Streptaxidae
| Streptaxidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Gonospira uvula | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
| Superorder: | Eupulmonata |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Superfamily: | Streptaxoidea |
| Family: | Streptaxidae Gray, 1860[1] |
Subfamilies
| |
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Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883 | |
| Diversity[2] | |
| about 1000 species, about 60 genera | |
Streptaxidae is a
Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species
Altogether 66 species from the family Streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 IUCN Red List.[5]
Distribution
The historical area of origin of the Streptaxidae is probably
The family is widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia.[7] The Recent native distribution of Streptaxidae includes South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, India, Sri Lanka, Andamans, South-East Asia and the Philippines.[2] The genus Gibbulinella is found in the Canary Islands.[2]
The species diversity of Streptaxidae reaches its maximum in sub-Saharan Africa.[7]
With 13 genera and about 130 nominal species, the second most diverse streptaxid fauna can be found in Southeast Asia.[7] Streptaxidae are the most diverse among tropical Asian carnivorous snails.[7] In Indochina, streptaxid diversity was thought to comprise only 10 genera and about 40 species in 1967.[8] However, in 2006–2016, 21 new species (more than half the previous total) and one new genus had been described from Indochina.[8] Thirty-seven species are recorded from Thailand, 10 from Myanmar, 45 from Vietnam,[8][9] and 12 from Laos.[8]
Description
Streptaxids can generally be recognized by their eccentric or cylindrical shells, while the animals have a bright yellow to red or orange body with external hook-like structures on the everted penis.[7]
Early classifications of the family such as Wilhelm Kobelt (1905–6), used mainly shell shape and the arrangement of apertural dentition.[8] However, many shell characters are highly conserved or occur recurrently, making some species and genera difficult to separate.[8] The reproductive organs of streptaxids can also be taxonomically significant.[8]
Taxonomy
Prior to Schileyko's revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.[7]
2005 taxonomy
Only the one family, Streptaxidae, was recognized within the Streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).[10]
There are 6 subfamilies in the family Streptaxidae according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, that follows Schileyko (2000):[11]
- Streptaxinae Gray, 1860 - synonym: Artemonidae Bourguignat, 1889
- Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883[12] - synonym: Streptostelidae Bourguignat, 1889
- Marconiinae Schileyko, 2000[13]
- Odontartemoninae Schileyko, 2000[14]
- Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921[15] - synonyms: Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936; Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936
- Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919[16]
2010 taxonomy
Sutcharit et al. (2010)[2] have established a new family Diapheridae within Streptaxoidea and they have added two genera Diaphera and Sinoennea into Diapheridae.[2]
In the recent decades, most of the taxonomic and systematic research on streptaxids has been performed on sub-Saharan African taxa.[7] Only a few publications focus on South American or Asian groups.[7]
Genera
Genera in the family Streptaxidae include:
Streptaxinae
- Afristreptaxis Thiele, 1932
- Carinartemis Siriboon & Panha, 2014
- Discartemon Pfeiffer, 1856[2]
- Edentulina L. Pfeiffer, 1856
- Elma Adams, 1866[2]
- Fischerpietteus Emberton, 2003
- Glyptoconus Möllendorff, 1894[2]
- Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905
- Hypselartemon Wenz, 1947[2][17]
- Indoartemon Forcart, 1946[2]
- Makrokonche Emberton, 1994
- Martinella Jousseaume, 1887[2]
- Micrartemon Möllendorff, 1890[2]
- Nagyelma Páll-Gergely & Hunyadi, 2021
- Odontartemon L. Pfeiffer, 1856
- Oophana Ancey, 1884
- Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905[2]
- Rectartemon Baker, 1925[2]
- Sairostoma Haas, 1938[2]
- Stemmatopsis J. Mabille, 1887 [2]
- Streptartemon Kobelt, 1905[2]
- Streptaxis Gray, 1837[2] - type genus of the family Streptaxidae
- Thachia F. Huber, 2018
Enneinae
- Austromarconia van Bruggen & de Winter, 2003
- Avakubia Pilsbry, 1919
- Conogulella Pilsbry, 1919
- Costigulella Pilsbry, 1919
- Dadagulella Rowson & Tattersfield, 2013[18][note 1]
- Digulella F. Haas, 1934
- Gulella Pfeiffer, 1856[2]
- Juventigulella Tattersfield, 1998
- Microstrophia Möllendorff, 1887[2]
- Mirellia Thiele, 1933
- Mirigulella Pilsbry & Cockerell, 1933
- Paucidentella Thiele, 1933
- Primigulella Pilsbry, 1919
- Pseudavakubia de Winter & Vastenhout, 2013
- Pseudelma Kobelt, 1904
- Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Pupigulella Pilsbry, 1919
- Rhabdogulella F. Haas, 1934
- Silvigulella Pilsbry, 1919
- Sphincterocochlion Verdcourt, 1985
- Sphinctostrema Girard, 1894
- Streptostele Dohrn, 1866[2]
- Tomostele Ancey, 1885
Marconiinae
- Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877
- Marconia Bourguignat, 1889[2] - type genus of the subfamily
- Stenomarconia Germain, 1934[2]
Odontartemoninae
- Artemonopsis Germain, 1908[2]
- Lamelliger Ancey, 1884
- Pseudogonaxis Thiele, 1932[2]
- Tayloria Bourguignat, 1889[2]
Orthogibbinae
- Acanthennea Martens, 1898[2] - with the only species Acanthennea erinacea (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Augustula Thiele, 1931[2] - with the only species Augustula braueri (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Careoradula Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999[2] - with the only species Careoradula perelegans (Martens, 1898)[6]
- Edentulina Pfeiffer, 1856[2]
- Gibbulinella Wenz, 1920[2]
- † Gibbus Montfort, 1810 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct[2]
- Glabrennea[2]
- Gonaxis Taylor, 1877[2]
- † Gonidomus Swainson, 1840 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct[2]
- Gonospira Swainson, 1840[2]
- Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905[2]
- Imperturbatia Martens, 1898[2]
- Oophana Ancey, 1884[2]
- Orthogibbus Germain, 1919 - type genus of the subfamily
- Plicadomus Swainson, 1840[2]
- Priodiscus Martens, 1898[2]
- Pseudelma Kobelt, 1904[2]
- Seychellaxis[2]
- Silhouettia Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999[2][6] - with the only species Silhouettia silhouettae (Martens, 1898)[6]
Unsorted to subfamily:
- Aenigmigulella Pilsbry & Cockerell, 1933
- Campolaemus Pilsbry, 1892
- Conturbatia crenata Gerlach, 2001[19]
- Costigulella Pilsbry, 1919 - formerly included in Gulella
- † Goniodomulus Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016
- Pallgergelyia Thach, 2017
- Parvedentulina Emberton & Pearce, 2000 - endemic to Madagascar[20]
- † Pfefferiola Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021
- † Protostreptaxis W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
- Sinistrexcisa De Winter, Gomez & Prieto, 1999:[2] synonym of Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Notes
- Scolodonta Doering, 1875 used to be classified within Streptaxinae,[2] but Scolodonta is the type genus of the family Scolodontidae.[10]
Synonyms
- Subfamily Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
- Subfamily Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
- Subfamily Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883
- Aberdaria Blume, 1965: synonym of Primigulella Pilsbry, 1919 (junior synonym)
- Acanthenna: synonym of Acanthennea E. von Martens, 1898 (misspelling)
- Adjua Chaper, 1885: synonym of Ptychotrema (Adjua) Chaper, 1885 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853 (original rank)
- Alcidia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837
- Artemon H. Beck, 1837: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837
- Campylaxis Ancey, 1888: synonym of Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
- Carychiopsis E. von Martens, 1895: synonym of Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Colpanostoma Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior synonym)
- Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855[2] - type genus of the subfamily : synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Enneastrum L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Eustreptaxis L. Pfeiffer, 1878: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837 (objective junior synonym)
- Eustreptostele Germain, 1915: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) Ancey, 1885: synonym of Tomostele Ancey, 1885
- Gibbonsia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Gigantaxis Tomlin, 1930: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior primary homonym of Gibbonsia Cooper, 1864)
- Gibbulina Beck, 1837: synonym of Gibbus Montfort, 1810 (invalid; unnecessary replacement name for Gibbus Monfort, 1810)
- Bourguignat, 1890
- Haplonepion Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Ptychotrema (Haplonepion) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1855:[2] synonym of Gulella (Huttonella) L. Pfeiffer, 1856 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
- Idolum L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Gonidomus Swainson, 1840 (junior synonym)
- Kobelt, 1904 (junior synonym)
- Ischnostele C. R. Boettger, 1915: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) Bourguignat, 1883 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
- Luntia E.A. Smith, 1898: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) Ancey, 1885: synonym of Tomostele Ancey, 1885 (junior synonym)
- Macrogonaxis Bequaert & Clench, 1936[21]:[2] synonym of Tayloria (Macrogonaxis) Thiele, 1932 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
- Marconia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877 (junior synonym)
- Maurennea:[2] synonym of Gulella (Maurennea) Schileyko, 2000 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
- Nevillia E. von Martens, 1880: synonym of Microstrophia Möllendorff, 1887 (junior homonym of Nevillia H. Adams, 1868)
- † Oppenheimiella Pfeffer, 1930 : synonym of † Pfefferiola Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021 (Invalid: junior homonym of Oppenheimiella Meunier, 1893 [Diptera]; Pfefferiola is a replacement name)
- Orthogibbus Germain, 1919: synonym of Gonospira Swainson, 1840
- Parennea Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Ptychotrema (Parennea) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Pseudartemon J. Mabille, 1887: synonym of Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905
- Raffraya Bourguignat, 1883: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) Bourguignat, 1883 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
- Sinistrexcisa de Winter, Gómez & Prieto, 1999: synonym of Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
- Somalitayloria Verdcourt, 1962:[2] synonym of Tayloria (Somalitayloria) Verdcourt, 1962 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
- Stenomarconia Germain, 1934: synonym of Gonaxis (Stenomarconia) Germain, 1934 represented as Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877
- Thaumatogulella F. Haas, 1951: synonym of Mirellia Thiele, 1933
- Varicostele Pilsbry, 1919:[2] synonym of Streptostele (Varicostele) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
- Webbia Odhner, 1932: synonym of Gibbulinella Wenz, 1920
See also
References
This article includes CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[7] and CC-BY-4.0 from the reference[8]
- ^ Dadagulella is placed here, because Dadagulella and Gulella are supposed to be sister groups.
- Annals and Magazine of Natural History, serie 3, 6: 267-269. Streptaxidae is on the page 268.
- ^ .
- ^ Gerlach, J (2001). "Edentulina moreleti, the first herbivorous streptaxid (Gastropoda)" (PDF). Phelsuma. 9: 75.
- .
- ^ IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gerlach J. & Bruggen A. C. van (1999). "Streptaxidae Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata of the Seychelles Islands, western Indian Ocean". Zoologische Verhandelingen 328: 1-60. abstract, PDF.
- ^ PMID 23794847.
- ^ PMID 27408533. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
- . Retrieved 2017-11-02.
- ^ ISSN 0076-2997.
- ^ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae; Chlamydephoridae; Systrophiidae; Haplotrematidae; Streptaxidae; Spiraxidae; Oleacinidae; Testacellidae". Ruthenica Supplement 2 Part 6: 731–880.
- ^ Bourguignat J. R. (1883) Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, serie 6, 15, Art. 2: page 74.
- ^ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 828.
- ^ Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 830.
- ^ Germain (1921) Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile des iles Mascareignes: 415, 461.
- ^ Pilsbry, H. A. (1919). "A review of the land mollusks of the Belgian Congo : chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 40: 180.
- ^ Wenz, W. v. (1947). "Zur Taxonomie der Euthyneura". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 76 (1): 336.
- .
- .
- .
- ^ Bequaert, J.; Clench, W. J. (1936). ""Studies of African land and fresh-water mollusks. Notes on Gonaxis Taylor, with description of a new species"". Journal of Conchology. 20. London: 263–273.
Further reading
- Zilch, A (1961). "Die Typen und Typoide des Natur-Museums Senckenberg 24: Mollusca, Streptaxidae". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 90: 79–120.
External links
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