Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
This article needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
Sudan Liberation Movement | |
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Leaders |
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Dates of operation | 2002–present |
Active regions | Western |
Battles and wars | |
Website | slmsudan |
War in Darfur |
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Combatants |
Other articles |
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The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (
Formation
General
2008 Sun Air hijacking
In August 2008, a local Sun Air Boeing 737 carrying 100 passengers including 5 crew members, was hijacked by members belonging to the Sudan Liberation Movement or SLM.[9] The regional flight operated by the private Sudanese airlines Sun Air was en route from Nyala, South Darfur to Khartoum when it was diverted by the Darfuri rebels to the oasis town of Kufra, in southern Libya. SLM leader Abdel Wahid al-Nur who lived in Paris at the time, denied his involvement in the hijacking and condemned the rebels' use of hijacking to bring attention to their cause.[10] SLA field commander Ibrahim al-Hillo suggested that the Boeing hijackers could be al-Nur sympathizers as the SLA had started to break up at the time of hijacking.[11] The 95 passengers were eventually freed unharmed and the 5 crew members were also released. Al Nur said of the hijacking that Khartoum was attempting to manipulate the hijacking news as a tactic to draw attention away from the government's earlier attack on the Kalma refugee camp which killed 70 civilians.[12] Kalma camp is located near the Nyala airport. The hijackers were detained by Libyan authorities. While the government attack occurred close to the hijacking, it didn't appear to be a motive for the hijacking.[citation needed]
Libyan involvement
Before the overthrow of
Groups and factions
Sudan Liberation Movement (Minnawi)
The SLM (Minnawi)
Sudan Liberation Movement (al-Nur)
The SLM (al-Nur)
Sudan Liberation Forces Alliance
The SLFA was created in July 2017 by joining a faction of the SLM-Unity, Sudan Liberation Movement for Justice, and a faction of the Justice and Equality Movement led by Abdallah Bishr Gali. As of July 2017[update], the SLFA's chair was El-Taher Abu Bakr Hajar with Abdallah Yahia being the deputy chair.[23] In March 2021, El Taher Hajar was sworn as member of Sudan's Transitional Sovereignty Council as part of the implementation of the Juba Peace Agreement.[24]
Sudan Liberation Movement-Transitional Council
As of March 2019, the SLM-TC was led by El-Hadi Idris Yahya, as a breakaway group from the SLM (al-Nur); the SLM-TC was opposed to negotiations with Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir and participated in the Sudan Call alliance. In March 2021, El-Hadi Idris was sworn as member of Sudan's Transitional Sovereignty Council as part of the implementation of the Juba Peace Agreement.[24]
Sudan Liberation Movement (Tambour)
The SLM (Tambour) was formed when
Other smaller splinter groups
- Sudan Liberation Movement (Historic Leadership) - this group split from the al-Nur faction and is led by Osman Ibrahim Musa. It signed a peace agreement with the government of South Darfur in January 2011.[27]
- Sudan Liberation Movement (General Command) - formed in November 2010 by former members of the SLM factions and the former members of the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). It is led by Adam Ali Shogar.[28][29]
- Sudan Liberation Movement (Mainstream) - this group is led by Mohamed Al Zubeir Khamis.[30]
- Sudan Liberation Movement (Unity) - This group emerged as multi-tribal alliance of rebel groups from northern Darfur after the Abuja peace talks. Though it has no real political plan, the alliance stresses good relations with the people of Darfur and rejected Minnawi's faction for its attacks on civilians. In general, it is poorly armed and rather weak.[3]
- SLA-Unity (1) - The main sub-faction, led by several commanders with Abdalla Yahya, Ahmad Kubbur, and Sherif Harir being the most notable. SLA-Unity (1) was weakened by defections to JEM in 2009, but claimed they have recovered from that setback later on.[3]
- SLA-Unity (2) - A splinter group led by Mahjoub Hussein, a former commander in the Minnawi faction and the leader of the short-lived "Greater Sudan Liberation Movement". Supported by Libya, he claimed to be the new leader of SLA-Unity in 2009, but managed to rally almost none of Unity group's militias to his cause.[3]
- Sudan Liberation Movement (Second Revolution) (abbreviated SLM-SR) - this faction was founded as splinter group of SLM/A (al-Nur) in 2014, and is led by Abul Gasim Imam.[20] It takes part in the conflicts of Darfur, South Kordofan, and Blue Nile, and participated in peace talks with the Sudanese government in 2016.[31]
August 2020 peace agreement
Minni Minawi signed a peace agreement on behalf of the Sudan Liberation Movement with the
2023 Sudan conflict
The SLM (al-Nur) has established a zone-of-control around the town of Tawila after the withdrawal of both government and RSF forces in the region. This zone of control also includes several surrounding villages including Martal, Al-Aradib, Al-Ashra, Sortony, and Tibira in North Darfur, Kadner and Kankoro in South Darfur, and Katrom, Sabanga, Barqa, and Rofta in Central Darfur.[34]
On January 22, 2024, the combatants that signed the
On March 24, 2024, Minawi announced that the SLM would join the Sudanese Armed Forces in fighting the Rapid Support Forces. SLM forces are to progress toward the country's center to expel the RSF from Khartoum and Gezira State.[36]
References
- ^ a b c d "Sudan: The Last Rebels of Darfur - ARTE Reportage - Watch the full documentary". ARTE. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ a b "Four Darfur armed movements to enter peace negotiations together". Radio Dabanga. 2019-09-02. Archived from the original on 2019-09-12. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- ^ a b c d e "Sudan Liberation Army-Unity" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. July 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ a b c Craze, Tubiana & Gramizzi (2016), p. 160.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84277-949-1
- ^ a b "BBC News - Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels?". news.bbc.co.uk. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ISBN 978-1-84277-949-1
- ISBN 978-1-85168-366-6
- ^ "Hijacked Sudanese plane lands in Libya". www.france24.com. France 24. 2008-08-26. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Pallister, David (27 August 2008). "Sudan plane hijackers surrender freeing all passengers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Sudan hijackers surrender in Libya". Aljazeera. 28 August 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ "Sudan 'kills refugees in Darfur'". BBC World News. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- ^ Safa Alharath (17 June 2018). "Sudanese rebels are fighting alongside Dignity Operation in Libya's Derna". Libya Observer. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ Jamal Adel (19 January 2019). "Terror suspects killed in large LNA operation in south Libya". Libya Herald. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ "La rébellion tchadienne "préoccupée par la situation sécuritaire délétère" en Libye". Al Wihda. 3 February 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- ^ a b Craze, Tubiana & Gramizzi (2016), p. 6.
- Internet Archives
- ^ "Minawi announces withdrawal from Abuja Agreement". www.radiodabanga.org. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Darfur's Armed Opposition Groups". Small Arms Survey. 8 October 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ a b "Sudan Liberation Movement-Second Revolution launched in Darfur". dabanga. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- Internet Archives
- ^ a b c Philip Kleinfeld; Mohammed Amin (21 April 2021). "In Darfur's rebel-held mountains, the war is far from over". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ "Three Darfur factions establish new rebel group". Sudan Tribune. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Rebel leaders join Sudan Sovereignty Council". Radio Dabanga. 8 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ mozdapress (2022-06-15). "حركة تحرير السودان بقيادة (تمبور) تقرر الخروج عن الحرية والتغيير" [The Sudan Liberation Movement, led by Tambour, decides to depart from freedom and change]. Sudan Tribune (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-08-06.
- ^ "SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur". Sudan Tribune. 1 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Account Suspended (peace-agreement-between-south-darfur-government-and-historic-leadership-of-sudan-liberation-movement-signed)". www.shrig.org.sd. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "مفكرة الإسلام: قيادات ميدانية بدارفور تنشق عن حركة الع". www.islammemo.cc. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Sudan Vision Daily News Paper Official Website - Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (General Command) Communiqué". www.sudanvisiondaily.com. July 16, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Account Suspended (darfur-insurgents-in-south-an-animosity-act)". www.shrig.org.sd. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Sudan, two rebel factions discuss ways to hold peace talks on Darfur conflict". Sudan Tribune. 5 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
- ^ Dumo, Denis (September 1, 2020). "Sudan signs peace deal with key rebel groups, some hold out" – via uk.reuters.com.
- ^ "'Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba". Radio Dabanga. September 2020.
- ^ "SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official". Sudan Tribune. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "Armed groups converge in Cairo to discuss ceasing hostilities in Darfur". Sudan Tribune. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "Minawi's Sudan Liberation Movement to fight alongside army". Radio Dabanga. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
Works cited
- Craze, Joshua; Tubiana, Jérôme; Gramizzi, Claudio (2016). Emile LeBrun (ed.). "A State of Disunity: Conflict Dynamics in Unity State, South Sudan, 2013–15" (PDF). HSBA Working Paper (42). Geneva: ISBN 978-2-940548-32-3.
External links
- Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
- Sudan Liberation Movement (Minnawi) - archived official website (Arabic) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2013-10-04)
- Sudan Liberation Movement (al-Nur) - archived official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-10-17)
- al-Nur, Abdel Wahid "SLM statement on the secular state" Sudan Tribune 3 January 2007, from Internet Archive
- Reed, Ryan Spencer (2007) "Darfur Photographic Exhibition - The Cost of Silence" - Documentary photographer's images of Sudan's rebels including the Sudan Liberation Army