Substitution hypothesis
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The substitution hypothesis or twin hypothesis states that the sightings of a risen
Christian and Gnostic traditions
The Book of Thomas the Contender, a Gnostic text thought to have been written in the late second or the third century,[2] cites Jesus as stating, when speaking to Thomas the Apostle, "[I]t has been said that you are my twin and true companion.".[3] Additionally, the third century text Acts of Thomas (not to be confused with the Gospel of Thomas) contains an episode in which the risen Jesus appears "in the likeness of" Thomas the Apostle, and is subsequently mistaken for Thomas by a king.[4] However, these early texts do not expressly put forward any sort of substitution hypothesis with respect to the death and resurrection of Jesus.
The Second Treatise of the Great Seth, a Gnostic text from the third century, claims that Simon of Cyrene was crucified in the place of Jesus.[5] The text is written from the first-person narrative perspective of Jesus, attributing to Jesus statements such as "I was laughing at their ignorance" when the crowd mistakenly crucifies Simon of Cyrene, and asserting that this deception was made possible because "I [Jesus] was altering my shapes, changing from form to form."[6]
The Gospel of Barnabas describes Jesus escaping crucifixion through being raised alive to heaven by a committee of holy angels; afterwards, Judas Iscariot is supernaturally transformed to look identical to Jesus, and is subsequently crucified in Jesus' place.[7] Concerning its date of composition, few academics argue that the Gospel of Barnabas was composed any earlier than the 14th century, although a minority of scholars see it as containing portions of an earlier work.[8]
Paul William Roberts reports in his 1995 travel narrative Journey of the Magi: In Search of the Birth of Jesus, that some contemporary Mandaeans hold that Thomas the Apostle was the twin brother of Jesus and was crucified in Jesus' place.
The etymology of Thomas with respect to
Islamic perspective
A verse in the
See also
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2022) |
Citations
- ^ e.g. https://www.christianpost.com/voices/jesus-twin-brother-and-the-truth-about-easter.html or in The Gospel of Afranius
- ^ John D. Turner, The Anchor Bible Dictionary, volume 6, p. 529.
- ^ Turner, John. "The Nag Hammadi Library: The Book of Thomas the Contender". The Gnostic Society Library. Coptic Gnostic Library Project.
- ^ Erhman 2005, p. 122.
- ^ Erhman 2005, p. 82.
- ^ Bullard, Roger; Gibbons, Joseph. "The Nag Hammadi Library: The Second Treatise of the Great Seth". The Gnostic Society Library. Coptic Gnostic Library Project.
- ^ Ragg, Laura; Lonsdale. "The Gospel of Barnabas". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Evinity Publishing, Inc.
- ^ Cirillo, Luigi; Fremaux, Michael (1977). Évangile de Barnabé. Beauchesne. p. 176.
- ^ Quran 4:157–158
Sources
- ISBN 978-0385261906.
- ISBN 0-19-518250-2.
- ISBN 0-7737-2908-9.
- ASIN B004NSV234.