Stockholm Bloodbath

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Stockholm Bloodbath as it was depicted in Blodbadsplanschen.

The Stockholm Bloodbath (Swedish: Stockholms blodbad; Danish: Det Stockholmske Blodbad) was a trial that led to a series of executions in Stockholm between 7 and 9 November 1520. The event is also known as the Stockholm massacre.[1]

The events occurred after the coronation of

king of Sweden,[2] when guests in the crowning party were invited to a meeting at Tre Kronor castle. Archbishop Gustav Trolle, demanding economic compensation for things such as the demolition of Almarestäket's fortress, questioned whether the former Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger and his supporters had been guilty of heresy. Supported by canon law, nearly 100 people[3]
were executed in the days following the meeting despite promises of amnesty. Among those killed were many people from the aristocracy who had been supporting the Sture Party in the previous years. Thereafter King Christian II became known in Sweden as Kristian Tyrann ("Christian [the] Tyrant").

Background

Political factions in Sweden

The Stockholm Bloodbath was a consequence of conflict between Swedish pro-unionists (in favour of the

Gustavus Trolle.[citation needed
]

Military interventions of King Christian

King Christian, who had already taken measures to isolate Sweden politically, intervened to help Archbishop Trolle, who was under

Stäket. However, he was defeated by Sture and his peasant soldiers at Vedila, and forced to return to Denmark. A second attempt to bring Sweden back under his control in 1518 was also countered by Sture's victory at Brännkyrka. Eventually, a third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French, German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful.[5]

Sture was mortally wounded at the

Privy Council on 31 March.[5] Sture's widow, Lady Kristina, was still resisting in Stockholm with support from the peasants of central Sweden, and defeated the Danes at Balundsås on 19 March. Eventually, her forces were defeated at the Battle of Uppsala (långfredagsslaget vid Uppsala) on Good Friday, 6 April.[6]

In May, the Danish fleet, led by King Christian, arrived and Stockholm was attacked by land and sea. Lady Kristina resisted for four months longer, and in the beginning of autumn Kristina's forces began winning. The inhabitants of Stockholm had a large supply of food and fared relatively well. Christian realized that his stockpile was dwindling and that it would doom his army to maintain the siege throughout the winter. With the help of

Tavastehus in Finland. When this had been written down on paper, the mayor of the city delivered the keys to the city on Södermalm and Christian held his grand entry. Shortly after, he sailed back to Denmark, to return in October for his coronation.[7]

Massacre

Stockholm Bloodbath

On 4 November, Christian was

Gustavus Trolle in Storkyrkan Cathedral and took the usual oath to rule the kingdom through native-born Swedes only.[5] A banquet was held for the next three days. Lots of wine and beer was drunk and jokes were cracked between Danes and Swedes.[8]

On the evening of 7 November, Christian summoned many Swedish leaders to a private conference at the palace. At dusk on 8 November, Danish soldiers, with lanterns and torches, entered a great hall of the royal palace and imprisoned several noble guests. Later in the evening, even more of the king's guests were imprisoned. All these people had previously been marked down on Archbishop Trolle's proscription list.[5]

The following day, 9 November, a council, headed by Archbishop Trolle, sentenced the proscribed to

great square and beheaded. Fourteen noblemen, three burgomasters, fourteen town councillors and about twenty common citizens of Stockholm were then hanged or beheaded.[5]

The executions continued throughout the following day (10 November).[5] According to the chief executioner, Jörgen Homuth, 82 people were executed.[9] It has been claimed that Christian also took revenge on Sten Sture's body, having it dug up and burnt, as well as the body of his child.[5] Sture's widow Lady Kristina and many other noblewomen were taken as prisoners to Denmark.[10]

Aftermath

Christian justified the massacre in a proclamation to the Swedish people as a measure necessary to avoid a papal

interdict, but, when apologising to the Pope for the decapitation of the bishops, he blamed his troops for performing unauthorised acts of vengeance.[5][11]

Gustav Vasa was a son of Erik Johansson, one of the victims of the executions. Vasa, upon hearing of the massacre, travelled north to the province of Dalarna to seek support for a new revolt. The population, informed of what had happened, rallied to his side. They were ultimately able to defeat Christian's forces in the Swedish War of Liberation. The massacre became the catalyst that permanently separated Sweden from Denmark.[12]

Later reception and propaganda

The Stockholm Bloodbath precipitated a lengthy hostility towards Danes in Sweden, and from then on the two nations were almost continuously hostile toward each other. These hostilities, developing into a struggle for hegemony in the Scandinavian and North German area, lasted for nearly three hundred years. Memory of the Bloodbath served to let Swedes depict themselves (and often, actually regard themselves) as the wronged and aggrieved party, even when they were the ones who eventually took the political and military lead, such as the conquest and annexation of Scania until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.[13]

Christian the Tyrant and spurious "Christian the Good"

The event earned Christian II the nickname of Kristian Tyrann (Christian [the] Tyrant) in Sweden, which is retained in the present day.[14] It is a common misconception in Sweden that King Christian II is given the contrary byname Christian den Gode (Christian the Good) in Denmark, but this is apocryphal.[15]

According to Danish historians, no bynames have been given to Christian II in Danish historical tradition. In an interview with Richardson in 1979, Danish historian

Gamla Stan) with the news about Christian II's "rehabilitation" back in Denmark.[16]

In fiction

The event is depicted in the 1901 novel,

John Gardner.[19] A 2005 book Bruden fra Gent (translated in Nl. De Gentse Bruid, or The Bride From Ghent) by the Danish writer Dorrit Willumsen, referenced these events. It illuminates the life of Christian II as seen from his relationship with his mistress, the Dutch Dyveke, and his wife Isabella of Austria, sister of Charles the Fifth.[citation needed]. The event is also the subject of a 2023 film directed by Mikael Håfström, also entitled Stockholm Bloodbath, which depicts the events with dark comedy overtones.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Usually called "Stockholm bloodbath" (natively Stockholms blodbad), the event is also known as "Stockholm massacre" in English, so called in the English translation of Erik Gustaf Geijer's Svenska folkets historia (1832–36), published in 1845 as The History of the Swedes (p. 102).
  2. ^ Lindqvist 1993, p. 13
  3. ^ Stockholm Bloodbath on Nationalencyklopedin's website. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  4. ISBN 978-87-02-05665-5
    . Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Christian II.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–276.
  6. ISBN 91-85618-71-3
  7. ISBN 91-0-047053-8[pages needed
    ]
  8. ISBN 91-0-042947-3
  9. ISBN 9151843803
    p. 141
  10. Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911, Christian II profile
    , gutenberg.org; accessed 12 May 2015.
  11. ISBN 9968-04-746-5
  12. ^ Hofverberg, Elin (9 November 2021). "The Stockholm Bloodbath of November 1520". Library of Congress - Blog. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  13. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4
  14. ISBN 978-91-85057-63-4
    . Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  15. ISBN 978-87-595-2373-5
    . Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  16. ^ Gunnar Richardson, "Kristian II – Tyrann eller den gode?", Dagens Forskning, 13 May 2002. [dead link]
  17. ISBN 978-87-02-04184-2
    . Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  18. ^ The New York Times Book Review. Arno Press. 1950. p. 9. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  19. ^ Book Review Digest. H.W. Wilson Co. 1980. p. 435. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  20. ^ Håfström, Mikael (2024-01-18), Stockholm Bloodbath (Action, History, War), Sophie Cookson, Alba August, Emily Beecham, Nordisk Film, Viaplay Studios, retrieved 2024-01-22

Sources

External links

59°19′30″N 18°04′15″E / 59.32500°N 18.07083°E / 59.32500; 18.07083

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