Inhalant

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Sudden sniffing death syndrome
)

Inhalant use

Gases:
chemical burns

Solvents:

Inhalants are a broad range of household and industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases can be concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce

contact cement, permanent markers, and certain types of glue – are considered inhalants, but smoking tobacco, cannabis, and crack cocaine are not, even though these drugs are inhaled as smoke or vapor.[1][2]

While a few inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for

recreational drugs for their intoxicating effect. According to a 1995 report by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the most serious inhalant use occurs among homeless children and teenagers who "... live on the streets completely without family ties."[3] Inhalants are the only substance used more by younger teenagers than by older teenagers.[4] Inhalant users inhale vapor
or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The practices are known colloquially as "sniffing", "huffing" or "bagging".

The effects of inhalants range from an

hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, heart failure, cardiac arrest,[5] or aspiration of vomit. Brain damage is typically seen with chronic long-term use of solvents as opposed to short-term exposure.[6]

While legal when used as intended, in England, Scotland, and Wales it is illegal to sell inhalants to persons likely to use them as an intoxicant.[7] As of 2017, thirty-seven US states impose criminal penalties on some combination of sale, possession or recreational use of various inhalants. In 15 of these states, such laws apply only to persons under the age of 18.[8]

Overview

Safety Category Sub category Psychoactive effect ICD-10 Examples Example image
Medical Nitrites Dissociative T65.3
T65.5
Alkyl nitrites (poppers such as amyl nitrite
)
Medical NOx Dissociative T59.0 Nitrous oxide (found in whipped cream canisters)
Medical (historical) Haloalkanes Depressant T53
inhalational anaesthetics
)
Toxic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Dissociative T52.0 Petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene), propane, butane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dissociative T52.1
T52.2
Toluene (used in paint thinner and model glue), xylene
Toxic Ketones Depressant T52.4
nail polish remover
)

Medical inhalants

Tanks of medical-grade nitrous oxide.

A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly.

Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including

euphoria, and some sound distortion.[9]

Recreational use

Liquids

Alkyl nitrites
A selection of poppers
Legality

The sale of

Council of State on the grounds that the government had failed to justify such a blanket prohibition: according to the court, the risks cited, concerning rare accidents often following abnormal usage, rather justified compulsory warnings on the packaging.[13]

In the United Kingdom, poppers are widely available and frequently (legally) sold in

head shops, over the Internet and on markets.[14] It is illegal under Medicines Act 1968 to sell them advertised for human consumption, and to bypass this, they are usually sold as odorizers. In the U.S., originally marketed as a prescription drug in 1937, amyl nitrite remained so until 1960, when the Food and Drug Administration removed the prescription requirement due to its safety record. This requirement was reinstated in 1969, after observation of an increase in recreational use. Other alkyl nitrites were outlawed in the U.S. by Congress through the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. The law includes an exception for commercial purposes. The term commercial purpose is defined to mean any use other than for the production of consumer products containing volatile alkyl nitrites meant for inhaling or otherwise introducing volatile alkyl nitrites into the human body for euphoric or physical effects.[15] The law came into effect in 1990. Visits to retail outlets selling these products reveal that some manufacturers have since reformulated their products to abide by the regulations, through the use of the legal cyclohexyl nitrite
as the primary ingredient in their products, which are sold as video head cleaners, polish removers, or room odorants.

Safety

Ingestion of alkyl nitrites can cause methemoglobinemia, and by inhalation it has not been ruled out.[16]

Gases

Nitrous oxide
The canister on the left is whipped cream, a product which is pressurized with nitrous oxide. The two canisters on the right contain 'flavoured' oxygen.

Nitrous oxide can be categorized as a dissociative drug, as it can cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane, are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as NMDA receptor antagonists, open-channel blockers that bind to the inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron, and provide high levels of NMDA receptor blockade for a short period of time.

This makes inhaled anesthetic gases different from other NMDA antagonists, such as

regulatory site
on the NMDA-sensitive calcium transporter complex and provide slightly lower levels of NMDA blockade, but for a longer and much more predictable duration. This makes a deeper level of anesthesia achievable more easily using anesthetic gases but can also make them more dangerous than other drugs used for this purpose.

Legality
Nitrous oxide "whippets" are small aerosol containers designed for charging whipped cream dispensers.
A nitrous oxide "cracker" device, for releasing the gas from whipped cream aerosol chargers.

In the United States, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to

Ministry of Health has warned that nitrous oxide is a prescription medicine, and its sale or possession without a prescription is an offense under the Medicines Act.[19] This statement would seemingly prohibit all non-medicinal uses of the chemical, though it is implied that only recreational use will be legally targeted. In India
, for general anesthesia purposes, nitrous oxide is available as Nitrous Oxide IP. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) prohibit the transfer of gas from one cylinder to another for breathing purposes. Because India's Food & Drug Authority (FDA-India) rules state that transferring a drug from one container to another (refilling) is equivalent to manufacturing, anyone found doing so must possess a drug manufacturing license.

Safety

Nitrous oxide is thought to be particularly non-toxic, though heavy long-term use can lead to a variety of serious health problems linked to the destruction of

Safety

In contrast, a few inhalants like amyl nitrite and diethyl ether have medical applications and are not toxic in the same sense as solvents, though they can still be dangerous when used recreationally.

Non-medical inhalants

Ethanol (the alcohol which is normally drunk) is sometimes inhaled.

The ethanol must be converted from liquid into gaseous state (vapor) or aerosol (mist),[22] in some cases using a nebulizer, a machine that agitates the liquid into an aerosol. The sale of nebulizers for inhaling ethanol was banned in some US states due to safety concerns.[23]

Toxic inhalants

Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled.

Solvents

A wide range of volatile

nail polish remover
). These solvents vaporize at room temperature.

Legality

Solvent glue
Contact cement, a fast-drying glue, is widely used as an inhalant, as it typically contains solvents such as toluene which vaporize at room temperature.

Even though solvent glue is normally a legal product, there is a 1983 case where a court ruled that supplying glue to children is illegal. Khaliq v HM Advocate was a Scottish criminal case decided by the High Court of Justiciary on appeal, in which it was decided that it was an offense at common law to supply glue-sniffing materials that were otherwise legal in the knowledge that they would be used recreationally by children. Two shopkeepers in Glasgow were arrested and charged for supplying children with "glue-sniffing kits" consisting of a quantity of petroleum-based glue in a plastic bag. They argued there was nothing illegal about the items that they had supplied. On appeal, the High Court took the view that, even though glue and plastic bags might be perfectly legal, everyday items, the two shopkeepers knew perfectly well that the children were going to use the articles as inhalants and the charge on the indictment should stand.[24] When the case came to trial at Glasgow High Court the two were sentenced to three years' imprisonment.

As of 2023, in England, Scotland, and Wales it is illegal to sell inhalants, including solvent glues, to persons of any age likely to use them as an intoxicant.[7] As of 2017, thirty-seven US states impose criminal penalties on some combination of sale, possession or recreational use of various inhalants. In 15 of these states, such laws apply only to persons under the age of 18.[8]

Gasoline

Gasoline sniffing can cause

leaded gas is not banned
.

Toluene

Toluene can damage myelin.[26]

History

Whiteboard marker on a clapperboard.

Until the early 1990s, the most common solvents that were used for the ink in

1-butanol, diacetone alcohol and cresols
).

Organochlorine solvents are particularly hazardous; many of these are now restricted in developed countries due to their environmental impact.

Gases

Computer-cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed.

A number of gases intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes chlorofluorocarbons used in aerosols and propellants (e.g., aerosol hair spray, aerosol deodorant). A gas used as a propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers, nitrous oxide, is used as a recreational drug. Pressurized canisters of propane and butane gas, both of which are intended for use as fuels, are used as inhalants.

Legality

Propellant gases

"New Jersey... prohibits selling or offering to sell minors products containing chlorofluorocarbon that is used in refrigerant."[29]

Dangers

Statistics on deaths caused by heavy inhalant use are difficult to determine. It may be severely under-reported because death is often attributed to a discrete event such as a stroke or a heart attack, even if the event happened because of inhalant use.[30] Inhalant use was mentioned on 144 death certificates in Texas during the period 1988–1998 and was reported in 39 deaths in Virginia between 1987 and 1996 from acute voluntary exposure to used inhalants.[31]

Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy

Chronic solvent-induced

polyneuropathies and neurobehavioral deficits even after solvent exposure has been removed.[32][33][34]

Sudden sniffing death syndrome

Sudden sniffing death syndrome, first described by Millard Bass in 1970,[35] is commonly known as SSDS.

Solvents have many potential risks in common, including pneumonia,

cardiac failure or arrest,[5] and aspiration of vomit. The inhaling of some solvents can cause hearing loss, limb spasms, and damage to the central nervous system and brain.[5] Serious but potentially reversible effects include liver and kidney damage and blood-oxygen depletion. Death from inhalants is generally caused by a very high concentration of fumes. Deliberately inhaling solvents from an attached paper or plastic bag or in a closed area greatly increases the chances of suffocation. Brain damage is typically seen with chronic long-term use as opposed to short-term exposure.[6] Parkinsonism (see: Signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease) has been associated with huffing.[36]

The middle container is cooking spray, a household product, which is used as an inhalant.

Female inhalant users who are pregnant may have adverse effects on the fetus, and the baby may be smaller when it is born and may need additional health care (similar to those seen with alcohol –

fetal alcohol syndrome
). There is some evidence of birth defects and disabilities in babies born to women who sniffed solvents such as gasoline.

In the short term, death from solvent use occurs most commonly from

hypoxia,[37]

Inhaling

Some inhalants can also indirectly cause sudden death by cardiac arrest, in a syndrome known as "sudden sniffing death".

Furthermore, the inhalation of any gas that is capable of displacing oxygen in the lungs (especially gases heavier than oxygen) carries the risk of

hypoxia as a result of the very mechanism by which breathing is triggered. Since reflexive breathing is prompted by elevated carbon dioxide levels (rather than diminished blood oxygen levels), breathing a concentrated, relatively inert gas (such as computer-duster tetrafluoroethane or nitrous oxide) that removes carbon dioxide from the blood without replacing it with oxygen will produce no outward signs of suffocation even when the brain is experiencing hypoxia. Once full symptoms of hypoxia appear, it may be too late to breathe without assistance, especially if the gas is heavy enough to lodge in the lungs for extended periods. Even completely inert gases, such as argon
, can have this effect if oxygen is largely excluded.

Patterns of use

Inhalant drugs are often used by children, teenagers, incarcerated or institutionalized people, and impoverished people, because these solvents and gases are ingredients in hundreds of legally available, inexpensive products, such as

contact cement and aerosol air fresheners. However, most users tend to be "... adolescents (between the ages of 12 and 17)."[43] In some countries, chronic, heavy inhalant use is concentrated in marginalized, impoverished communities.[44][45] Young people who become used to heavy amounts of inhalants chronically are also more likely to be those who are isolated from their families and community. The article "Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective" notes that "[t]he most serious form of obsession with inhalant use probably occurs in countries other than the United States where young children live on the streets completely without family ties. These groups almost always use inhalants at very high levels (Leal et al. 1978). This isolation can make it harder to keep in touch with the sniffer and encourage him or her to stop sniffing."[3]

The article also states that "... high [inhalant use] rates among

anxiety and grief for the community; violence and damage to property; violent crime; stresses on the juvenile justice system; and stresses on youth agencies and support services.[citation needed
]

Africa and Asia

Glue and gasoline (petrol) sniffing is also a problem in parts of Africa, especially with street children. In India and South Asia, three of the most widely used inhalants are the

n-hexane in its ingredients in 2000.[46]

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has reported that glue sniffing is at the core of "street culture" in Nairobi, Kenya, and that the majority of street children in the city are habitual solvent users.[47] Research conducted by Cottrell-Boyce for the African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies found that glue sniffing amongst Kenyan street children was primarily functional – dulling the senses against the hardship of life on the street – but it also provided a link to the support structure of the "street family" as a potent symbol of shared experience.[47]

Similar incidents of glue sniffing among destitute youth in the Philippines have also been reported, most commonly from groups of street children and teenagers collectively known as "Rugby" boys,[48] which were named after a brand of toluene-laden contact cement. Other toluene-containing substances have also been used, most notably the Vulca Seal brand of roof sealants. Bostik Philippines, which currently owns the Rugby and Vulca Seal brands, has since responded to the issue by adding bitterants such as mustard oil to their Rugby line,[49] as well as reformulating it by replacing toluene with xylene. Several other manufacturers have also followed suit.

Another very common inhalant is Erase-X, a correction fluid that contains toluene. It has become very common for school and college students to use it, because it is easily available in stationery shops in India. This fluid is also used by street and working children in Delhi.[50]

Europe and North America

In the UK, marginalized youth use a number of inhalants, such as solvents and propellants. In Russia and Eastern Europe, gasoline sniffing became common on Russian ships following attempts to limit the supply of

etheromania) was widespread in some regions of Poland, especially in Upper Silesia. Tens of thousands of people were affected by this problem.[51]

In Canada, Native children in the isolated Northern Labrador community of

Sheshatshiu in 2000 and also in Pikangikum First Nation.[52] In 2012, the issue once again made the news media in Canada.[53] In Mexico, the inhaling of a mixture of gasoline and industrial solvents, known locally as "Activo" or "Chemo", has risen in popularity among the homeless and among the street children of Mexico City
in recent years. The mixture is poured onto a handkerchief and inhaled while held in one's fist.

In the US,

model cement. The practice of inhaling
such substances is sometimes colloquially referred to as huffing, sniffing (or glue sniffing), dusting, or chroming.

Australia

Gasoline (also known as petrol) is used as an inhalant in impoverished communities.

Australia has long faced a petrol (gasoline) sniffing problem in isolated and impoverished

aboriginal communities. Although some sources argue that sniffing was introduced by United States servicemen stationed in the nation's Top End during World War II[56] or through experimentation by 1940s-era Cobourg Peninsula sawmill workers,[57] other sources claim that inhalant abuse (such as glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s.[3] Chronic, heavy petrol sniffing appears to occur among remote, impoverished indigenous
communities, where the ready accessibility of petrol has helped to make it a common addictive substance.

In Australia, petrol sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Western Australia, northern parts of South Australia, and Queensland. The number of people sniffing petrol goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. "Boss", or chronic, sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up.[58]

A 1983 survey of 4,165 secondary students in New South Wales showed that solvents and aerosols ranked just after analgesics (e.g., codeine pills) and alcohol for drugs that were inappropriately used. This 1983 study did not find any common usage patterns or social class factors.

Alice Springs
.

In 2005, the

Government of Australia and BP Australia began the usage of opal fuel in remote areas prone to petrol sniffing.[59] Opal is a non-sniffable fuel (which is much less likely to cause a high) and has made a difference in some indigenous communities.[60]

Administration and effects

Inhalant users inhale vapors or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from an open container of solvents, such as gasoline or paint thinner. Nitrous oxide gases from whipped cream aerosol cans, aerosol hairspray or non-stick frying spray are sprayed into plastic bags. Some nitrous oxide users spray the gas into balloons. When inhaling non-stick cooking spray or other aerosol products, some users may filter the aerosolized particles out with a rag. Some gases, such as propane and butane gases, are inhaled directly from the canister. Once these solvents or gases are inhaled, the extensive capillary surface of the

lungs rapidly absorbs the solvent or gas, and blood levels peak rapidly. The intoxication effects occur so quickly that the effects of inhalation can resemble the intensity of effects produced by intravenous injection of other psychoactive drugs.[61]

Ethanol is also inhaled, either by vaporizing it by pouring it over

AWOL (Absent Without Leave).[22] AWOL, created by British businessman Dominic Simler,[22] was first introduced in Asia and Europe, and then in the United States in August 2004. AWOL was used by nightclubs, at gatherings and parties, and it garnered attraction as a novelty, as people 'enjoyed passing it around in a group'.[63] AWOL uses a nebulizer, a machine that agitates the liquid into an aerosol. AWOL's official website states that "AWOL and AWOL 1 are powered by Electrical Air Compressors while AWOL 2 and AWOL 3 are powered by electrical oxygen generators",[64] which refer to a couple of mechanisms used by the nebulizer drug delivery device for inhalation. Although the AWOL machine is marketed as having no downsides, such as the lack of calories or hangovers, Amanda Shaffer of Slate describes these claims as "dubious at best".[22] Although inhaled alcohol does reduce the caloric content, the savings are minimal.[65] After expressed safety and health concerns, sale or use of AWOL machines was banned in a number of American states.[23]

The effects of solvent intoxication can vary widely depending on the dose and what type of solvent or gas is inhaled. A person who has inhaled a small amount of rubber cement or paint thinner vapor may be impaired in a manner resembling alcohol inebriation. A person who has inhaled a larger quantity of solvents or gases, or a stronger chemical, may experience stronger effects such as distortion in perceptions of time and space, hallucinations, and emotional disturbances. The effects of inhalant use are also modified by the combined use of inhalants and alcohol or other drugs.

In the short term, many users experience headaches, nausea and vomiting, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, and wheezing. A characteristic "glue sniffer's rash" around the nose and mouth is sometimes seen after prolonged use. An odor of paint or solvents on clothes, skin, and breath is sometimes a sign of inhalant abuse, and paint or solvent residues can sometimes emerge in sweat.[66]

According to NIH, even a single session of inhalant use "can disrupt heart rhythms and lower oxygen levels", which can lead to death. "Regular abuse can result in serious harm to the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver."[67]

General risks

Many inhalants are volatile

organic chemicals
and can catch fire or explode, especially when combined with smoking. As with many other drugs, users may also injure themselves due to loss of coordination or impaired judgment, especially if they attempt to operate machinery.

Hypoxia

All commonly abused inhalants act as

oxygen deprivation. In reality, the majority of abused inhalants still exhibit psychoactive effects,[68]
although oxygen deprivation does add to the notable effects.

Regardless of which inhalant is used, inhaling vapors or gases can lead to injury or death. One major risk is

hypoxia
(lack of oxygen), which can occur due to inhaling fumes from a plastic bag, or from using proper inhalation mask equipment (e.g., a medical mask for nitrous oxide) but not adding oxygen or room air.

Frostbite

Another danger is freezing the throat. When a gas that was stored under high pressure is released, it cools abruptly and can cause

power adder
, its cooling effect is used to make the fuel-air charge denser. In a person, this effect is potentially lethal.

The second cause being especially a risk with heavier-than-air vapors such as

intravenous
use of opioids such as heroin. Most deaths from solvent use could be prevented if individuals were resuscitated quickly when they stopped breathing and their airways cleared if they vomited. However, most inhalant use takes place when people inhale solvents by themselves or in groups of people who are intoxicated. Certain solvents are more hazardous than others, such as gasoline.

Aerosol burn

Use of butane, propane, nitrous oxide and other inhalants can create a risk of freezing burns from contact with the extremely cold liquid. The risk of such contact is greatly increased by the impaired judgement and motor coordination brought on by inhalant intoxication.

Risks of specific agents

Excess NMDA antagonism

Toxicity may also result from the pharmacological properties of the drug; excess

NMDA antagonism can completely block calcium influx into neurons and provoke cell death through apoptosis,[72]
although this is more likely to be a long-term result of chronic solvent use than a consequence of short-term use.

In popular culture

Music and musical culture

One of the early musical references to inhalant use occurs in the 1974 Elton John song "The Bitch Is Back", in the line "I get high in the evening sniffing pots of glue." Inhalant use, especially glue-sniffing, is widely associated with the late-1970s punk youth subculture in the UK and North America. Raymond Cochrane and Douglas Carroll claim that when glue sniffing became widespread in the late 1970s, it was "adopted by punks because public [negative] perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image" as rebels against societal values.[73] While punks at first used inhalants "experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility [to the practice] encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society." As well, using inhalants was a way of expressing their anti-corporatist DIY (do it yourself) credo;[73] by using inexpensive household products as inhalants, punks did not have to purchase industrially manufactured liquor or beer.

The punk subculture, in which members may live in squats or on the street, has been associated with "glue sniffing" since its inception.

One history of the punk subculture argues that "substance abuse was often referred to in the music and did become synonymous with the genre, glue-sniffing especially" because the youths' "faith in the future had died and that the youth just didn't care anymore" due to the "awareness of the threat of nuclear war and a pervasive sense of doom." In a BBC interview with a person who was a punk in the late 1970s, they said that "there was a real fear of imminent

nuclear war
—people were sniffing glue knowing that it could kill them, but they didn't care because they believed that very soon everybody would be dead anyway."

A number of 1970s

Pop punk band Sum 41 wrote a song, "Fat Lip", which refers to a character who does not "make sense from all the gas you be huffing..." The song "Lança-Perfume", written and performed by Brazilian pop star Rita Lee
, became a national hit in 1980. The song is about chloroethane and its widespread recreational sale and use during the rise of Brazil's carnivals.

Inhalants are referred to by bands from other genres, including several

Hip hop performer Eminem
wrote a song, "Bad Meets Evil", which refers to breathing "... ether in three lethal amounts." The Brian Jonestown Massacre, a retro-rock band from the 1990s, has a song, "Hyperventilation", which is about sniffing model-airplane cement. Frank Zappa's song "Teenage Wind" from 1981 has a reference to glue sniffing: "Nothing left to do but get out the 'ol glue; Parents, parents; Sniff it good now..."

Films

A number of films have depicted or referred to the use of solvent inhalants. In the 1980 comedy film

patio sealant from a paper bag in an alleyway. In the tragicomedy Love Liza, the main character, played by Philip Seymour Hoffman
, plays a man who takes up building remote-controlled airplanes as a hobby to give him an excuse to sniff the fuel in the wake of his wife's suicide.

Harmony Korine's 1997 Gummo depicts adolescent boys inhaling contact cement for a high. Edet Belzberg's 2001 documentary Children Underground chronicles the lives of Romanian street children addicted to inhaling paint. In The Basketball Diaries, a group of boys is huffing Carbona cleaning liquid at 3 minutes and 27 seconds into the movie; further on, a boy is reading a diary describing the experience of sniffing the cleaning liquid.

In the

aerosol computer cleaner (compressed gas) for a buzz. In The Cider House Rules, Michael Caine
's character is addicted to inhaling ether vapors.

In Thirteen, the main character, a teen, uses a can of aerosol computer cleaner to get high. In the action movie Shooter, an ex-serviceman on the run from the law (Mark Wahlberg) inhales nitrous oxide gas from a number of Whip-It! whipped cream canisters until he becomes unconscious. The South African film The Wooden Camera also depicts the use of inhalants by one of the main characters, a homeless teen, and their use in terms of socio-economic stratification. The title characters in Samson and Delilah sniff petrol; in Samson's case, possibly causing brain damage.

In the 2004 film Taxi, Queen Latifah and Jimmy Fallon are trapped in a room with a burst tank containing nitrous oxide. Queen Latifah's character curses at Fallon while they both laugh hysterically. Fallon's character asks if it is possible to die from nitrous oxide, to which Queen Latifah's character responds with "It's laughing gas, stupid!" Neither of them had any side effects other than their voices becoming much deeper while in the room.

In the French horror film Them (2006), a French couple living in Romania are pursued by a gang of street children who break into their home at night. Olivia Bonamy's character is later tortured and forced to inhale aurolac from a silver-colored bag. During a flashback scene in the 2001 film Hannibal, Hannibal Lecter gets Mason Verger high on amyl nitrite poppers, then convinces Verger to cut off his own face and feed it to his dogs.

Books

The science fiction story "Waterspider" by Philip K. Dick (first published in January 1964 in If magazine) contains a scene in which characters from the future are discussing the culture of the early 1950s. One character says: "You mean he sniffed what they called 'airplane dope'? He was a 'glue-sniffer'?", to which another character replies: "Hardly. That was a mania among adolescents and did not become widespread in fact until a decade later. No, I am speaking about imbibing alcohol."[75]

The book

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas describes how the two main characters inhale diethyl ether and amyl nitrite
.

Television

In the comedy series

Charlie Kelly
has an addiction to huffing glue. Additionally, season nine episode 8 shows Dennis, Mac, and Dee getting a can of gasoline to use as a solvent, but instead end up taking turns huffing from the canister.

A 2008 episode of the reality show

remixes of scenes from Allison's episode can be found online.[citation needed] Since 2009, Allison has worked with drug and alcohol treatment centers in Los Angeles County.[citation needed] In the seventh episode of the fourteenth season of South Park, Towelie, an anthropomorphic towel, develops an addiction to inhaling computer duster.[citation needed] In the show Squidbillies, the main character Early Cuyler is often seen inhaling gas or other substances.[citation needed
]

See also

References

Notes
  1. . Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  2. . Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Kozel, Nicholas; Sloboda, Zili; Mario De La Rosa, eds. (1995). Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective (PDF) (Report). National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph 148. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
  4. ^ "Inhalants". Drug Facts. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  5. ^ a b c "Inhalants – Facts and Statistics". Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse. 4 March 2006. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009.
  6. ^ a b Connors, Nicholas J. (5 May 2017). "Inhalants". Medscape. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  7. ^
    Talk to Frank
    . Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  8. ^ a b "Inhalant Laws By State, Which States Give Jail Time and Fines for Inhalant Abuse". National TASC. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  9. .
  10. ^ Salerno, Rob (25 June 2013). "Health Canada cracks down on poppers". Canada: Pink Triangle Press.
  11. ^ "Decree 90–274 of 26 March 1990" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  12. ^ "Decree 2007-1636 of 20 November 2007" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  13. Council of State, Ruling 312449, 15 May 2009
  14. ^ "Advice – Poppers". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  15. ^ Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 1QO-690, section 2404) (15 U.S.C. 2d57a(e)(2)).
  16. PMID 3430141
    .
  17. ^ "US Nitrous Oxide Laws (alphabetically) Based on a search of online free legal databases. Conducted May 2002". Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  18. ^ "CAL. PEN. CODE § 381b : California Code – Section 381b". Lp.findlaw.com.
  19. ^ Anderton, Jim (26 June 2005). "Time's up for sham sales of laughing gas". Beehive.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015.
  20. PMID 12751548
    .
  21. .
  22. ^ a b c d Schaffer, Amanda (8 September 2004). "Vaporize Me". Slate. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  23. ^ a b "Citing Safety, States Ban Alcohol Inhalers". The New York Times. Associated Press. 8 October 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  24. ^ SCCR p 492[full citation needed]
  25. PMID 7139470
    .
  26. .
  27. ^ "Toluene | Medical Management Guidelines | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR". wwwn.cdc.gov.
  28. ^ "Healthfully". Healthfully.
  29. ^ National Inhalant Prevention Coalition. Inhalants.org. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  30. PMID 10080050
    .
  31. .
  32. .
  33. .
  34. ^ "Hydrocarbon Inhalation Injury: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology". 2 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  35. S2CID 23657208
    .
  36. ^ "Long-term damage from inhalant abuse". Oxford Treatment Center. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  37. ^ Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (27 April 2012). "1, Butane: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels". Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 12. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  38. S2CID 19617950
    .
  39. .
  40. ^ "'Huffing' More Popular Among 12 Year Olds Than Street Drugs". Fox News Channel. 11 March 2010.
  41. S2CID 35683481
    .
  42. ^ For example, studies on inhalant use in New Zealand showed that "... most of the inhalant abusers are within the 14- to 18-year-old age group"; in the Philippines, the mean age of sniffers was 15; in Korea, a 1992 study showed "86 percent are male and are below the age of 20"; about 3/4 of Singapore inhalant users in a 1987 study were 19 or younger.[3]
  43. ^ Williams, Jonas (March 2004). "Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study". Social Justice Report 2003. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Archived from the original on 27 September 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  44. Sheshatshiu in 2000.[citation needed
    ]
  45. ^ Cassere, Di (14 November 2000). Glue loses high to save street-kid addicts. The Independent (South Africa)
  46. ^ . Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  47. ^ "'Rugby:' cheap high for city's street kids (First of two parts)". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  48. ^ "EcoWaste Coalition: Government Urged to Step Up Drive vs. Inhalant Abuse (Watchdog Pushes Ban on Sale to Children of Rugby, "Vulca Seal" and Allied Products)". Blogger. EcoWaste Coalition. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  49. ^ Seth, Rajeev; Kotwal, Atul; Ganguly, K. K. (2005). "Street and working children of Delhi, India, misusing toluene: an ethnographic exploration". Substance Use & Misuse. 40 (11): 1659–79.
    S2CID 22730800
    .
  50. ^ Abucewicz, Monika (2005). "Narkomania w Polsce jako problem społeczny w perspektywie konstrukcjonistycznej Część pierwsza: okres międzywojenny" [Drug addiction in Poland as a social constructionist perspective in Part One: the period between] (PDF). Alkoholizm I Narkomania (in Polish). 18 (3): 79–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010.
  51. ^ Lauwers, Bert (1 June 2011). "The Office of the Chief Coroner's Death Review of the Youth Suicides at the Pikangikum First Nation, 2006 – 2008". Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
  52. ^ "Labrador Innu kids sniffing gas again to fight boredom". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  53. .
  54. – via Google Books.
  55. ^ Wortley, R. P. (29 August 2006). "Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Regulated Substances) Amendment Bill". Hansard – Legislative Council (South Australia). Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  56. ^ Brady, Maggie (27 April 2006). "Community Affairs Reference Committee Reference: Petrol sniffing in remote Aboriginal communities" (PDF). Official Committee Hansard (Senate). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  57. ^ Williams, Jonas (March 2004). "Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study". Social Justice Report 2003. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  58. ^ Submission to the Senate Community Affairs References Committee by BP Australia Pty Ltd (PDF) (Report). Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  59. ^ "Petrol sniffing". Menzies School of Health Research. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  60. ^ Joseph, Donald E. (2005). "Inhalants" (PDF). Drugs of Abuse. United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
  61. ^ Glatter, Robert (21 June 2013). "The Dangers Of "Smoking" Alcohol". Forbes. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  62. ^ "Inhaling alcohol may 'harm brain'". BBC. 16 February 2004.
  63. ^ "AWOL Official page: AIR POWERED AWOL MACHINES". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  64. ^ Palmer, Brian (18 June 2013). "Can You Inhale Calories?". Slate. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  65. ^ "The Public Health Bush Book". Northern Territory Government, Department of Health and Community Services. 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  66. ^ "Inhalants: MedlinePlus". Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  67. PMID 25716516
    .
  68. .
  69. .
  70. . Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  71. ^ "NMDA receptor antagonists and Alzheimer's". WebMD. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  72. ^
  73. .
  74. ). See page 221.
  75. ^ "A Mum Hooked On Butane Gas (PART 1)". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via YouTube.

Further reading

External links