Strangling

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Strangulation" redirects here. For bowel strangulation, see
Strangulation (bowel). For domestic violence strangulation, see Strangulation in domestic violence
.
"Strangle" and "Strangled" redirect here. For the options strategy, see Strangle (options). For the 2016 film, see Strangled (film).
For the 1979 film of the same title, see The Strangling (film).
Not to be confused with Choking.
Further information: chokehold
Look up strangling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Timbavati Game Reserve
, South Africa

Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to

hypoxic state in the brain.[1] Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that hanging
causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck).

Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defense systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:[2]

  • Hanging — Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
  • Ligature strangulation — Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrote
  • Manual strangulation — Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity

General

carotid arteries
.

Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain:[3][4]

Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination;

trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm2 (32 psi).[8]

As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to

carotid sinus stimulation.[5] Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.[3][9] The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied [10] to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.[3]

Manual strangulation

Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as

air hunger and may induce violent struggling.[3]

Manual strangulation is common in situations of domestic violence,[11] and is regarded by experts as an especially severe form of domestic violence, due to its extremely frightening and potentially lethal nature, and an observed correlation between non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence and future homicide.[12]

Manual strangulation also has a history as a form of capital punishment, during the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a

Court Martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army.[13]

More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as strangleholds,[14] or chokeholds (despite the term "choke" more technically referring to internal airway restriction), and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and jujutsu, when applied correctly and released promptly after loss of consciousness, strangleholds that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safer[15] means to render an opponent unconscious, when compared to other methods, especially strikes to the head, the latter of which can cause potentially catastrophic or fatal and irreversible brain injuries much more quickly and unpredictably.[16]

Ligature strangulation

Main article: Garrote
Illustration depicting the ligature strangulation of Saint Godelieve

Ligature strangulation (also known as "garroting") is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, chain, or shoelaces, either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.

carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time,[5] with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.[17] Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly.[5]
Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim.

During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé.[18] Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did the Gary Ridgway (the Green River Killer), and British serial killer Dennis Nilsen.[19]

Incaprettamento is a method of strangulation in which the victims neck is tied to their legs bent behind their back (similar to

Italian Mafia, who have used it as a ritual warning or reprimand.[20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ernoehazy, William; Ernoehazy, WS. "Hanging Injuries and Strangulation". emedicine.com. Retrieved 3 March 2006.
  2. ^ Strack, Gael; McClane, George. "How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases". polaroid.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d e Jones, Richard (26 February 2006). "Asphyxia". forensicmed.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2006.
  4. ^ Jones, Richard. "Strangulation". forensicmed.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
  5. ^ a b c d e f J. A. J. Ferris. "Asphyxia". pathology.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009.
  6. ^ Koiwai, Karl. How Safe is Choking in Judo?. judoinfo.com. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.
  7. ^ Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. Death from law enforcement neck holds. charlydmiller.com. URL last accessed 3 March 2006
  8. ^ Gunther, Wendy. On Chokes (Medical), with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. www.aikiweb.com. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.
  9. ^ Passig, K. Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history Archived 2012-05-04 at the Wayback Machine. datenschlag.org. URL last accessed 28 February 2006.
  10. ^ Koiwai, Karl. Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza). judoinfo.com URL last accessed 3 March 2006.
  11. PMID 25211747
    .
  12. PMID 17961956
    .
  13. ^ Culloden. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964.
  14. ^ "John Danaher Explains The Difference Between a Choke & a Strangle". Bjj Eastern Europe. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  15. ^ Buck, Andrew (3 September 2019). "Blood Chokes: How Do They Work?". Find Your Gi. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  16. ^ Green, Aimee (20 July 2015). "One-punch killings: They happen more often than you might think". oregonlive. Advance Publications. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  17. ^ a b Turvey, Brent (1996). A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations Archived 2012-07-24 at the Wayback Machine. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication. www.corpus-delicti.com. URL last accessed 1 March 2006.
  18. ISBN 0-385-50848-4
    .
  19. ISBN 978-0-812-83104-7
    .
  20. ^ Metcalfe, Tom (April 10, 2014). "Neolithic women in Europe were tied up and buried alive in ritual sacrifices, study suggests". LiveScience. Retrieved 2024-04-10 – via Yahoo! News.
  21. ^ Fineschi, V. (March 1998). "Typical Homicide Ritual of the Italian Mafia (Incaprettamento)". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 97 (1): 87–92.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strangling&oldid=1218543344"