Struthionidae

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Struthionidae
Temporal range:
Ma
Struthio camelus australis at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Palaeognathae
Order: Struthioniformes
Latham, 1790
Family: Struthionidae
Vigors, 1825[1]
Type genus
Struthio
, 1758
Genera
Synonyms[2]
  • †Struthiolithidae Vjalov 1971

Struthionidae (

largest living bird species. The extinct genus Pachystruthio from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of Eurasia is one of the largest birds ever.[3]

The first species of Struthio appear during the Miocene epoch, though various Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene fossils may also belong to the family.[4][5] Ostriches are classified in the ratite group of birds, all extant species of which are flightless, including the kiwis, emus, and rheas. Traditionally, the order Struthioniformes contained all the ratites. However, recent genetic analysis has found that the group is not monophyletic, as it is paraphyletic with respect to the tinamous, so the ostriches are usually classified as the only members of the order,[6][7] though the IUCN uses a broader classification and includes all "ratites" and tinamous in Struthioniformes.[8]

Evolution

Struthionidae is a member of the

Ergilornithidae, known from the late Eocene to early Pliocene of Asia. It is therefore most likely that Struthionidae originated in Asia.[9] The oldest records of Struthionidae, belonging to the genus Struthio, are from the Early Miocene of Africa, around 21 million years old. Struthio dispersed into and became widespread in Eurasia during the late middle-Late Miocene epoch beginning around 12 million years ago. Pachystruthio from the Late Pliocene of Eurasia contains some of the largest bird species ever with some species likely weighing up to 450 kilograms (990 lb).[10]

Struthio camelus massaicus, female (left) and male (right)

While the relationship of the African fossil species is comparatively straightforward, many Asian species of ostriches have been described from fragmentary remains, and their interrelationships and how they relate to the African ostriches are confusing. In

last ice age; images of ostriches have been found there on prehistoric pottery and petroglyphs.[11][12][13]

Distribution and habitat

A male Somali ostrich in a Kenyan savanna, showing its blueish neck

Today ostriches are only found natively in the wild in

Arabia were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century, and in Israel attempts to introduce North African ostriches to fill their ecological role have failed.[16] Escaped common ostriches in Australia have established feral populations.[17]

Taxonomy

Ostrich in Bucaramanga, Colombia

In 2019, the species S. pannonicus, S. dmanisensis (the giant ostrich), and S. transcaucasicus were transferred to the genus Pachystruthio.[18]

Order Struthioniformes Latham 1790 (ostriches)

  • Family Struthionidae Vigors 1825
    • Genus †Pachystruthio (Kretzoi 1954) (Late Pliocene – Pleistocene)
    • Genus
      Struthio
       Linnaeus 1758 (Early Miocene – Recent)

See also

References

  1. ^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1825). "Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 14 (3): 395-517 [483].
  2. ISBN 80-901105-3-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link
    )
  3. S2CID 198384367
    .
  4. ^ Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (November 2014). "Stratigraphic distribution of large flightless birds in the Palaeogene of Europe and its palaeobiological and palaeogeographical implications". Earth-Science Reviews. 138: 394–408. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.07.001.
  5. ^ Agnolin et al, Unexpected diversity of ratites (Aves, Palaeognathae) in the early Cenozoic of South America: palaeobiogeographical implications Article in Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · July 2016 DOI: 10.1080/03115518.2016.1184898
  6. ^ Hackett, S.J. et al. (2008) A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History. Science, 320, 1763.
  7. ^ Yuri, T. (2013) Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals. Biology, 2:419–44.
  8. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  9. ISSN 0004-8038
    .
  10. ISSN 1424-2818
    .
  11. ^ Doar, B.G. (2007) "Genitalia, Totems and Painted Pottery: New Ceramic Discoveries in Gansu and Surrounding Areas". China Heritage Quarterly
  12. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.012
    .
  13. ^ Andersson, J. G. (1923). "Essays on the cenozoic of northern China". Memoirs of the Geological Survey of China (Peking), Series A. 3: 1–152 (53–77).
  14. ^ Donegan, Keenan (2002). "Struthio camelus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
  15. JSTOR 4088425
    .
  16. ^ Rinat, Zafrir (25 December 2007). "The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  17. ^ Ostriches in Australia – and near my home. trevorsbirding.com (13 September 2007)
  18. S2CID 198384367
    .
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