Inhalant
Inhalant use | |
---|---|
Gases: chemical burns Solvents: methamphetamines, medical inhalants, chasing the dragon |
Inhalants are a broad range of household and industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases can be concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce
While a few inhalants are prescribed by medical professionals and used for
The effects of inhalants range from an
While legal when used as intended, in England, Scotland, and Wales it is illegal to sell inhalants to persons likely to use them as an intoxicant.[7] As of 2017, thirty-seven US states impose criminal penalties on some combination of sale, possession or recreational use of various inhalants. In 15 of these states, such laws apply only to persons under the age of 18.[8]
Overview
Safety | Category | Sub category | Psychoactive effect | ICD-10 | Examples | Example image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medical | Nitrites | Dissociative | T65.3 T65.5 |
Alkyl nitrites (poppers such as amyl nitrite )
|
||
Medical | NOx | Dissociative | T59.0 | Nitrous oxide (found in whipped cream canisters) | ||
Medical (historical) | Haloalkanes | Depressant | T53 | inhalational anaesthetics )
|
||
Toxic | Hydrocarbons | Aliphatic hydrocarbons
|
Dissociative | T52.0 | Petroleum products (gasoline and kerosene), propane, butane | |
Aromatic hydrocarbons
|
Dissociative | T52.1 T52.2 |
Toluene (used in paint thinner and model glue), xylene | |||
Toxic | Ketones | Depressant | T52.4 | nail polish remover )
|
Medical inhalants
A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly.
- Antidote to cyanide poisoning
- Alkyl nitrites (poppers)
- general anesthetics
- Historical general anesthetics
Several medical anesthetics are used as recreational drugs, including
Recreational use
Liquids
Alkyl nitrites
Legality
The sale of
In the United Kingdom, poppers are widely available and frequently (legally) sold in
Safety
Ingestion of alkyl nitrites can cause methemoglobinemia, and by inhalation it has not been ruled out.[16]
Gases
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide can be categorized as a dissociative drug, as it can cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Anesthetic gases used for surgery, such as nitrous oxide or enflurane, are believed to induce anesthesia primarily by acting as NMDA receptor antagonists, open-channel blockers that bind to the inside of the calcium channels on the outer surface of the neuron, and provide high levels of NMDA receptor blockade for a short period of time.
This makes inhaled anesthetic gases different from other NMDA antagonists, such as
Legality
In the United States, possession of nitrous oxide is legal under federal law and is not subject to
Safety
Nitrous oxide is thought to be particularly non-toxic, though heavy long-term use can lead to a variety of serious health problems linked to the destruction of
Safety
In contrast, a few inhalants like amyl nitrite and diethyl ether have medical applications and are not toxic in the same sense as solvents, though they can still be dangerous when used recreationally.
Non-medical inhalants
Ethanol (the alcohol which is normally drunk) is sometimes inhaled.
The ethanol must be converted from liquid into gaseous state (vapor) or aerosol (mist),[22] in some cases using a nebulizer, a machine that agitates the liquid into an aerosol. The sale of nebulizers for inhaling ethanol was banned in some US states due to safety concerns.[23]
Toxic inhalants
Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled.
- Hydrocarbon poisoning
- Ketones
- Solvents
Solvents
-
A range of petroleum-based products that can be used as inhalants.
-
Permanent markers, have the potential to be inhalants]]
-
Common household products such as nail polish contain solvents that can be concentrated and inhaled, in a manner not intended by the manufacturer, to produce intoxication. Misuse of products in this fashion can be harmful or fatal.
A wide range of volatile
Legality
Solvent glue
Even though solvent glue is normally a legal product, there is a 1983 case where a court ruled that supplying glue to children is illegal. Khaliq v HM Advocate was a Scottish criminal case decided by the High Court of Justiciary on appeal, in which it was decided that it was an offense at common law to supply glue-sniffing materials that were otherwise legal in the knowledge that they would be used recreationally by children. Two shopkeepers in Glasgow were arrested and charged for supplying children with "glue-sniffing kits" consisting of a quantity of petroleum-based glue in a plastic bag. They argued there was nothing illegal about the items that they had supplied. On appeal, the High Court took the view that, even though glue and plastic bags might be perfectly legal, everyday items, the two shopkeepers knew perfectly well that the children were going to use the articles as inhalants and the charge on the indictment should stand.[24] When the case came to trial at Glasgow High Court the two were sentenced to three years' imprisonment.
As of 2023, in England, Scotland, and Wales it is illegal to sell inhalants, including solvent glues, to persons of any age likely to use them as an intoxicant.[7] As of 2017, thirty-seven US states impose criminal penalties on some combination of sale, possession or recreational use of various inhalants. In 15 of these states, such laws apply only to persons under the age of 18.[8]
Gasoline
Gasoline sniffing can cause
Toluene
Toluene can damage myelin.[26]
History
Until the early 1990s, the most common solvents that were used for the ink in
Organochlorine solvents are particularly hazardous; many of these are now restricted in developed countries due to their environmental impact.
Gases
A number of gases intended for household or industrial use are inhaled as recreational drugs. This includes chlorofluorocarbons used in aerosols and propellants (e.g., aerosol hair spray, aerosol deodorant). A gas used as a propellant in whipped cream aerosol containers, nitrous oxide, is used as a recreational drug. Pressurized canisters of propane and butane gas, both of which are intended for use as fuels, are used as inhalants.
Legality
Propellant gases
"New Jersey... prohibits selling or offering to sell minors products containing chlorofluorocarbon that is used in refrigerant."[29]
Dangers
Statistics on deaths caused by heavy inhalant use are difficult to determine. It may be severely under-reported because death is often attributed to a discrete event such as a stroke or a heart attack, even if the event happened because of inhalant use.[30] Inhalant use was mentioned on 144 death certificates in Texas during the period 1988–1998 and was reported in 39 deaths in Virginia between 1987 and 1996 from acute voluntary exposure to used inhalants.[31]
Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
Chronic solvent-induced
Sudden sniffing death syndrome
Sudden sniffing death syndrome, first described by Millard Bass in 1970,[35] is commonly known as SSDS.
Solvents have many potential risks in common, including pneumonia,
Female inhalant users who are pregnant may have adverse effects on the fetus, and the baby may be smaller when it is born and may need additional health care (similar to those seen with alcohol –
In the short term, death from solvent use occurs most commonly from
Inhaling
Some inhalants can also indirectly cause sudden death by cardiac arrest, in a syndrome known as "sudden sniffing death".
Furthermore, the inhalation of any gas that is capable of displacing oxygen in the lungs (especially gases heavier than oxygen) carries the risk of
Patterns of use
Inhalant drugs are often used by children, teenagers, incarcerated or institutionalized people, and impoverished people, because these solvents and gases are ingredients in hundreds of legally available, inexpensive products, such as
The article also states that "... high [inhalant use] rates among
Africa and Asia
Glue and gasoline (petrol) sniffing is also a problem in parts of Africa, especially with street children. In India and South Asia, three of the most widely used inhalants are the
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has reported that glue sniffing is at the core of "street culture" in Nairobi, Kenya, and that the majority of street children in the city are habitual solvent users.[47] Research conducted by Cottrell-Boyce for the African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies found that glue sniffing amongst Kenyan street children was primarily functional – dulling the senses against the hardship of life on the street – but it also provided a link to the support structure of the "street family" as a potent symbol of shared experience.[47]
Similar incidents of glue sniffing among destitute youth in the Philippines have also been reported, most commonly from groups of street children and teenagers collectively known as "Rugby" boys,[48] which were named after a brand of toluene-laden contact cement. Other toluene-containing substances have also been used, most notably the Vulca Seal brand of roof sealants. Bostik Philippines, which currently owns the Rugby and Vulca Seal brands, has since responded to the issue by adding bitterants such as mustard oil to their Rugby line,[49] as well as reformulating it by replacing toluene with xylene. Several other manufacturers have also followed suit.
Another very common inhalant is Erase-X, a correction fluid that contains toluene. It has become very common for school and college students to use it, because it is easily available in stationery shops in India. This fluid is also used by street and working children in Delhi.[50]
Europe and North America
In the UK, marginalized youth use a number of inhalants, such as solvents and propellants. In Russia and Eastern Europe, gasoline sniffing became common on Russian ships following attempts to limit the supply of
In Canada, Native children in the isolated Northern Labrador community of
In the US,
Australia
Australia has long faced a petrol (gasoline) sniffing problem in isolated and impoverished
In Australia, petrol sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, Western Australia, northern parts of South Australia, and Queensland. The number of people sniffing petrol goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. "Boss", or chronic, sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up.[58]
A 1983 survey of 4,165 secondary students in New South Wales showed that solvents and aerosols ranked just after analgesics (e.g., codeine pills) and alcohol for drugs that were inappropriately used. This 1983 study did not find any common usage patterns or social class factors.
In 2005, the
Administration and effects
Inhalant users inhale vapors or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from an open container of solvents, such as gasoline or paint thinner. Nitrous oxide gases from whipped cream aerosol cans, aerosol hairspray or non-stick frying spray are sprayed into plastic bags. Some nitrous oxide users spray the gas into balloons. When inhaling non-stick cooking spray or other aerosol products, some users may filter the aerosolized particles out with a rag. Some gases, such as propane and butane gases, are inhaled directly from the canister. Once these solvents or gases are inhaled, the extensive capillary surface of the
Ethanol is also inhaled, either by vaporizing it by pouring it over
The effects of solvent intoxication can vary widely depending on the dose and what type of solvent or gas is inhaled. A person who has inhaled a small amount of rubber cement or paint thinner vapor may be impaired in a manner resembling alcohol inebriation. A person who has inhaled a larger quantity of solvents or gases, or a stronger chemical, may experience stronger effects such as distortion in perceptions of time and space, hallucinations, and emotional disturbances. The effects of inhalant use are also modified by the combined use of inhalants and alcohol or other drugs.
In the short term, many users experience headaches, nausea and vomiting, slurred speech, loss of motor coordination, and wheezing. A characteristic "glue sniffer's rash" around the nose and mouth is sometimes seen after prolonged use. An odor of paint or solvents on clothes, skin, and breath is sometimes a sign of inhalant abuse, and paint or solvent residues can sometimes emerge in sweat.[66]
According to NIH, even a single session of inhalant use "can disrupt heart rhythms and lower oxygen levels", which can lead to death. "Regular abuse can result in serious harm to the brain, heart, kidneys, and liver."[67]
General risks
Many inhalants are volatile
Hypoxia
All commonly abused inhalants act as
Regardless of which inhalant is used, inhaling vapors or gases can lead to injury or death. One major risk is
Frostbite
Another danger is freezing the throat. When a gas that was stored under high pressure is released, it cools abruptly and can cause
The second cause being especially a risk with heavier-than-air vapors such as
Aerosol burn
Use of butane, propane, nitrous oxide and other inhalants can create a risk of freezing burns from contact with the extremely cold liquid. The risk of such contact is greatly increased by the impaired judgement and motor coordination brought on by inhalant intoxication.
Risks of specific agents
- Methylene chloride, after being metabolized, can cause carbon monoxide poisoning.[69]
- Carbon tetrachloride can cause significant damage to multiple systems, but its association with liver damage is so strong that it is used in animal models to induce liver injury.[70]
- Benzene use can cause bone marrow depression.[71] It is also a known carcinogen.
Excess NMDA antagonism
Toxicity may also result from the pharmacological properties of the drug; excess
In popular culture
Music and musical culture
One of the early musical references to inhalant use occurs in the 1974 Elton John song "The Bitch Is Back", in the line "I get high in the evening sniffing pots of glue." Inhalant use, especially glue-sniffing, is widely associated with the late-1970s punk youth subculture in the UK and North America. Raymond Cochrane and Douglas Carroll claim that when glue sniffing became widespread in the late 1970s, it was "adopted by punks because public [negative] perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image" as rebels against societal values.[73] While punks at first used inhalants "experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility [to the practice] encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society." As well, using inhalants was a way of expressing their anti-corporatist DIY (do it yourself) credo;[73] by using inexpensive household products as inhalants, punks did not have to purchase industrially manufactured liquor or beer.
One history of the punk subculture argues that "substance abuse was often referred to in the music and did become synonymous with the genre, glue-sniffing especially" because the youths' "faith in the future had died and that the youth just didn't care anymore" due to the "awareness of the threat of nuclear war and a pervasive sense of doom." In a BBC interview with a person who was a punk in the late 1970s, they said that "there was a real fear of imminent
A number of 1970s
Inhalants are referred to by bands from other genres, including several
Films
A number of films have depicted or referred to the use of solvent inhalants. In the 1980 comedy film
Harmony Korine's 1997 Gummo depicts adolescent boys inhaling contact cement for a high. Edet Belzberg's 2001 documentary Children Underground chronicles the lives of Romanian street children addicted to inhaling paint. In The Basketball Diaries, a group of boys is huffing Carbona cleaning liquid at 3 minutes and 27 seconds into the movie; further on, a boy is reading a diary describing the experience of sniffing the cleaning liquid.
In the
In Thirteen, the main character, a teen, uses a can of aerosol computer cleaner to get high. In the action movie Shooter, an ex-serviceman on the run from the law (Mark Wahlberg) inhales nitrous oxide gas from a number of Whip-It! whipped cream canisters until he becomes unconscious. The South African film The Wooden Camera also depicts the use of inhalants by one of the main characters, a homeless teen, and their use in terms of socio-economic stratification. The title characters in Samson and Delilah sniff petrol; in Samson's case, possibly causing brain damage.
In the 2004 film Taxi, Queen Latifah and Jimmy Fallon are trapped in a room with a burst tank containing nitrous oxide. Queen Latifah's character curses at Fallon while they both laugh hysterically. Fallon's character asks if it is possible to die from nitrous oxide, to which Queen Latifah's character responds with "It's laughing gas, stupid!" Neither of them had any side effects other than their voices becoming much deeper while in the room.
In the French horror film Them (2006), a French couple living in Romania are pursued by a gang of street children who break into their home at night. Olivia Bonamy's character is later tortured and forced to inhale aurolac from a silver-colored bag. During a flashback scene in the 2001 film Hannibal, Hannibal Lecter gets Mason Verger high on amyl nitrite poppers, then convinces Verger to cut off his own face and feed it to his dogs.
Books
The science fiction story "Waterspider" by Philip K. Dick (first published in January 1964 in If magazine) contains a scene in which characters from the future are discussing the culture of the early 1950s. One character says: "You mean he sniffed what they called 'airplane dope'? He was a 'glue-sniffer'?", to which another character replies: "Hardly. That was a mania among adolescents and did not become widespread in fact until a decade later. No, I am speaking about imbibing alcohol."[75]
The book
Television
In the comedy series
A 2008 episode of the reality show
See also
- Building materials
- Construction waste
- Inhaler or puffer, a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs (often used in the treatment of asthma)
- Khaliq v HM Advocate, a Scottish criminal case in which the court ruled that it is an offense to supply materials that were used for sniffing
- Mt Theo Program, a successful petrol-sniffing prevention program run by the indigenous Warlpiri community in Central Australia
- Jenkem, a purported inhalant and hallucinogen supposedly created from fermented human waste
- Paint
- Renovation
- Refurbishment
- Sawdust (wood dust)
- Substance-induced psychosis
- Surgery
- Volatile organic compound
- Wood glue
- Wood preservative
- Wood working
References
- Notes
- ISBN 978-0-470-74520-5. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ISBN 0-7817-3474-6. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Kozel, Nicholas; Sloboda, Zili; Mario De La Rosa, eds. (1995). Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective (PDF) (Report). National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph 148. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
- ^ "Inhalants". Drug Facts. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ a b c "Inhalants – Facts and Statistics". Greater Dallas Council on Alcohol & Drug Abuse. 4 March 2006. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009.
- ^ a b Connors, Nicholas J. (5 May 2017). "Inhalants". Medscape. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- ^ Talk to Frank. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ a b "Inhalant Laws By State, Which States Give Jail Time and Fines for Inhalant Abuse". National TASC. 11 November 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ISBN 0-8247-8474-X.
- ^ Salerno, Rob (25 June 2013). "Health Canada cracks down on poppers". Canada: Pink Triangle Press.
- ^ "Decree 90–274 of 26 March 1990" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ "Decree 2007-1636 of 20 November 2007" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- Council of State, Ruling 312449, 15 May 2009
- ^ "Advice – Poppers". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
- ^ Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Public Law 1QO-690, section 2404) (15 U.S.C. 2d57a(e)(2)).
- PMID 3430141.
- ^ "US Nitrous Oxide Laws (alphabetically) Based on a search of online free legal databases. Conducted May 2002". Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ "CAL. PEN. CODE § 381b : California Code – Section 381b". Lp.findlaw.com.
- ^ Anderton, Jim (26 June 2005). "Time's up for sham sales of laughing gas". Beehive.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015.
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- ^ a b c d Schaffer, Amanda (8 September 2004). "Vaporize Me". Slate. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ a b "Citing Safety, States Ban Alcohol Inhalers". The New York Times. Associated Press. 8 October 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ SCCR p 492[full citation needed]
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- ^ "Toluene | Medical Management Guidelines | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR". wwwn.cdc.gov.
- ^ "Healthfully". Healthfully.
- ^ "Controlled Substances " Inhalants: Legal consequences". ecstasy.com.ua. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ National Inhalant Prevention Coalition. Inhalants.org. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
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- ^ "Hydrocarbon Inhalation Injury: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology". 2 September 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
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- ^ "Long-term damage from inhalant abuse". Oxford Treatment Center. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (27 April 2012). "1, Butane: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels". Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 12. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Retrieved 1 February 2017.
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- ^ "'Huffing' More Popular Among 12 Year Olds Than Street Drugs". Fox News Channel. 11 March 2010.
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- ^ For example, studies on inhalant use in New Zealand showed that "... most of the inhalant abusers are within the 14- to 18-year-old age group"; in the Philippines, the mean age of sniffers was 15; in Korea, a 1992 study showed "86 percent are male and are below the age of 20"; about 3/4 of Singapore inhalant users in a 1987 study were 19 or younger.[3]
- ^ Williams, Jonas (March 2004). "Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study". Social Justice Report 2003. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Archived from the original on 27 September 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- Sheshatshiu in 2000.[citation needed]
- ^ Cassere, Di (14 November 2000). Glue loses high to save street-kid addicts. The Independent (South Africa)
- ^ . Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ "'Rugby:' cheap high for city's street kids (First of two parts)". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^ "EcoWaste Coalition: Government Urged to Step Up Drive vs. Inhalant Abuse (Watchdog Pushes Ban on Sale to Children of Rugby, "Vulca Seal" and Allied Products)". Blogger. EcoWaste Coalition. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^
Seth, Rajeev; Kotwal, Atul; Ganguly, K. K. (2005). "Street and working children of Delhi, India, misusing toluene: an ethnographic exploration". Substance Use & Misuse. 40 (11): 1659–79. S2CID 22730800.
- ^ Abucewicz, Monika (2005). "Narkomania w Polsce jako problem społeczny w perspektywie konstrukcjonistycznej Część pierwsza: okres międzywojenny" [Drug addiction in Poland as a social constructionist perspective in Part One: the period between] (PDF). Alkoholizm I Narkomania (in Polish). 18 (3): 79–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010.
- ^ Lauwers, Bert (1 June 2011). "The Office of the Chief Coroner's Death Review of the Youth Suicides at the Pikangikum First Nation, 2006 – 2008". Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ "Labrador Innu kids sniffing gas again to fight boredom". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
- ISBN 0-316-15340-0.
- ISBN 9780875807249– via Google Books.
- ^ Wortley, R. P. (29 August 2006). "Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Regulated Substances) Amendment Bill". Hansard – Legislative Council (South Australia). Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ Brady, Maggie (27 April 2006). "Community Affairs Reference Committee Reference: Petrol sniffing in remote Aboriginal communities" (PDF). Official Committee Hansard (Senate). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
- ^ Williams, Jonas (March 2004). "Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study". Social Justice Report 2003. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ Submission to the Senate Community Affairs References Committee by BP Australia Pty Ltd (PDF) (Report). Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "Petrol sniffing". Menzies School of Health Research. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ Joseph, Donald E. (2005). "Inhalants" (PDF). Drugs of Abuse. United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
- ^ Glatter, Robert (21 June 2013). "The Dangers Of "Smoking" Alcohol". Forbes. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ "Inhaling alcohol may 'harm brain'". BBC. 16 February 2004.
- ^ "AWOL Official page: AIR POWERED AWOL MACHINES". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
- ^ Palmer, Brian (18 June 2013). "Can You Inhale Calories?". Slate. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- ^ "The Public Health Bush Book". Northern Territory Government, Department of Health and Community Services. 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
- ^ "Inhalants: MedlinePlus". Retrieved 19 July 2017.
- PMID 25716516.
- PMID 7437838.
- PMID 12466116.
- ISBN 978-0-07-144198-8. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ "NMDA receptor antagonists and Alzheimer's". WebMD. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
- ^ ISBN 1-85000-836-1
- OCLC 191734019.
- ISBN 978-1-85798-947-2). See page 221.
- ^ "A Mum Hooked On Butane Gas (PART 1)". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2017 – via YouTube.
Further reading
- Burk, Isabel (2001). Inhalant Prevention Resource Guide (PDF) (2nd ed.). Virginia Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2004.
- Chier, Ruth (2003) [1997]. Danger: Inhalants. Powerkids Press. pp. 24. ISBN 9780823923403.
- Lobo, Ingrid A. (2004). Inhalants. Drugs: the Straight Facts. p. 112. ISBN 9780791076361.
External links
- Inhalants at National Institute on Drug Abuse
- "NIDA for Teens: Inhalants" at National Institute on Drug Abuse
- "Inhalants – Facts and Figures". Office of National Drug Control Policy. Archived from the original on 27 October 2002. Alt URL Archived 3 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine