Stored-program computer

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See also: Universal Turing machine§Stored-program computer

A stored-program computer is a

program instructions in electronically or optically accessible memory.[1] This contrasts with systems that stored the program instructions with plugboards
or similar mechanisms.

The definition is often extended with the requirement that the treatment of programs and data in memory be interchangeable or uniform.[2][3][4]

Description

In principle, stored-program computers have been designed with various architectural characteristics. A computer with a von Neumann architecture stores program data and instruction data in the same memory, while a computer with a Harvard architecture has separate memories for storing program and data.[5][6] However, the term stored-program computer is sometimes used as a synonym for the von Neumann architecture.[7][8] Jack Copeland considers that it is "historically inappropriate, to refer to electronic stored-program digital computers as 'von Neumann machines'".[9] Hennessy and Patterson wrote that the early Harvard machines were regarded as "reactionary by the advocates of stored-program computers".[10]

History

The concept of the stored-program computer can be traced back to the 1936 theoretical concept of a universal Turing machine.[11] Von Neumann was aware of this paper, and he impressed it on his collaborators.[12]

Many early computers, such as the Atanasoff–Berry computer, were not reprogrammable. They executed a single hardwired program. As there were no program instructions, no program storage was necessary. Other computers, though programmable, stored their programs on punched tape, which was physically fed into the system as needed.

In 1936, Konrad Zuse anticipated in two patent applications that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data.[13][14]

The

Soviet Union in 1950.[21]

The first stored-program computers

Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria.[3]

  • electromechanical[22]
  • In April 1948, modifications were completed to ENIAC to function as a stored-program computer, with the program stored by setting dials in its function tables, which could store 3,600 decimal digits for instructions. It ran its first stored program on 12 April 1948 and its first production program on 17 April[23][24] This claim is disputed by some computer historians.[25]
  • ARC2, a relay machine developed by Andrew Booth and Kathleen Booth at Birkbeck, University of London, officially came online on 12 May 1948.[26] It featured the first rotating drum storage device.[27][28]
  • Manchester Baby, a developmental, fully electronic computer that successfully ran a stored program on 21 June 1948. It was subsequently developed into the Manchester Mark 1, which ran its first program in early April 1949.
  • Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
    , EDSAC, which ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, and became a full-scale operational computer that served a user community beyond its developers.
  • EDVAC, conceived in June 1945 in First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, but not delivered until August 1949. It began actual operation (on a limited basis) in 1951.
  • BINAC, delivered to a customer on 22 August 1949. It worked at the factory but there is disagreement about whether or not it worked satisfactorily after being delivered. If it had been finished at the projected time, it would have been the first stored-program computer in the world. It was the first stored-program computer in the U.S.[29]
  • In 1951, the Ferranti Mark 1, a cleaned-up version of the Manchester Mark 1, became the first commercially available electronic digital computer.
  • The Bull Gamma 3 (1952) and IBM 650 (1953) were the first mass produced commercial computers, respectively selling about 1200 and 2000 units.
  • Manchester University Transistor Computer, is generally regarded as the first transistor-based stored-program computer having become operational in November 1953.[30][31]

Telecommunication

The concept of using a stored-program computer for switching of telecommunication circuits is called

American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) in the Bell System,[32] a development that started in earnest by c. 1954 with initial concept designs by Erna Schneider Hoover at Bell Labs. The first of such systems was installed on a trial basis in Morris, Illinois in 1960.[33] The storage medium for the program instructions was the flying-spot store, a photographic plate read by an optical scanner that had a speed of about one microsecond access time.[34] For temporary data, the system used a barrier-grid electrostatic storage tube
.

See also

References

  1. ^ Allison, Joanne (1997), Stored-program Computers, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 24 August 2011
  2. ISBN 978-1-4020-7416-5
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-57356-521-9
    .
  4. ISBN 0-201-43664-7
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-84882-255-9
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-07-140927-8
    . Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  7. ISBN 978-1-84882-255-9
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-8018-7396-6
    .
  9. ^ Copeland, Jack (2000). "A Brief History of Computing". ENIAC and EDVAC. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  10. ISBN 978-1-55860-724-8
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-19-284055-4
    .
  12. ISBN 978-3-540-20020-8
    .
  13. S2CID 4110351, archived from the original
    on 6 April 2009
  14. ^ Faber, Susanne (2000), Konrad Zuses Bemühungen um die Patentanmeldung der Z3 (in German)
  15. S2CID 4110351. Archived from the original
    on 6 April 2009.
  16. ISBN 978-0-262-68137-7
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-84882-255-9
    .
  18. ISBN 978-0-309-09630-0
    .
  19. ISBN 978-0-262-16147-3
    .
  20. ISBN 978-3-642-15198-9
    .
  21. ISBN 9780521287890
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-262-51720-1
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-262-03398-5
    .
  24. ^ Haigh, Thomas (2014). Engineering “The Miracle of the ENIAC”: Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm (PDF).
  25. ISBN 9783030409746
    .
  26. S2CID 14861159
    .
  27. ISBN 9781906124908
    .
  28. ^ Johnson, Roger (April 2008). "School of Computer Science & Information Systems: A Short History" (PDF). Birkbeck College. University of London. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  29. ISBN 978-1862076631
    .
  30. ISSN 2054-0434
    .
  31. ISSN 0958-7403
    .
  32. ISBN 0-306-41224-1
    .
  33. ^ Joel, A. E. (October 1958). "An Experimental Electronic Switching System" (PDF). Bell Laboratories Record. 36 (10): 359–363. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  34. ^ "Electronic Central Office". Long Lines. Vol. 40, no. 5. December 1960. p. 16.
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