Stonewall Brigade

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The Stonewall Brigade of the

116th Infantry Brigade
, which bears the unofficial nickname "Stonewall Brigade," and in several living history reenactment groups.

1861

The brigade was formed by Jackson at

Rockbridge County, 1 unit recruited in or near the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Thirteen companies of the brigade were recruited from western counties that would become part of West Virginia.[1] It was officially assigned to the Virginia Provisional Army, then to the Army of the Shenandoah
on May 15, and the Valley District on July 20.

The Stonewall Brigade was initially armed with weapons captured from the arsenal at Harpers Ferry; its regiments went to First Bull Run carrying a wide range of muskets from Model 1816/1822 muskets converted to percussion to modern Model 1855 rifles to VMI cadet muskets (a Model 1842 musket downsized to .58 caliber). Company K of the 33rd Virginia, the Shenandoah Sharpshooters, had the misfortune of getting flintlock muskets. In September, Jackson received a request from Virginia governor John Letcher asking for the return of the VMI muskets (carried primarily by Company H of the 4th Virginia, known as the "Rockbridge Grays"). Jackson replied back that the muskets could not be returned until better weapons became available.[2]

Jackson's brigade was referred to informally as "Virginia's First Brigade" until July 21, 1861, when, at First Manassas, both the brigade and its general received the nickname "Stonewall". General Barnard E. Bee of South Carolina is said to have made his immortal remark as he rallied his brigade for the final phase of the battle. Although the exact words were not recorded at the time, he probably said, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall. Rally behind the Virginians!"[3] This is considered the turning point of the first major battle of the American Civil War, and the Union troops were repulsed and sent reeling back toward Washington D.C. in defeat. Jackson was promoted to higher command, but the brigade remained under his overall command until his death. Upon Jackson's promotion, he was replaced as brigade commander by Brig. Gen. Richard B. Garnett that fall.

In the fall of 1861, Jackson was promoted to division command and reassigned to the Shenandoah Valley and Potomac River area, where they overwintered. During this time, a trickle of better weapons reached the Stonewall Brigade as Confederate agents began purchasing rifles from Europe. However, the brigade still had a large number of smoothbore muskets until the Gettysburg Campaign, by which time the majority of its men had .58 caliber rifles.

1862

On March 13, 1862, the Valley District was incorporated into the

First Battle of Kernstown on March 25, 1862. After receiving faulty intelligence, the brigade was ordered to attack a much larger Union force. Out of ammunition and almost surrounded by the superior force, Garnett ordered a withdrawal. Jackson was infuriated by this action, taken without his explicit permission, and Garnett was relieved of command and subject to court martial (Garnett was later killed during Pickett's Charge in the Battle of Gettysburg
, attempting to restore his military honor).

For the remainder of the Valley Campaign, Brig. Gen.

Charles S. Winder commanded the brigade and there were no more defeats in store. The brigade marched over 400 miles in four weeks, was victorious in six significant battles, and helped Jackson achieve a strategic victory in the Eastern Theater. The brigade's mobility in the campaign (particularly a 57-mile march in 51 hours) earned it the oxymoronic
title "Jackson's foot cavalry".

At the end of the Valley Campaign, the brigade moved to reinforce General

Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam
. The brigade defended the West Woods, where the fighting was so severe and attrition so high that Grigsby was commanding the division ("Jackson's Division") by the end of the day.

Grigsby did not receive permanent command of the brigade, for reasons Jackson did not record. Instead, Brig. Gen.

George G. Meade
, but was overall lightly engaged.

In 1862, casualties in the brigade surpassed 1,200.

1863

At

13th Virginia, Colonel James A. Walker
, was promoted to brigadier general to replace Paxton.

In the

Second Battle of Winchester, the brigade launched a spirited counterattack at Stephenson's Depot that captured six Union regiments. The brigade arrived in the evening of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, too late to participate in the day's fighting. Early on July 2, the Stonewall Brigade was assigned to screen the Confederate left flank, sparring with Union skirmishers on Wolf's Hill.[4] Later, they fought Brigadier General David M. Gregg's division of Union cavalry for control of Brinkerhoff's Ridge, east of Gettysburg along the Hanover Pike.[5] Repositioned to the base of Culp's Hill before dawn on July 3, the 4th, 5th, 27th, and 33rd Virginia regiments participated in multiple unsuccessful assaults on Union entrenchments. The 2nd Virginia was dispatched to cover the Confederate flank near Spangler's Spring and on Wolf's Hill, where they fended off probes by the First Potomac Home Brigade, and the Union brigades led by Colonel Silas Colgrove and Brigadier General Thomas Neill
.

1864

In the

II Corps launched a massive assault. All but 200 men of the brigade were killed, wounded, or were among the 6,000 captured Confederates following the bloody hand-to-hand fighting. The prisoners included Johnson, the division commander, while Walker was seriously wounded. The Stonewall Brigade was officially dissolved after Spotsylvania and consolidated into a single regiment.[6]

The remaining regiment fought as part of Brig. Gen.

Appomattox Campaign. Of the 6,000 men who served in the Stonewall brigade during the war, by the time of the surrender at Appomattox Court House
, only 219 soldiers were left, none above the rank of captain.

Legacy

The military lineage of the brigade has reached modern times in the form of the

5th Virginia Infantry
, one of the five original regiments in the Civil War Stonewall Brigade. As a result of US Army modularization, the 1st Brigade is now the 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The brigade's colors carry battle streamers for the Stonewall Brigade's actions in the Civil War.

A number of living history reenactment organizations also carry on the legacy of the Stonewall Brigade and its component regiments. These include:

  • The Stonewall Brigade: The Stonewall Brigade is an authentic living history association concentrated in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania dedicated to accurately portraying the common soldier of the Civil War. It currently consists of the 4th Virginia Company A, the 5th Virginia Company A, and the 33rd Virginia Company H.

Command history

Brig. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson     April 27, 1861 – October 28, 1861 Died May 10, 1863 after Chancellorsville
West Point
1846
Brig. Gen. Richard B. Garnett November 14, 1861 – March 25, 1862 KIA July 3, 1863 at Gettysburg West Point 1841
Brig. Gen. Charles Sidney Winder March 25, 1862 – August 9, 1862 KIA August 9, 1862 at Cedar Mountain West Point 1850
Col. William S. Baylor August 9, 1862 – August 30, 1862 KIA August 30, 1862 at Second Manassas VA Militia
Col. Andrew J. Grigsby August 30, 1862 – November 6, 1862 Survived the war
Washington College
Brig. Gen. Elisha F. Paxton November 6, 1862 – May 3, 1863 KIA May 3, 1863 at Chancellorsville Washington College
Brig. Gen. James A. Walker May 14, 1863 – May 12, 1864 Survived the war VMI 1852
Brig. Gen. William Terry May 20, 1864 – April 9, 1865 Survived the war UVA 1848, VA Militia

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Linger, James Carter Confederate Military Units of West Virginia. Tulsa, OK, 2002, pgs. 52-53
  2. ^ "Weapons". Archived from the original on 2017-09-24. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  3. ^ Douglas Freeman, Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command, vol. 1, p. 82
  4. ^ "The Stonewall Brigade at Gettysburg - Part One: In the Shadow of Wolf's Hill". The Stonewall Brigade. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  5. ^ "The Stonewall Brigade at Gettysburg - Part Two: Clash on Brinkerhoff's Ridge". The Stonewall Brigade. 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  6. ^ "The Death of the Stonewall Brigade". The Stonewall Brigade. 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2021-03-20.

References

External links

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