Sudanian savanna
Sudan bioregion بِلَادُ السُّوْدَان | |
---|---|
Tropical savanna | |
Borders | |
Animals | elephant, cheetah, giraffe, lion, buffalo, kob |
Geography | |
Area | 2,550,451 km2 (984,735 sq mi) |
Rivers | White Nile, Niger and Chari |
Climate type | Tropical savanna (Aw) |
Conservation | |
Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
Global 200 | priority |
Protected | 18.1%[1][2] |
The Sudanian savanna or Sudan region is a broad belt of
Etymology
The name Sudan derives from
Physiographic province
The Sudanian savanna is one of
Ecoregions
The World Wide Fund for Nature divides the Sudanian savanna bioregion into two ecoregions, separated by the Mandara Plateau:
- The East Sudanian savanna in East and Central Africa extends westwards from the western lowlands of Ethiopia to the Mandara Mountains.[4]
- The West Sudanian savanna in West Africa runs from eastern Nigeria to The Gambia West Coast.[5]
Geography
The area is predominantly a
Climate
Average annual temperatures range from 23 to 29 °C (73 to 84 °F). Average temperatures in the coldest months are above 20 °C (68 °F) and above 30 °C (86 °F) in the hottest months. Daily temperatures fluctuate by up to 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). The summer
Flora
The Sudanian savanna is characterized by the coexistence of trees and grasses. Dominant tree species are often belonging to the
Fauna
Many large mammals are native to the Sudanian savanna, including African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianus), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus) cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Most large mammals are now very limited in range and numbers.[7]
Land use
The Sudanian savanna is used by both pastoralists and farmers. Cattle are predominantly the livestock kept, but in some areas, sheep and goats are also kept. The main crops grown are sorghum and millet which are suited to the low levels of rainfall. With increasing levels of drought since the 1970s, pastoralists have needed to move southwards to search for grazing areas and have come into conflict with more settled agriculturalists.[8]
History
According to some modern historians, of all the regions of Africa, western Sudan "is the one that has seen the longest development of agriculture, of markets and long-distance trade, and of complex political systems." It is also the first region "south of the Sahara where African Islam took root and flowered."[9]
Middle Ages
Its medieval history is marked by the
Slave trade
Early on in the
Modern
During the period of European colonization, French Sudan was created in the area that would become Mali and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was formed in what would become the present Sudanese and South Sudanese states.
See also
- Neolithic Subpluvial— ancient Green Sahara
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Jews of Bilad el-Sudan
References
- ^ "East Sudanian savanna | DOPA Explorer". dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu.
- PMID 28608869.
- ^ International Association for the History of Religions (1959), Numen, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131,
West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the Bilad as-Sūdan, 'Land of the Blacks', by the Arabs
. - ^ a b "East Sudanian savanna". World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^ "West Sudanian savanna". World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ISBN 978-94-007-7723-1.
- ^ "West Sudanian savanna". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ISBN 978-1-317-88013-4.
- ^ Klein, Martin A. (1998). Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam IX. pp. 752, 758.
- ISBN 0-8160-5270-0.
- ISBN 978-0-684-31458-7.
- ^ Klein 1998, p. 1-2.