Subotica

Coordinates: 46°06′01″N 19°39′56″E / 46.10028°N 19.66556°E / 46.10028; 19.66556
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the city in Serbia. For other uses, see Subotica (disambiguation).
Subotica
Суботица (Serbian)
Szabadka (Hungarian)
City
From top: City center, Reichel Palace, Subotica Synagogue, St. Theresa of Avila Cathedral, Monument to the Victims of Fascism
SU
WebsiteOfficial website

Subotica (Serbian Cyrillic: Суботица, pronounced [sǔbotitsa] ⓘ; Hungarian: Szabadka, Rusyn: Суботица) is a city and the administrative center of the North Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region, contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province, following the city of Novi Sad. According to the 2022 census, the city itself has a population of 94,228, and the population of metro area (the administrative area of the city) stands at 123,952 people.[1]

Name

The name of the city has changed frequently over time.[2] The earliest known written name of the city was Zabotka[3] or Zabatka,[4] which dates from 1391. It is the origin of the current Hungarian name for the city "Szabadka".[4] Other sources claim, that the name "Szabadka" comes from the adjective szabad, which derived from the Slavic word for "free" – svobod, referring to the status of the colonists settled in this zone by the Habsburg after the Battle of Zenta.[5]

The town was named in the 1740s after

Maria Theresa of Austria, Archduchess of Austria. It was officially called Sent-Maria in 1743, but was renamed in 1779 as Maria-Theresiapolis. These two official names were also spelled in several different ways (most commonly the German Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel), and were used in different languages.[2]

Architectural Richness

Subotica boasts a remarkable collection of Art Nouveau architecture, including iconic buildings like the Subotica Synagogue and the Reichel Palace, which are recognized as some of the finest examples of this architectural style in Europe.[6]

Geography

It is located in the Pannonian Basin at 46.07° North, 19.68° East, about 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the border with Hungary, and is the northernmost city in Serbia. It is located in the vicinity of lake Palić.[7]

Climate

Subotica has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) that is uncommon in Serbia except at higher elevations,

Climate data for Subotica (Elevation: 109 m (358 ft))
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		16.0
(60.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		5.6
(42.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28
(1.10) 		25
(1.00) 		28
(1.10) 		41
(1.60) 		51
(2.00) 		71
(2.80) 		51
(2.00) 		56
(2.20) 		33
(1.30) 		25
(1.00) 		41
(1.60) 		41
(1.60) 		491
(19.3)
Source:
Weather Channel[8]

History

Historical affiliations

Kingdom of Hungary c. 1301–1526
 Ottoman Empire 1542–1686
Habsburg monarchy 1686–1804
 Austrian Empire 1804–1867

Austro-Hungarian Empire
1867–1918
Kingdom of Serbia 1918
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[9] 1918–1941
Hungarian occupation of Yugoslavia 1941–1944
 SFR Yugoslavia[10] 1944–1992
 
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1992−2003
 Serbia and Montenegro 2003–2006
 Republic of Serbia 2006–present

Prehistory and antiquity

In the

Sarmatian Iazyges, who were sometimes allies and sometimes enemies of the Romans. Iazyge rule lasted until the 4th century AD, after which the region came into the possession of various other peoples and states.[17]

Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement

In the Early Middle Ages various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area of Subotica. These peoples included Huns, Gepids, Avars, Slavs and Bulgarians. Slavs settled today's Subotica in the 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans.

The Slavic tribe living in the territory of present-day Subotica were the

Principality of Lower Pannonia (846-875), Great Moravia (833–c. 907) and the Bulgarian Empire.[18]

Late-Middle Ages

Emperor Jovan Nenad
monument in the downtown

Subotica probably first became a settlement of note when people poured into it from nearby villages destroyed during the

Tatar invasions of 1241–42. When Zabadka/Zabatka was first recorded in 1391, it was a tiny town in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Later, the city belonged to the Hunyadis, one of the most influential aristocratic families in the whole of Central Europe
.

King

mercenaries recruited in Banat. These soldiers were in the service of the Transylvanian general John I Zápolya, a later Hungarian king.[20]

The leader of these mercenaries, Jovan Nenad, established in 1526–27 his rule in Bačka, northern Banat and a small part of Syrmia and created an independent entity, with Subotica as its administrative centre. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself as Serbian tsar in Subotica. He named Radoslav Čelnik as the general commander of his army, while his treasurer and palatine was Subota Vrlić, a Serbian noble from Jagodina. When Bálint Török returned and recaptured Subotica from the Serbs, Jovan Nenad moved the administrative centre to Szeged.[21]

Some months later, in the summer of 1527, Jovan Nenad was

assassinated and his entity collapsed. However, after Jovan Nenad's death, Radoslav Čelnik led a part of the army to Ottoman Syrmia, where he briefly ruled as an Ottoman vassal.[citation needed
]

Ottoman administration

The

Eğri Eyaleti between 1596 and 1686.[22]

Habsburg administration

Serbian postcard of Subotica with a picture of National Theatre (early 20th century)

In 1687, about 5,000

Kuruc War
.

In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against the Rac National Militia.

Rác was a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to as rácok in the Kingdom of Hungary. In a later period rácok came to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion.[23]

The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for the Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica in Aleksandrovo, while others emigrated to Russia. In New Serbia, a new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named it Subotica. In 1775, a Jewish community in Subotica was established.

It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious name

Maria Theresa of Austria advanced the town's status further by proclaiming it a Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more as Maria-Theresiopolis.[24]

This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century, its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over the Habsburg monarchy. This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century, the Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of the Revolutions in the Habsburg monarchy (1848–49).

1848/1849 Revolutions

Subotica (Szabadka) in 1914 Hungarian postcard

During the 1848-49 revolution, the proclaimed borders of autonomous Serbian Vojvodina included Subotica, but Serb troops could not establish control in the region. On 5 March 1849, at the locality named Kaponja (between Tavankut and Bajmok), there was a battle between the Serb and Hungarian armies, which was won by the Hungarians.

The first newspaper in the town was also published during the 1848/49 revolution—it was called Honunk állapota ("State of Our Homeland") and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman's local printing company. Unlike most Serbs and Croats who confronted the Hungarians, part of the local Bunjevci people supported the Hungarian revolution.

In 1849, after the

Hungarian revolution of 1848 was defeated by the Russian and Habsburg armies, the town was separated from the Kingdom of Hungary together with most of the Bačka region, and became part of a separate Habsburg province, called Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. The administrative centre of this new province was Timișoara. The province existed until 1860. During the existence of the voivodeship, in 1853, Subotica acquired its impressive theatre.[25]

Hungarian administration

After the establishment of the

Dual-Monarchy in 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of city development of Subotica. Many schools were opened after 1867 and in 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European, fin de siècle architecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau
style.

Between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.[26]

Yugoslavia and Serbia

Hungarian occupation troops massacred Serbian and Jewish civilians during the occupation (1941–1944)

Subotica had been part of

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. As a result, Subotica became a border-town in Yugoslavia and did not, for a time, experience again the same dynamic prosperity it had enjoyed prior to World War I. However, during that time, Subotica was the third-largest city in Yugoslavia by population, following Belgrade and Zagreb
.

In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the

Partisans while re-taking the city as a retribution for supporting Axis Hungary.[28][29][failed verification
]

In the post-war period, Subotica has gradually been modernised. During the

Kosovo wars of the 1990s, a considerable number of Serb refugees came to the city from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo
, while many ethnic Hungarians and Croats, as well as some local Serbs, left the region.

Cityscape

National Theatre in Subotica

Unique in Serbia, Subotica and adjacent Palić have the most buildings built in the Hungarian Secession style, a distinct variant of Art Nouveau.[30] The Hungarian Secession style was operational between the 1890s and World War I. Its designs combined art nouveau vegetal ornaments and symbolic figures with traditional Hungarian motifs. It found its architectural expression in Subotica in the works of Marcell Komor, Dezső Jakab and Ferenc Raichle.[citation needed]

The City Hall (built in 1908–1910) and the Synagogue (1902) are of especially outstanding beauty. These were built by the same architects, Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab. Another exceptional example of art nouveau architecture is the actual Raichle Palace, which was built in 1904 by Ferenc J. Raichle.

Church buildings include the

Cathedral of St. Theresa of Avila dating from 1797, the Franciscan friary dating from 1723, the Eastern Orthodox churches also from the 18th century, and the Hungarian Art Nouveau Subotica Synagogue
from the early 20th century and its renovation was completed in the summer of 2019.

The historic National Theatre in Subotica, which was built in 1854 as the first monumental public building in Subotica, was demolished in 2007, although it was declared a historic monument under state protection in 1983, and in 1991 it was added to the National Register as a monument of an extraordinary cultural value. It is currently in the midst of renovation and is scheduled to open in 2017.[31]

Hungarian Secession buildings
Raichle Palace Municipal Library City Hall Ceiling of the City Hall Vojnića palace

Neighborhoods

See also: Hungarian toponyms in Vojvodina

The following are the neighborhoods of Subotica:

Suburbs and villages

The administrative area of Subotica comprises Subotica proper, the town of Palić (Hungarian: Palics) and 17 villages. The villages are:

Demographics

Main article: Demographic history of Subotica
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1948123,668—    
1953126,559+0.46%
1961136,782+0.98%
1971146,770+0.71%
1981154,611+0.52%
1991150,534−0.27%
2002148,401−0.13%
2011141,554−0.52%
2022123,952−1.20%
Source: [32]
Ethnic map of the Subotica proper
Ethnic map of the Subotica administrative area

According to the 2022 census results, the city administrative area of Subotica had 123952 inhabitants.

Ethnic composition

Places with either an absolute or relative

Mala Bosna, Đurđin, Donji Tavankut, Gornji Tavankut, Bikovo, Stari Žednik. Ljutovo has a relative Bunjevac
ethnic majority.

The ethnic composition of the municipality 2022:[33]

Ethnic group Population Proportion
Serbs 38.174 30.8%
Hungarians 37.200 30%
Croats 10.431 8,42%
Bunjevci 9.060 7.31%
Roma 3.432 2.77%
Yugoslavs 2.187 1.77%
Montenegrins 810 0.65%
Macedonians 313 0.25%
Albanians 310 0.25%
Muslims 233 0.19%
Russians 193 0.16%
Bosniaks 180 0.15%
Gorani
 166 0.13%
Rusyns 149 0.12%
Germans 144 0.12%
Slovaks
 135 0.11%
Slovenians
 87 0.07%
Unknown 1.463 1.18%
Others 19.281 15.56%
Total 123.952

Languages

Languages spoken in Subotica administrative area:[34]

Serbian is the most employed language in daily life, but Hungarian is also used by over one third of the population in their daily conversations. Both languages are also widely employed in commercial and official signage.[35]

Religion

Subotica Synagogue
Cathedral of Saint Teresa of Avila

Religion in the Subotica administrative area as of the 2022 census:[36]

  • Roman Catholic
    = 59.748
  • Orthodox = 37.647
  • Muslim
    = 3.238
  • Protestant
    = 1.609
  • Judaism = 54

Subotica is the centre of the

Franciscan spiritual centre (the city has communities of both Franciscan friars and Franciscan nuns), a female Dominican community, and two congregations of Augustinian religious sisters. The diocese of Subotica has the only Catholic secondary school in Serbia (Paulinum).[citation needed
]

When the nuns' orphanage and children's home in Blato, Korčula (present-day Croatia) had exhausted the food and funds needed for helping poor and hungry children, Marija Petković (later known as Blessed Mary of Jesus Crucified Petković), went to Bačka, whose apostolic seat is Subotica, to solicit help for orphans and widows. Bishop Ljudevit Lajčo Budanović asked Petković to found monasteries of her Order in Subotica and neighbourhood, so the locals could benefit spiritually from the instruction of the nuns of her Order.[37] She learned that Bačka had many poor and abandoned children. In 1923, she opened Kolijevka, a children's home in Subotica. The home still exists but is no longer run by nuns.[citation needed]

Among other Christian communities, the members of the

Jewish community of Subotica is the third largest in Serbia, after those in Belgrade and Novi Sad. About 1000 (of the 6,000 pre-WWII Jews of Subotica) survived the Holocaust. According to the 2011 census, fewer than 90 Jews remained in Subotica as of 2011.[34]

Politics

City hall with Blue Fountain
Main articles: List of mayors of Subotica and Resulus of the election for the City Assembly of Subotica 2020

Results of 2020 local elections in Subotica municipality:[38]

Coat of arms

The original coat of arms and current medium coat of arms have an outlining Latin inscription of Civitatis Maria Theresiopolis, Sigillum Liberæque Et Regiæ, translated as Seal of the Free and Royal City of Maria Theresiopolis.

Economy

Svetozar Marković Gymnasium

The area around Subotica is mainly farmland but the city itself is an important industrial and transportation centre in Serbia. Due to the surrounding farmlands Subotica has famous food producer industries in the country, including such brands as the confectionery factory "Pionir", "Fidelinka" the cereal manufacturer, "Mlekara Subotica" a milk producer and "Simex" producer of strong alcohol drinks.

There are a number of old socialistic industries that survived the transition period in Serbia. The biggest one is the chemical fertilizer factory "Azotara" and the rail wagon factory "Bratstvo". Currently the biggest export industry in town is the "

Palić Film Festival. Subotica is a festival city, hosting more than 17 festivals over the year. [citation needed
]

As of September 2017, Subotica has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia.[39]

In 2020 construction of a new aqua park with ten pools and wellness and spa sections was underway in Palić.[40]

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[41]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 632
Mining and quarrying 5
Manufacturing 14,481
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 360
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 570
Construction 1,829
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 7,337
Transportation and storage 3,136
Accommodation and food services 1,802
Information and communication 1,056
Financial and insurance activities 621
Real estate activities 127
Professional, scientific and technical activities 1,503
Administrative and support service activities 1,088
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,997
Education 2,596
Human health and social work activities 3,416
Arts, entertainment and recreation 653
Other service activities 984
Individual agricultural workers 1,438
Total 45,631

Education

Universities

Tutoring of teachers in Subotica dates back to the late 18th century. After the establishment of Austria-Hungary, the second state-financed teacher training faculty of Hungary was founded in Subotica, second to Buda only. Modern history of teacher training in Subotica started in 2006, when the Sombor Teacher Training Faculty's curriculums in the Hungarian language seceded from the faculty and became independent as the 14th faculty of the University of Novi Sad.[42] As of 2022, the faculty offers bachelor's degrees in kindergarten teaching, elementary school teaching, disciplinatory teaching and communications, and master's degrees in kindergarten teaching and elementary school teaching.

Secondary schools

  • Polytechnic school, Surveying and Construction, Typography, Forestry and Wood Processing
  • Teachers' College, founded in 1689, the oldest college in the country and region
  • "Svetozar Marković" grammar school
  • "Dezső Kosztolányi" Philological grammar school
  • "MEŠC" Electro-mechanical school, recently renamed to "Tehnička Škola - Subotica" (en. "Technical School")
  • "Bosa Milićević" School of Economics
  • "Lazar Nešić" School of Chemistry
  • "Medicinska Škola" Medical School

4 953 students studied in the city in the year 2020/21 in the secondary education. 1 626 students chose Hungarian speaking classes (32.8%), 209 students chose Croatian classes while 3 118 students studied in Serbian language.[43]

Historical schools (1920 to 1941)

Sport

Subotica has one major

Spartak and plays in the Serbian SuperLiga
, the country's primary football competition.

Media

Newspapers and magazines published in Subotica:

Infrastructure

A1 motorway connects the city with Novi Sad and Belgrade to the south and, across the border with Hungary, with Szeged to the north. It runs alongside the Budapest–Belgrade railway, which connects it to major European cities. As of November 2022, the line is out of order without replacement as both the Serbian and the Hungarian part of the line is currently being reconstructed. Subotica also has branch line railway connections to Sombor, Senta (with passenger service), and Szeged through Horgoš (under reconstruction with limited freight service, passenger service planned to commence in late 2023), while the former branch line to Baja through Csikéria was dismantled in the 1960s but parts of the derelict tracks are still visible in the city's northwestern outskirts.

Subotica Central Railway Station

The city used to have a tram system, the

Subotica tram system
, but it was discontinued in 1974. The Subotica tram, put into operation in 1897, ran on electricity from the start. While neighbouring cities' trams at this date were often still horse-drawn, this gave the Subotica system an advantage over other municipalities including Belgrade, Novi Sad, Zagreb, and Szeged. Its existence was important for the citizens of Subotica, as well as tourists who came to visit. Subotica has since developed a bus system, operated by JP Subotica Trans, who operates eleven city lines, eight suburban lines, and thirteen interurban lines, as well as a single international line to Szeged. Per year the buses travel some 4.7 million kilometres, and carry about ten million people.

The city is served by

Subotica Airport
; its runway is too short for airliners, limiting usage to mostly recreational aviation. Southwest of the city there is a 218.5 metres tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting. It is the tallest of its kind in Serbia and one of the tallest in the region.

Notable citizens

International cooperation

Twin towns - Sister cities

Subotica is

twinned
with the following cities:

Hungary Szeged, Hungary
Slovakia Dunajská Streda, Slovakia
Czech Republic Olomouc, Czech Republic
Croatia Osijek, Croatia
Romania Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania
Germany Treptow-Köpenick (Berlin), Germany

Partner Cities

Subotica is a partner city with the following:

Hungary Baja, Hungary
Hungary Budapest, Hungary
Slovenia Izola, Slovenia
Hungary Kecskemét, Hungary
Hungary Kiskunhalas, Hungary
Germany Munich, Germany
Belgium Namur, Belgium
Netherlands Tilburg, Netherlands
Finland Turku, Finland
Germany Ulm, Germany
United Kingdom Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
Croatia Zagreb, Croatia
Hungary Zirc, Hungary

See also

References

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    ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4
    . Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  2. ^ a b History of Subotica Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  3. ^ "Borovszky - Magyarország vármegyéi és városai". mek.oszk.hu.
  4. ^ a b "Serbian Cities: Subotica". Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2011-03-30.
  5. ^ Colonists settling the military buffer zone between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  6. ^ "The Synagogue in Subotica". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  7. ^ Geographical position of Subotica Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  8. Weather Channel
    . Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  9. ^ Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929
  10. ^ Known as Democratic Federal Yugoslavia until 1945
  11. ^ Starčevo culture
  12. ^ "Map". catyline.com.
  13. ^ "[Projekat Rastko] Nikola Tasic: Eneolitske kulture centralnog i zapadnog Balkana". www.rastko.rs.
  14. ^ The first Indo-Europeans in the Balkans Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  15. ^ "Area Culture Map 1". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2011-02-12.,
  16. ^ eliznik. "South East Europe history - 1,800 BC map". www.eliznik.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  17. ^ Bârcă 2013, p. 104.
  18. ^ Barford 2001.
  19. ^ Subotica after the Battle of Mohács Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  20. ISBN 978-1794777330
    .
  21. ^ Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai, Bács-Bodrog vármegye I-II. kötet, Apolló Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság, 1909.
  22. ^ Sanjak of Segedin
  23. ^ Varga 2013, p. 264.
  24. ^ History of Subotica Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  25. ^ Vladan Gavrilović, The Serbian Vojvodina and Montenegro 1848-1849, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Philosophy, 2021.
  26. ^ "Subotica | Hrvatska enciklopedija". www.enciklopedija.hr. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
  27. ^ Subotica in WWII Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  28. ^ Mészáros Sándor: Holttá nyilvánítva - Délvidéki magyar fátum 1944–45, I-II, Hatodik Síp Alapítvány, Budapest 1995.
  29. ^ Cseres Tibor: Vérbosszú Bácskában, Magvető kiadó, Budapest 1991.
  30. ^ Buildings of Subotica Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  31. ^ "Radovi na rekonstrukciji Narodnog pozorišta u Subotici". Gradjevinarstvo. 16 March 2016.
  32. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
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  34. ^ a b "Становништво према матерњем језику".
  35. ^ "The Use of Hungarian and Serbian in the City of Szabadka/Subotica: An Empirical Study". Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  36. ^ "Становништво према вероисповести".
  37. ^ M. Stantić. Blessed Marija Petković Archived 19 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine M. Stantić: Zauzimanje za siromahe - karizma danas, marijapropetog.hr; accessed 5 February 2016. (in Croatian)
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  39. ^ Mikavica, A. (3 September 2017). "Slobodne zone mamac za investitore". politika.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  40. ^ symbolic (25 February 2020). "Do kraja godine biće završen akva-park na Paliću" (in Serbian). Retrieved 2020-11-21.
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  42. ^ "A Kar története MTTK".
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  45. ^ "Intercultural Cities - Home". Intercultural cities programme.

Books

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subotica.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Subotica.
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