Attack aircraft
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An attack aircraft, strike aircraft, or attack bomber is a tactical
Fighter aircraft often carry out the attack role, although they would not be considered attack aircraft per se; fighter-bomber conversions of those same aircraft would be considered part of the class. Strike fighters, which have effectively replaced the fighter-bomber and light bomber concepts, also differ little from the broad concept of an attack aircraft.
The dedicated attack aircraft as a separate class existed primarily during and after World War II. The precise implementation varied from country to country, and was handled by a wide variety of designs. In the United States and Britain, attack aircraft were generally light bombers or medium bombers, sometimes carrying heavier forward-firing weapons like the North American B-25G Mitchell and de Havilland Mosquito Tsetse. In Germany and the USSR, where they were known as Schlachtflugzeug ("battle aircraft") or sturmovik ("storm trooper") respectively, this role was carried out by purpose-designed and heavily armored aircraft such as the Henschel Hs 129 and Ilyushin Il-2. The Germans and Soviets also used light bombers in this role: cannon-armed versions of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka greatly outnumbered the Hs 129, while the Petlyakov Pe-2 was used for this role in spite of not being specifically designed for it.
In the latter part of World War II, the
Since the 1960s, only two dedicated attack aircraft designs have been widely introduced, the American Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II and the Soviet/Russian Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot.
A variety of light attack aircraft has also been introduced in the post-World War II era, usually based on adapted
Definition and designations
United States definition and designations
U.S. attack aircraft are currently identified by the prefix A-, as in "
As with many aircraft classifications, the definition of attack aircraft is somewhat vague and has tended to change over time. Current U.S.
Other designations
British designations have included FB for fighter-bomber and more recently "G" for "Ground-attack" as in Harrier GR1 (meaning "Ground-attack/Reconnaissance, Mark 1").
The NATO reporting names for Soviet/Russian ground-attack aircraft at first started with "B" categorizing them as bombers, as in case of Il-10 'Beast'. But later they were usually classified as fighters ("F")—possibly because (since Sukhoi Su-7) they were similar in size and visual appearance to Soviet fighters, or were simply derivatives of such.
History
World War I
The attack aircraft as a role was defined by its use during World War I, in support of ground forces on battlefields. Battlefield support is generally divided into close air support and battlefield air interdiction, the first requiring strict and the latter only general cooperation with friendly surface forces.[11] Such aircraft also attacked targets in rear areas. Such missions required flying where light anti-aircraft fire was expected and operating at low altitudes to precisely identify targets. Other roles, including those of light bombers, medium bombers, dive bombers, reconnaissance, fighters, fighter-bombers, could and did perform air strikes on battlefields.[12] All these types could significantly damage ground targets from a low level flight, either by bombing, machine guns, or both.
Attack aircraft came to diverge from bombers and fighters. While bombers could be used on a battlefield, their slower speeds made them extremely vulnerable to ground fire, as did the lighter construction of fighters. The survivability of attack aircraft was guaranteed by their speed/power, protection (i.e. armor panels) and strength of construction;[12]
Germany was the first country to produce dedicated ground-attack aircraft (designated CL-class and J-class). They were put into use in autumn 1917,[13] during World War I. Most notable was the Junkers J.I, which pioneered the idea of an armored "bathtub", that was both fuselage structure and protection for engine and crew. The British experimented with the Sopwith TF series (termed "trench fighters"), although these did not see combat.
The last battles of 1918 on the Western Front demonstrated that ground-attacking aircraft were a valuable component of all-arms tactics. Close support ground strafing (machine-gunning) and tactical bombing of infantry (especially when moving between trenches and along roads), machine gun posts, artillery, and supply formations was a part of the Allied armies' strength in holding German attacks and supporting Allied counter-attacks and offensives. Admittedly, the cost to the Allies was high, with the Royal Flying Corps sustaining a loss rate approaching 30% among ground-attack aircraft.
1919–1939
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After World War I, it was widely believed that using aircraft against tactical targets was of little use other than in harassing and undermining enemy morale; attacking combatants was generally much more dangerous to aircrews than their targets, a problem that was continually becoming more acute with the ongoing refinement of anti-aircraft weapons. Within the range of types serving attack roles, dive bombers were increasingly being seen[citation needed] as more effective than aircraft designed for strafing with machine guns or cannons.
Nevertheless, during the 1920s, the US military, in particular, procured specialized "Attack" aircraft and formed dedicated units, that were trained primarily for that role. The US Army Engineering Division became involved in designing ground attack aircraft. The 1920 Boeing GA-1 was an armored twin-engine triplane for ground strafing with eight machine guns and about a ton of armor plate, and the 1922 Aeromarine PG-1 was a combined pursuit (fighter) and ground attack design with a 37mm gun. The United States Marine Corps Aviation applied close air support tactics in the Banana Wars. While they did not pioneer dive bombing tactics, Marine aviators were the first to include it in their doctrine during the United States occupation of Haiti and Nicaragua.[14] The United States Army Air Corps was notable for its creation of a separate "A-" designation for attack types, distinct from and alongside "B-" for bomber types and "P-" for pursuit (later replaced by "F-" for fighter) aircraft. The first designated attack type to be operational with the USAAC was the Curtiss A-2 Falcon. Nevertheless, such aircraft, including the A-2's replacement, the Curtiss A-12 Shrike, were unarmored and highly vulnerable to AA fire.
The British Royal Air Force focused primarily on strategic bombing, rather than ground attack. However, like most air arms of the period it did operate attack aircraft, named Army Cooperation in RAF parlance, which included the Hawker Hector, Westland Lysander and others.
Aviation played a role in the Brazilian
During the 1930s, Nazi Germany had begun to field a class of Schlacht ("battle") aircraft, such as the Henschel Hs 123. Moreover, the experiences of German Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War, against an enemy with few fighter aircraft, changed ideas about ground attack. Though equipped with generally unsuitable designs such as the Henschel Hs 123 and cannon-armed versions of the Heinkel He 112, their armament and pilots proved that aircraft were a very effective weapon, even without bombs. This led to some support within the Luftwaffe for the creation of an aircraft dedicated to this role, resulting in tenders for a new "attack aircraft". This led to the introduction (in 1942) of a unique single-seat, twin-engine attack aircraft, the slow-moving but heavily armored and formidably armed Henschel Hs 129 Panzerknacker ("Safecracker" /"Tank Cracker").
In Japan, the
During the Winter War, the Soviet Air Forces used the Polikarpov R-5SSS, and Polikarpov R-ZSh, as attack aircraft.
Perhaps the most notable attack type to emerge during the late 1930s was the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik, which became the most-produced military aircraft type in history.
As World War II approached, the concept of an attack aircraft was not well defined, and various air services used many different names for widely differing types, all performing similar roles (sometimes in tandem with non-attack roles of bombers, fighters, reconnaissance and other roles.
- Army co-operation
The British concept of a light aircraft mixing all the roles that required extensive communication with land forces: reconnaissance, liaison,
- Light bomber
During the inter-war period, the British considered that in a future war it would be France that would be the enemy. For the light day bomber they had the Fairey Battle which originated in a 1932 specification. Designs in 1938 for a replacement were adapted as a target tug. The last British specification issued for a light bomber was B.20/40 described as a "Close Army Support Bomber" capable of dive bombing and photoreconnaissance. However, the specification was dropped before an aircraft went into production.[20]
- Dive bomber
In some air services, dive bombers did not equip ground-attack units, but were treated as a separate class. In Nazi Germany, the Luftwaffe distinguished between the Stuka (Sturzkampf-, "dive bombing") units, equipped with Junkers Ju 87 from Schlacht ("battle") units, using strafing/low-level bombing types such as the Henschel Hs 123).
- Fighter-bomber
Although not a synonymous class with ground-attack aircraft, fighter-bombers were usually used for the role, and proved to excel at it, even when they were only lightly armored. The Royal Air Force[
The United States Navy, in distinction to the USAAF, preferred the older term "Scout-Bomber", under a "SB-" designation, such as the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver.
World War II
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The
Wartime experience showed that poorly armored and/or lightly built, pre-war types were unacceptably vulnerable, especially to fighters. Nevertheless, skilled crews could be highly successful in those types, such as the leading Stuka ace, Hans-Ulrich Rudel, who claimed 500 tanks,[21] a battleship, a cruiser, and two destroyers in 2,300 combat missions.
The Bristol Beaufighter, based on an obsolescent RAF bomber, became a versatile twin-engine attack aircraft and served in almost every theatre of the war, in the maritime strike and ground attack roles as well as that of night fighter.
Conversely, some mid-war attack types emerged as adaptations of fighters, including several versions of the German Focke-Wulf Fw 190, the British Hawker Typhoon and the US Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. The Typhoon, which was disappointing as a fighter, due to poor high altitude performance, was very fast at low altitudes and thus became the RAF's premier ground attack fighter. It was armed with four 20mm cannon, augmented first with bombs, then rockets. Likewise the P-47 was designed and intended for use as a high altitude bomber escort, but gradually found that role filled by the North American P-51 Mustang (because of its much longer range and greater maneuverability). The P-47 was also heavier and more robust than the P-51 and regarded therefore, as an "energy fighter": ideal for high-speed dive-and-climb tactics, including strafing attacks. Its armament of eight 0.50 caliber machine guns was effective against Axis infantry and light vehicles in both Europe and the Pacific.
While machine guns and cannon were initially sufficient, the evolution of well-armored tanks required heavier weapons. To augment bombs, high explosive rockets were introduced, although these unguided projectiles were still "barely adequate" because of their inaccuracy.[22] For the British RP3, one hit per sortie was considered acceptable.[23] However, even a near miss with rockets could cause damage or injuries to "soft targets," and patrols by Allied rocket-armed aircraft over Normandy disrupted or even completely paralyzed German road traffic. They also affected morale, because even the prospect of a rocket attack was unnerving.[24]
The ultimate development of the cannon-armed light attack aircraft was the small production run in 1944 of the
Post-World War II
In the immediate post war era the
Many post-World War II era air forces have been reluctant to adopt fixed-wing jet aircraft developed specifically for ground attack. Although close air support and interdiction remain crucial to the modern battlefield, attack aircraft are less glamorous than fighters, while air force pilots and military planners have a certain well-cultivated contempt for "mud-movers". More practically, the cost of operating a specialized ground-attack aircraft is harder to justify when compared with multirole combat aircraft. Jet attack aircraft were designed and employed during the Cold War era, such as the carrier-based nuclear strike Douglas A-3 Skywarrior and North American A-5 Vigilante, while the Grumman A-6 Intruder, F-105 Thunderchief, F-111, F-117 Nighthawk, LTV A-7 Corsair II, Sukhoi Su-25, A-10 Thunderbolt II, Panavia Tornado, AMX, Dassault Étendard, Super Étendard and others were designed specifically for ground-attack, strike, close support and anti-armor work, with little or no air-to-air capability.
Ground attack has increasingly become a task of converted trainers, like the
A primary distinction of post-World War II aviation between the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force was that latter had generally been allocated all fixed-wing aircraft, while helicopters were under control of the former; this was governed by the 1948 Key West Agreement. The Army, wishing to have its own resources to support its troops in combat and faced with a lack of Air Force enthusiasm for the ground-attack role, developed the dedicated attack helicopter.
Recent history
On 17 January 1991, Task Force Normandy began its attack on two Iraqi anti-aircraft missile sites. TF Normandy, under the command of LTC
One concern involving the Apache arose when a unit of these helicopters was very slow to deploy during U.S. military involvement in Kosovo. According to the Army Times,[26] the Army is shifting its doctrine to favor ground-attack aircraft over attack helicopters for deep strike attack missions because ground-attack helicopters have proved to be highly vulnerable to small-arms fire; the U.S. Marine Corps has noted similar problems.[27]
In the late 1960s the
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Mortensen 1987, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Gunston 2009, p. 73.
- ^ Johnson 2008, p. 413.
- ^ Merriman 2000, p. 3.
- ^ "1911–2004 'A'."" Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Military Aircraft Designations. Retrieved: 28 November 2015.
- ^ a b c Pierrot and Vines 1997, pp. 2–4.
- ^ Designating and Naming Defense Military Aerospace Vehicles 2005. Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 16-401(I), p. 17.
- ^ Beechy, Robert. "Japanese Military Aircraft Designations". hud607.fire.prohosting.com. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Francillon 1970, pp.50–51.
- ^ Hallion 2010, pp. 3–6.
- ^ a b Cooling 1990, pp. 101, 123.
- ^ Thetford 1954, p. 56.
- ^ Corum and Johnson 2003, pp. 23–40.
- ^ Cambeses Júnior, Manuel (November 30, 2022). "O Emprego do Avião na Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932" (PDF). www2.fab.mil.br. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
- ^ Cooling 1990, pp. 1, 158, 244, 263.
- ^ Hallion 2010, p. 152.
- ^ Gunston 2009, p. 61.
- ^ Hallion 2010, pp. 16-22, 77.
- ^ Buttler p. 67.
- )
- ^ Gooderson 1998, p. 121.
- ^ Mason 1998, p. 50.
- ^ Shores and Thomas 2005, pp. 245–250.
- ^ Bradin 1994
- ^ "TRADOC cuts Apaches’ role in deep attack." Archived 2006-05-05 at the Wayback Machine Murdoc Online, 1 May 2006. Retrieved: 28 November 2015.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "General: Deep-strike, urban tactics for attack helicopters may need Rreview." Archived 2005-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Week, 30 July 2003. Retrieved: 28 November 2015.
- ^ Smith, Rich (20 May 2017). "Who Will Replace the A-10 Warthog? Textron Has a 2-in-3 Chance". fool.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-12.
- ^ Perry, Dominic. "UK Harrier fleet sold as £115 million worth of spare parts." Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 24 November 2011. Retrieved: 7 December 2011.
Sources
- Bradin, James W.From Hot Air to Hellfire: The History of Army Attack Aviation. New York: Presidio Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8914-1511-4.
- Cooling, Franklin, B. Case Studies in the Development of Close Air Support. Washington, D.C.: Office Of Air Force History, United States. Air Force, 1990. ISBN 978-0-912799-64-3.
- Corum, James S. and Wray R. Johnson. Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2003. ISBN 0-7006-1240-8.
- Designating and Naming Defense Military Aerospace Vehicles. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Air Force, 2005. ISBN 1-5-1480-090-X.
- Francillon, R.J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London:Putnam, 1970. ISBN 0-370-00033-1.
- Gooderson, Ian. Air power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943-45. London, England: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 978-0-7146-4680-0.
- Gunston, Bill. The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-521-19165-4.
- Hallion, Richard. Strike from the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Alabama Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8173-5657-6.
- Johnson, E. R. American Attack Aircraft Since 1926. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7864-3464-0.
- Mason, Tim. The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down, 1939–1945. Manchester, England: Hikoki Publications, 1998. ISBN 0-9519899-9-5.
- Merriman, Ray. "A: Light Bombing [...] B: Medium and Heavy Bombing." U.S. wWarplanes of World War II, Volume 1. Bennington, Virginia: Merriam Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-57638-167-0.
- Mortensen, Daniel R. A Pattern for Joint Operations: World War II Close Air Support, North Africa. Washington, D.C.: Office Of Air Force History, 1987. ISBN 978-1-4289-1564-0.
- Pierrot, Lane and Jo Ann Vines. A Look at Tomorrow's Tactical Air Forces. Collingdale, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-7881-4298-4.
- Shores, Christopher and Chris Thomas. Second Tactical Air Force, Volume Two: Breakout to Bodenplatte July 1944 to January 1945. Hersham, Surrey, England: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd, 2005. ISBN 1-903223-41-5.
- Thetford, Owen Gordon. "Halberstadt CL.II appearance at the Western Front." Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War. Harleyford, Hertfordshire, England: Harleyford Publications, 1954.
External links
Media related to Attack aircraft at Wikimedia Commons