography include:

  1. Macrostock: High-priced and exclusive stock photography, also known as traditional stock photography[2]
  2. Midstock: Stock photography priced between micro stock and macro stock, which is often used online[3]
  3. Microstock: Low-priced and inclusive stock photography. In competition to traditional agencies, microstock photography is a relatively new model of stock photography which is available through agencies that sell images for lower prices but in greater volume.[4]

According to The New York Times, conventional stock agencies charge from several hundred to several thousand American dollars per image, and "base fees on the published size of an image, circulation and other factors." Microstock photos may sell for as little as US$0.25.[4] Professional stock photographers traditionally place their images with one or more stock agencies on a contractual basis, with a defined commission basis and specified contract term. The industry standard is purportedly 30 to 50 percent to the photographer, although at the start of the stock photography industry, fees were typically cut half and half between the agency and artist.[1] Other stock agencies may accept the high-quality photos of amateur photographers through online submission.[5]

Some online photo websites have created unique software to search for fitting stock photos, for example searching for complicated keyword combinations, color, shapes, and "moods".[35][36] Other search engines may seek to quantify the best photos by looking for elements as diverse as "bright lights", "evidence of emotional connections between people", and the tilt of faces.[37]

Styles and trends

Traditional stock photo agencies have large catalogues that may include press archives and works by notable photographers such as

gesticulations, pets,[citation needed] and images related to travel and tourism.[citation needed
]

In the early 1990s, the stock industry focused on "

panoramas, historical, sports, and celebrity homes".[1] Opined Megan Garber of The Atlantic in 2012, "one of the more wacky/wondrous elements of stock photos is the manner in which, as a genre, they've developed a unifying editorial sensibility. To see a stock image is, Potter Stewart-style, to know you're seeing a stock image. And while stock images' stockiness may be in part due to the common visual tropes that give them their easy, cheesy impact - prettiness, preciousness, pose-iness - there's part of it that's more ephemeral, too. Though they have little in common, shots of a German Shepherd typing on a laptop and a man contemplating the sunset can both be, in their special way, stocky."[5]

Types of stock photo licenses

Public domain (PD)

Main article:
Public domain image resources
Example of a public domain stock photo, showing the Marina City building complex in Chicago

In relation to photography and graphics, public domain (PD) means the image is free to use without purchasing a license, and can be used for commercial or personal purposes. Works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired,[39] have been forfeited,[40] or are inapplicable.[41]

Royalty-free (RF)

Main article: Royalty-free

In photography and the illustration industry, royalty-free (RF) refers to a copyright license where the user has the right to use the picture without many restrictions based on one-time payment to the licensor. The user can, therefore, use the image in several projects without having to purchase any additional licenses. RF licenses cannot be given on an exclusive basis. In stock photography, RF is one of the common licenses sometimes contrasted with Rights Managed licenses and often employed in subscription-based or microstock photography business models.[42]

Rights-managed (RM)

Main article: Rights Managed

Rights Managed (RM) in the stock photo industry (sometimes called "licensed images") refers to a copyright license that, if purchased by a user, allows the one-time use of the photo as specified by the license. If the user wants to use the photo for other uses an additional license needs to be purchased. RM licenses can be given on a nonexclusive or exclusive basis. In stock photography RM is one of the two common license types together with royalty-free, subscription, and microstock photography being business models often confused as separate license types (both use the royalty-free license type).[43][44]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l R. Peres, Michael (2007). "The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science".
    ISBN 9780240807409
    . Retrieved 2016-03-14.     page 351
  2. ^ a b "Traditional Stock Agencies". budgetstockphoto.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-17. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
  3. ^ a b Grunbaum, Rami (March 13, 2015). "Co-founder of Getty Images steps down as CEO". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Eric A. Taub, "When Are Photos Like Penny Stocks? When They Sell" Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, June 5, 2007
  5. ^ a b c d Garber, Megan (May 18, 2012). "The Tao of Shutterstock: What Makes a Stock Photo a Stock Photo?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2021-12-30. Retrieved 2016-07-16.
  6. ^ a b Hulton|Archive – History in Pictures Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine History of Picture Post by the Archive Curator Sarah McDonald, 15/10/04. Accessed March 2008
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "A Brief History of Stock Photography". alamy.com. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58115-087-2
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58115-484-9
    .
  10. ^
    Seattle Times
    , May 28, 2007
  11. ^ a b Gibson, Steve (April 13, 2008). "Dreamstime Site Review". Microstock Insider. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  12. ^ a b Basheera, Khan (9 June 2004). "fotoLibra gets it picture perfect". i.t.wales. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  13. ^ a b "New Approach Brings Down Picture Buying Costs". creativematch. 16 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  14. ^ a b "About Can Stock Photo". Can Stock Photo. Archived from the original on 2015-08-31. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
  15. ^
    CNN Money. Archived
    from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58115-087-2
    .
  17. ^
    JSTOR 1210017
    .
  18. ^ Snow, Richard F. (May 2001). "Goodbye To All That". American Heritage. Vol. 52, no. 3. New York City: American Heritage Publishing Company. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  19. ^ "Alfonso Gutierrez, Speaker of the CEPIC Cultural Heritage Webinar". CEPIC. Berlin, Germany. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  20. ^ "About Us". agefotostock.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  21. ^ Crotty, Cameron (February 1, 1996). "Image is everything.(West Stock and PhotoDisc introduce Web sites) (Internet Watch) (Company Business and Marketing)(Brief Article)". Macworld. Retrieved 2008-10-06.[dead link]
  22. ^ "The Getty-PhotoDisc Deal: Image is Everything - Business Week". Archived from the original on October 8, 1999.
  23. ISBN 978-0-8166-3824-6
    .
  24. ^ "Small Business: How to Beat a Goliath" SmartMoney, February 2, 2009 Archived July 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ a b Steven Bertoni, "Silicon Alley's First Billionaire Aims To Dominate Images On Web" Archived 2021-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, Forbes, October 28, 2013
  26. ^ "Depositphotos Launches Clashot: Mobile Application". Selling Stock. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  27. ^ "Stock Photos Site Fotolia Launches Fotolia Instant, An App For Selling Your Smartphone Photos". Techcrunch. 7 October 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  28. ^ a b "Jupitermedia Announces Completion Of Sale Of Jupiterimages To Getty Images and Change Of Jupitermedia Name to WebMediaBrands". Getty Images. 2009-02-23. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  29. ^ D'Souza, Savio (2008-10-23). "Jupitermedia to sell online image unit to Getty". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2008-10-26. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  30. ^ "Getty shutting Scoopt citizen journalism photo site to focus on core business". The Guardian. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  31. ^ "Shutterstock Announces Closing of Initial Public Offering and Exercise of Underwriters' Option to Purchase Additional Shares". Shutterstock. 2012-10-16. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
  32. ^ Stynes, Tess (December 11, 2014). "Adobe to buy stock-photo web company Fotolia for $800 million". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2016-08-28. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  33. ^ Struck, Amos (April 20, 2021). "What Does Stock Photography Mean?". Stock Photo. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  34. ^ Newman, Andrew Adam (July 7, 2005). "With Covers, Publishers Take More Than Page From Rivals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  35. ^ Zipkin, Nina (March 10, 2016). "How Shutterstock Is Training Its System to Help You Find Better Photos". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  36. ^ Ossola, Alexandra (March 10, 2016). "Shutterstock Has Trained A Computer To Find You The Perfect Photos". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  37. Wall Street Journal. Archived
    from the original on 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  38. ^ "About Hulton Archive". Hulton Archive. 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-10-21. Retrieved 2009-08-14. (archived on the Web Archive)
  39. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8. Archived
    from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  40. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4. Archived
    from the original on 2023-05-15. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  41. ^ unprotected Archived 2016-03-02 at the Wayback Machine on bitlaw.com
  42. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9
    .
  43. ISBN 978-0-240-80740-9
    .
  44. ^ Umlauf, Taylor (March 4, 2015). "See Vince Vaughn's Stock Photos With 'Unfinished Business' Cast". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2016-03-14.

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&oldid=1218217525"