Subtle body

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For other uses, see Subtle body (disambiguation).
Braj Bhasa language, 1899. A row of chakras
is depicted from the base of the spine up to the crown of the head.

A subtle body is a "quasi material"

Sanskrit: सूक्ष्म शरीर). However, while mostly associated with Asian cultures, non-dualistic approaches to the mind and body are found in many parts of the world.[1]

Subtle body concepts and practices can be identified as early as 2nd century BCE in

completion stage in yoga, it is visualised within the body.[3] The subtle body consists of focal points, often called chakras, connected by channels, often called nadis, that convey subtle breath, often called prana. Through breathing and other exercises, a practitioner may direct the subtle breath to achieve supernormal powers, immortality, or liberation
.

Subtle body in the Western tradition is called the

Seven Heavens of the classical planets. Neoplatonists Porphyry and Proclus elaborated on Plato's description of the starry nature of the human psyche. Throughout the Renaissance, philosophers and alchemists, healers including Paracelsus and his students, and natural scientists such as John Dee, continued to discuss the nature of the astral world intermediate between earth and the divine. The concept of the astral body or body of light was adopted by 19th and 20th-century ceremonial magicians
.

The

holistic medicine perspectives.[1] Western scientists have started to explore the subtle body concept in research on meditation.[4]

Asian religions

The

acupuncture points) connected by a series of channels (nadis, meridians) that convey subtle breath (prana, vayu, ch'i, ki, lung). These invisible channels and points are understood to determine the characteristics of the visible physical form. By understanding and mastering the subtlest levels of reality one gains mastery over the physical realm. Through breathing and other exercises, the practitioner aims to manipulate and direct the flow of subtle breath, to achieve supernormal powers (siddhis) and attain higher states of consciousness, immortality, or liberation.[5][6]

Hinduism

An illustration of a subtle body system of seven chakras connected by three major nadi channels, as commonly adopted by contemporary yoga
Further information:
Three Bodies Doctrine, Kosha, Chakra, and Nadi (yoga)

Early

Early concepts of the subtle body (

Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and the Katha Upanishad.[7] The Taittiriya Upanishad describes the theory of five koshas or sheaths, though these are not to be thought of as concentric layers, but interpenetrating at successive levels of subtlety:[8][9]

Subtle internal anatomy included a central channel (nadi).[8] Later Vedic texts called samhitas and brahmanas contain a theory of five "winds" or "breaths" (vayus, pranas):[8]

  • Prāṇa, associated with inhalation
  • Apāna, associated with exhalation
  • Uḍāna, associated with distribution of breath within the body
  • Samāna, associated with digestion
  • Vyāna, associated with excretion of waste

Later

A millennium later, these concepts were adapted and refined by various spiritual traditions. The similar concept of the Liṅga Śarīra is seen as the vehicle of consciousness in later

Isvarakrsna (ca. 4th century CE), the Lińga is the characteristic mark of the transmigrating entity. It consists of twenty-five tattvas from eternal consciousness down to the five organs of sense, five of activity (buddindriya or jñānendriya, and karmendriya respectively) and the five subtle elements that are the objects of sense (tanmatras) The Samkhyakarika says:[12]

The subtle body (linga), previously arisen, unconfined, constant, inclusive of the great one (mahat) etc, through the subtle elements, not having enjoyment, transmigrates, (because of) being endowed with bhavas ("conditions" or "dispositions"). As a picture (does) not (exist) without a support, or as a shadow (does) not (exist) without a post and so forth; so too the instrument (linga or karana) does not exist without that which is specific (i.e., a subtle body).

— Samkhyakarika, 60–81[12]

The classical Vedanta tradition developed the theory of the five bodies into the theory of the koshas "sheaths" or "coverings" which surround and obscure the self (atman). In classical Vedanta these are seen as obstacles to realization and traditions like Shankara's Advaita Vedanta had little interest in working with the subtle body.[13]

Tantra

In Tantra traditions meanwhile (Shaiva Kaula, Kashmir Shaivism and Buddhist Vajrayana), the subtle body was seen in a more positive light, offering potential for yogic practices which could lead to liberation.[14] Tantric traditions contain the most complex theories of the subtle body, with sophisticated descriptions of energy nadis (literally "stream or river", channels through which vayu and prana flows) and chakras, points of focus where nadis meet.[15]

The main channels, shared by both Hindu and Buddhist systems, but visualised entirely differently, are the central (in Hindu systems:

sushumna; in Buddhist: avadhuti), left and right (in Hindu systems: ida and pingala; Buddhist: lalana and rasana).[16] Further subsidiary channels are said to radiate outwards from the chakras, where the main channels meet.[17]

Chakra systems vary with the tantra; the Netra Tantra describes six chakras, the Kaulajñana-nirnaya describes eight, and the Kubjikamata Tantra describes seven (the most widely known set).[18][19]

In the

sky-gazing, argues that many of the specific motifs that appear in the tradition's conception of the body are of pre-Buddhist origin. More specifically, he notes that the Dzogchen body's motifs of "deer-hearts, silk-channels, buffalo-horns, or far-reaching lassos [...] reproduce the terminology of the hunting of animalistic vitality as if internalizing the quest for precious substances."[20]

Modern

The modern Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that the subtle body "is the vehicle of desires and vital forces". He held that the subtle body is one of three bodies with which the soul must cease to identify with in order to realize God.[21]

Buddhism

Further information: Luminous mind and Illusory body
A Tibetan illustration of the subtle body showing the central channel and two side channels connecting five chakras

In

Buddhist Tantra, the subtle body is termed the "innate body" (nija-deha) or the "uncommon means body" (asadhdrana-upayadeha),[22] or sūkṣma śarīra, rendered in Tibetan as traway-lu (transliterated phra ba’i lus).[23] The subtle body is sometimes known as manomaya-kāya, the “body made of mind” and is the means for synchronising the body and the mind, particularly during meditation.[24]

The subtle body consists of thousands of subtle energy channels (

chakras.[22] According to Dagsay Tulku Rinpoche, there are three main channels (nadis), central, left and right, which run from the point between the eyebrows up to the crown chakra, and down through all seven chakras to a point two inches below the navel.[25]

Lati Rinbochay describes the subtle body as consisting of 72,000 channels, various winds and a white and a red drop whilst a further very subtle body is a wind abiding in a drop at the centre of the heart chakra. The central channel is then described as being squeezed by two channels that encircle it at each chakra and thrice at the heart chakra, ensuring the winds do not move upward or downward until death.[26]

Buddhist tantras generally describe four or five chakras in the shape of a lotus with varying petals. For example, the

Hevajra Tantra (8th century) states:

In the Center [i.e. chakra] of Creation [at the sexual organ] a sixty-four petal lotus. In the Center of Essential Nature [at the heart] an eight petal lotus. In the Center of Enjoyment [at the throat] a sixteen petal lotus. In the Center of Great Bliss [at the top of the head] a thirty-two petal lotus.[18]

In contrast, the historically later Kalachakra tantra describes six chakras.[18]

In

Six Yogas of Naropa.[27]

Other traditions

Other spiritual traditions teach about a mystical or divine body, such as "the most sacred body" (wujud al-aqdas) and "true and genuine body" (jism asli haqiqi) in Sufism, the meridian system in Chinese religion, and "the immortal body" (soma athanaton) in Hermeticism.[28]

Western esoteric tradition

Main article: Body of light

The body of light is elaborated on according to various Western esoteric, occult, and mystical teachings. Other terms used for this body include body of glory,[29] spirit-body, radiant body,[30] luciform body, augoeides ('radiant'), astroeides ('starry' or 'sidereal body'), and celestial body.[31]

The concept derives from the philosophy of

soul's journey or "ascent" is described in such terms as "an ecstatic, mystical or out-of body experience, wherein the spiritual traveller leaves the physical body and travels in their body of light into 'higher' realms."[33]

Neoplatonists Porphyry and Proclus elaborated on Plato's description of the starry nature of the human psyche. Throughout the Renaissance, philosophers and alchemists, healers including Paracelsus and his students, and natural scientists such as John Dee, continued to discuss the nature of the astral world intermediate between earth and the divine. The concept of the astral body or body of light was adopted by 19th-century ceremonial magician Éliphas Lévi, Florence Farr and the magicians of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, including Aleister Crowley.

Western syncretic tradition

See also: Astral body
The subtle body and the cosmic man, Nepal 1600s

Theosophy

In the 19th century,

C. W. Leadbeater, Annie Besant and Rudolf Steiner (who went on to found Anthroposophy), has made them "problematic"[34] to modern scholars, since the Theosophists adapted the terms as they expanded their ideas based on "psychic and clairvoyant insights", changing their meaning from what they had in their original context in India.[34]

Post-theosophists

The later theosophical arrangement was taken up by

Desire body, related to the Astral plane; and the Mental body.[37] Barbara Brennan's account of the subtle bodies in her books Hands of Light and Light Emerging refers to the subtle bodies as "layers" in the "Human Energy Field" or aura.[38]

Fourth Way

Subtle bodies are found in the "

Ouspensky, who write that one can create a subtle body, and hence achieve post-mortem immortality, through spiritual or yogic exercises. The "soul" in these systems is not something one is born with, but developed through esoteric practice to acquire complete understanding and to perfect the self. According to the historian Bernice Rosenthal, "In Gurdjieff's cosmology our nature is tripartite and is composed of the physical (planetary), emotional (astral) and mental (spiritual) bodies; in each person one of these three bodies ultimately achieves dominance."[39] The "divine body" represents a fourth way, and the ultimate task of the teachings is to harmoniously develop the four ways into a single way.[39]

Meditation research

Western scientists have started to explore the subtle body concept in relation to research on meditation. The subtle body model can be cross-referenced onto modern maps of the central nervous system, and applied in research on meditation.[4]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f Samuel & Johnston 2013.
  2. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017.
  3. ^ "Tibetan Medicine and the Subtle Anatomy - Tibetan Medicine, Buddhism & Astrology - London". Shrīmālā | Tibetan Medicine, Buddhism & Astrology | London. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  4. ^
    S2CID 5042508
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  5. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 171–184.
  6. ^ Pregadio, Fabrizio (2012). The Way of the Golden Elixir: A Historical Overview of Taoist Alchemy (PDF, 60 pp., free download). Golden Elixir Press.
  7. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 173–174.
  8. ^ a b c Samuel 2013, p. 33.
  9. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 184.
  10. ^ Larson 2005, p. 242.
  11. ^ Purucker, Gottfried. The Occult Glossary
  12. ^ a b Larson 2005, p. 268.
  13. ^ Samuel 2013, pp. 34, 37.
  14. ^ Samuel 2013, p. 34.
  15. ^ Samuel 2013, pp. 38–39.
  16. ^ Samuel 2013, p. 39.
  17. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 172–174.
  18. ^ a b c Samuel 2013, p. 40.
  19. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 175–178.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-1-350-42881-2
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1880619094
    .
  22. ^ a b Wayman, Alex (1977). Yoga of the Guhyasamajatantra: The arcane lore of forty verses : a Buddhist Tantra commentary. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 65.
  23. ^ Miller, Lama Willa B. (12 November 2013). "Reviews: Investigating the Subtle Body". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  24. ^ Simmer-Brown 2002, p. 169.
  25. ISBN 978-0892819034
    .
  26. ISBN 978-1-55939-756-8
    . Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  27. ^ Samuel 2013, p. 38.
  28. ^ White 2018.
  29. ^ Behun 2010.
  30. ^ Mead 1919.
  31. ^ Mead 1919, pp. 34–35.
  32. ^ Miller 1995, p. [page needed].
  33. ^ Woolger n.d.
  34. ^ a b c Samuel 2013, pp. 1–3.
  35. ^ Johnston, Jay (2002). "The "Theosophic Glance": Fluid Ontologies, Subtle Bodies and Intuitive Vision". Australian Religion Studies Review. 15 (2): 101–117.
  36. ISBN 900413638X
    .
  37. ^ Heindel 1911.
  38. ^ Dale, Cyndi (11 October 2016). "Energetic Anatomy: A Complete Guide to the Human Energy Fields and Etheric Bodies". Conscious Lifestyle magazine. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  39. ^
    OCLC 35990156
    .

Works cited

Further reading

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