Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957
Date | August 28–29, 1957 |
---|---|
Duration | 24 hours, 18 minutes |
Venue | United States Senate |
Type | Filibuster |
Motive | Prevention of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 |
The full text of the filibuster at Wikisource |
On August 28, 1957,
Thurmond, an ardent
Background and goals
The
Thurmond's filibuster was primarily focused on a specific provision in the civil rights bill that focused on minor voting rights
Thurmond had been significantly involved in politics before his senatorship: he had served as
An agreement among the Southern senators to not stage an organized filibuster had been reached in Senator Richard Russell's office on August 24, four days before Thurmond's speech.[16] Thurmond's departure from the senators' agreement was later criticized by party leaders including Russell and Herman Talmadge.[17]
Filibuster
The filibuster began at 8:54 p.m. on August 28, 1957, with a reading of the
Thurmond concluded his filibuster after 24 hours and 18 minutes at 9:12 p.m. on August 29, making it the longest filibuster ever conducted in the Senate as of 2024[update].
Logistics
Thurmond's filibuster has been described by historian and biographer Joseph Crespino as "kind of a urological mystery".[20] Thurmond took regular steam baths leading up to the filibuster to draw fluids out of his body, thus dehydrating himself and allowing himself to absorb fluids for a longer period of time during the filibuster.[7][30] It has also been rumored within the African American community that Thurmond used other methods to avoid leaving for the restroom.[31] The Chicago Defender stated that Thurmond had worn "a contraption devised for long motoring trips" that allowed him to relieve himself on the stand, and longtime Capitol Hill staffer Bertie Bowman claimed in his memoir that Thurmond had been fitted with a catheter.[20][31] Thurmond was allowed to leave for the restroom one time, approximately three hours into the filibuster. Senator Barry Goldwater quietly asked Thurmond how much longer he could hold off using the restroom, to which he replied, "about another hour". Goldwater asked Thurmond to yield the floor to him for a few minutes, and Thurmond was able to use the restroom while Goldwater made an insertion to the Congressional Record.[32] An aide had prepared a bucket in the Senate cloakroom for Thurmond to relieve himself if the need arose, but Thurmond did not end up using it.[32][33] Thurmond's health had become an item of concern by the evening of the 29th among his aides and the Senate doctor George W. Calver, who threatened to personally remove him from the floor if senatorial staff could not convince Thurmond to end his speech.[23][34]
During the filibuster, Thurmond sustained himself on diced pieces of
Outcome and reception
The filibuster failed to prevent the passage of the bill, and further failed to change the vote whatsoever.[18] The bill passed two hours after Thurmond finished speaking by a vote of 60–15,[15][36] and was signed into law by President Eisenhower less than two weeks later. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the first U.S. civil rights bill passed in 82 years.[3][37]
Thurmond received significant criticism, even from Democrats who signed or were aligned with the goals of the
In 1964, Thurmond was involved in a second filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[39] Later that year, he switched his affiliation to the Republican Party.[40] The 1964 filibuster was carried out by a group of Southern senators and was only ended by a cloture vote.[41] Thurmond was repeatedly elected and served in the Senate for 48 years, retiring in 2003 at the age of 100 as the oldest U.S. senator ever.[15][42]
Modern reception
Although the filibuster did not use any "overtly racist language" according to The Washington Post's Gillian Brockell in 2021, it has been described as racist by the newspaper because the bill Thurmond filibustered against protected the right of African Americans to vote.[18] In his 2012 biography of Thurmond, Strom Thurmond's America, Crespino noted the impact of Thurmond's filibuster and partial authorship of the Southern Manifesto, a document designed to unify the South against school integration,[43] the previous year. He described these events as "[sealing] Thurmond's reputation as one of the South's last Confederates, a champion of white southerners' campaign of 'massive resistance'" to civil rights.[44] He further argues that the filibuster was a way for Thurmond to uphold Southern ideas about white strength and endurance, while also burnishing his personal image of masculinity and health.[31]
Notes
References
- ^ "Black Americans and the Vote". National Archives and Records Administration. October 7, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1957". Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "The Civil Rights Act of 1957". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1957, September 9, 1957". Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. July 9, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (August 29, 2007). "Congress passes Civil Rights Act Aug. 29, 1957". Politico. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Crespino 2012, p. 112.
- ^ a b c "Thurmond Holds Senate Record for Filibustering". Fox News. Associated Press. March 25, 2015. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 133.
- ^ a b c "About Filibusters and Cloture". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ Cohodas 1993, pp. 294–296.
- ^ Crespino 2012, p. 113.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 131.
- ^ Welna, David (December 5, 2002). "Strom Thurmond at 100". NPR. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
- ^ Hamby, Alonzo L. (October 4, 2016). "Harry S. Truman: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c Clymer, Adam (June 27, 2003). "Strom Thurmond, Foe of Integration, Dies at 100". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 130.
- ^ Bass & Thompson 2005, p. 170.
- ^ a b c d Brockell, Gillian (March 26, 2021). "Note to Mitch McConnell: The Senate's longest filibuster was definitely racist". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c Cohodas 1993, p. 294.
- ^ a b c Kelly, Jon (December 12, 2012). "How do you talk for 24 hours non-stop?". BBC News. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, pp. 133–135.
- ^ a b c d Crespino 2012, p. 115.
- ^ a b Cohodas 1993, p. 296.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 136.
- ^ Cohodas 1993, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Palmer, Landon. "'Mr. Smith Goes to Washington' still shapes the filibuster debate. That's a problem". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- ^ Byrd 1988, p. 148.
- ^ "Wayne Morse Sets Filibuster Record". United States Senate. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 134.
- ^ Bass & Thompson 2005, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Crespino 2012, p. 117.
- ^ a b Memmott, Mark (March 7, 2013). "How Did Strom Thurmond Last Through His 24-Hour Filibuster?". NPR. Retrieved February 28, 2022.
- ^ Bass & Thompson 2005, pp. 26, 170.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 137.
- ^ Cohodas 1993, pp. 295–296.
- ^ a b c Cohodas 1993, p. 297.
- ^ Lachicotte 1966, p. 139.
- ^ Crespino 2012, p. 116.
- Facing South. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ "Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890)". United States Senate. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
- ^ "Civil Rights Act of 1964". United States Senate. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
- ^ "Strom Thurmond: A Featured Biography". United States Senate. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- ^ Badger 1999, p. 517.
- ^ Crespino 2012, p. 103.
Print sources
- Badger, Tony (1999). "Southerners Who Refused to Sign the Southern Manifesto". S2CID 145083004.
- ISBN 978-1-58648-297-8.
- Byrd, Robert C. (1988). The Senate, 1789–1989. ISBN 978-0-16-006405-0.
- Cohodas, Nadine (1993). Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change. New York: ISBN 978-0-86554-446-8.
- Crespino, Joseph (2012). Strom Thurmond's America. New York: ISBN 978-0-8090-9480-6.
- Lachicotte, Alberta Morel (1966). Rebel Senator: Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. New York: ISBN 978-0-8159-6703-3.