Stomatitis
Stomatitis | |
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An infant with stomatitis due to kwashiorkor and an accompanying Vitamin B deficiency. | |
Specialty | Dermatology |
Stomatitis is
In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.
When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents itself, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, though this is also sometimes used as a synonym for herpetic gingivostomatitis.
The term is derived from the Greek stoma (στόμα), meaning "mouth", and the suffix -itis (-ῖτις), meaning "inflammation".
Causes
Nutritional deficiency
Aphthous stomatitis
Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the recurrent appearance of mouth ulcers in otherwise healthy individuals. The cause is not completely understood, but it is thought that the condition represents a T cell mediated immune response which is triggered by a variety of factors. The individual ulcers (aphthae) recur periodically and heal completely, although in the more severe forms, new ulcers may appear in other parts of the mouth before the old ones have finished healing. Aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common diseases of the oral mucosa, and is thought to affect about 20% of the general population to some degree.[4] The symptoms range from a minor nuisance to being disabling in their impact on eating, swallowing, and talking, and the severe forms can cause people to lose weight. There is no cure for aphthous stomatitis,[5] and therapies are aimed at alleviating the pain, reducing the inflammation and promoting healing of the ulcers, but there is little evidence of efficacy for any treatment that has been used.
Angular stomatitis
Inflammation of the corners (angles) of the lips is termed angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis. In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a sign of underlying
Also, angular cheilitis can be caused by a patient's jaws at rest being 'overclosed' due to
This is a common condition present in
Allergic contact stomatitis
Allergic contact stomatitis (also termed "allergic gingivostomatitis" or "allergic contact gingivostomatitis")
Allergens, which may be different for different individuals, combine with
Allergic contact stomatitis appears as non-specific inflammation, so it may be mistaken for chronic physical irritation.[7] There may be burning or soreness of the mouth and ulceration.[7] Chronic exposure to the allergen may result in a lichenoid lesion.[7] Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied by glossitis and cheilitis.[7]
Allergens that may cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include
The diagnosis is confirmed by patch test, and management is by avoidance of exposure to the allergen.[7]
Migratory stomatitis
Migratory stomatitis (or geographic stomatitis) is an atypical presentation of a condition which normally presents on the tongue, termed geographic tongue. Geographic tongue is so named because there are
In migratory stomatitis, other mucosal sites in the mouth, such as the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, soft palate, or floor of mouth may be afflicted with identical lesions, usually in addition to the tongue.[14] Apart from not being restricted to the tongue, migratory stomatitis is an identical condition in every regard to geographic tongue. Another synonym for geographic tongue which uses the term stomatitis is "stomatitis areata migrans".
Herpetic gingivostomatitis
This is inflammation of the mouth caused by herpes simplex virus.
Irradiation and chemotherapy
Stomatitis may also be caused by chemotherapy, or radiation therapy of the oropharyngeal area.
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis
The term necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis is sometimes used as a synonym of the necrotizing periodontal disease more commonly termed
Stomatitis nicotina
Also called smoker's palatal keratosis,
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a condition with specific immunopathologic features, which was first described in 1990. when biopsied.
The diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of biopsy tissue: direct
Plasma cell gingivostomatitis
Terms such as plasma cell gingivostomatitis,[22] atypical gingivostomatitis and idiopathic gingivostomatitis[23][24] are sometimes a synonym for plasma cell gingivitis, or specifically to refer to a severe form of plasma cell gingivitis.
Other forms of stomatitis
- Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome—occurs in children.
- Uremic stomatitis—a rare form of stomatitis that occurs with kidney failure.[25]
- Pyostomatitis vegetans
- Bovine papular stomatitis
References
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- ISBN 9780323225724. Archivedfrom the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- ^ "Balsam of Peru contact allergy". Dermnetnz.org. December 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ J. J. Shea, M.D., F.A.C.A., S. M. Gillespie, M.D., G. L. Waldbott, M.D. Allergy to Fluoride. Annals of Allergy, Volume 25, July, 1967
- ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.
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