Sudetes
Sudetes | |
---|---|
Highest point | |
Peak | Sněžka/Śnieżka |
Elevation | 1,603 m (5,259 ft) |
Coordinates | 50°44′10″N 15°44′24″E / 50.73611°N 15.74000°E |
Dimensions | |
Length | 300 km (190 mi) |
Naming | |
Native name |
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Geography | |
Countries | Czech Republic, Poland and Germany |
Regions/Voivodeships | Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, Hradec Králové, Pardubice, Olomouc, Moravian-Silesian, Lower Silesian, Opole and Saxony |
Range coordinates | 50°30′N 16°00′E / 50.5°N 16°E |
Geology | |
Orogeny | Variscan orogeny (assembly) Alpine orogeny (uplift) |
The Sudetes (/suːˈdiːtiːz/ soo-DEE-teez), commonly known as the Sudeten Mountains or Sudetic Mountains, is a geomorphological subprovince in Central Europe, shared by the Czech Republic, Poland, and Germany. They consist mainly of mountain ranges and are the highest part of Bohemian Massif. They stretch from the Saxon capital of Dresden in the northwest across to the region of Lower Silesia in Poland and to the Moravian Gate in the Czech Republic in the east. Geographically the Sudetes are a Mittelgebirge with some characteristics typical of high mountains.[1] Its plateaus and subtle summit relief makes the Sudetes more akin to mountains of Northern Europe than to the Alps.[1]
In the east of the Sudetes, the Moravian Gate and Ostrava Basin separates from the Carpathian Mountains. The Sudetes' highest mountain is Mount Sněžka/Śnieżka 1,603 m (5,259 ft), which is also the highest mountain of the Czech Republic, Bohemia, Silesia, and Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in the Giant Mountains, lying on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland. Mount Praděd (1,491 m/4,893 ft) in the Hrubý Jeseník mountains is the highest mountain of Moravia. Lusatia's highest point (1,072 m/3,517 ft) lies on Mount Smrk/Smrek in the Jizera Mountains, and the Sudetes' highest mountain in Germany, which is also the country's highest mountain east of the river Elbe, is Mount Lausche/Luž (793 m/2,600 ft) in the Zittau Mountains, the highest part of the Lusatian Mountains. The most notable rivers rising in the Sudetes are Elbe, Oder, Spree, Morava, Bóbr, Lusatian Neisse, Eastern Neisse, Jizera and Kwisa. The highest parts of the Sudetes are protected by national parks;[2] Karkonosze and Stołowe (Table) in Poland and Krkonoše in the Czech Republic.
In the west, the Sudetes border with the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. The westernmost point of the Sudetes lies in the Dresden Heath (Dresdner Heide), the westernmost part of the West Lusatian Hill Country and Uplands, in Dresden.
The Sudeten Germans (the German-speaking inhabitants of Czechoslovakia) as well as the Sudetenland (the border regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia they inhabited) are named after the Sudetes.
Etymology
The name Sudetes is derived from Sudeti montes, a
There is no consensus about which mountains he meant, and he could for example have intended the Ore Mountains, joining the modern Sudetes to their west, or even (according to Schütte) the Bohemian Forest (although this is normally considered to be equivalent to Ptolemy's Gabreta forest).[3] The modern Sudetes are probably Ptolemy's Askiburgion mountains.[4]
Ptolemy wrote "Σούδητα" in
Subdivisions
The Sudetes are usually divided into:
- Eastern Sudetes, in the Czech Republic and Poland
- Golden Mountains
- Hanušovice Highlands
- Hrubý Jeseník with Mt. Praděd, 1,491 m (4,892 ft)
- Mohelnice Depression
- Nízký Jeseník
- Opawskie Mountains
- Králický Sněžník Mountains
- Zábřeh Highlands
- Central Sudetes, in the Czech Republic and Poland
- Western Sudetes, in Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland
- Frýdlant Hills
- Giant Mountains with Mt. Sněžka, 1,603 m (5,259 ft)
- Giant Mountains Foothills
- Ještěd–Kozákov Ridge
- Jizera Mountains
- Kaczawskie Mountains
- Kaczawskie Foothills
- Lusatian Mountains
- Lusatian Highlands
- Lusatian Gefilde
- West Lusatian Foothills
- East Lusatian Foothills
- Rudawy Janowickie
- Jelenia Góra Valley
- Zittau Basin
- Sudeten Foreland
High Sudetes (Polish: Wysokie Sudety, Czech: Vysoké Sudety, German: Hochsudeten) is together name for the ranges of Giant Mountains, Hrubý Jeseník and Králický Sněžník Mountains.
Climate
The highest mountains, those located along the Czech-Polish border have annual
Vegetation
Settlement, logging and clearance has left forest pockets in the foothills with dense and continuous forest being found in the upper parts of the mountains.
Many arctic-alpine and alpine vascular plants have a disjunct distribution being notably absent from the central Sudetes despite suitable habitats. Possibly this is the result a warm period during the Holocene (last 10,000 years) which wiped out cold-adapted vascular plants in the medium-sized mountains of the central Sudetes where there was no higher ground that could serve as refugia.[8][A] Besides altitude the distribution of some alpine plants is influenced by soil. This is the case of Aster alpinus that grows preferentially on calcareous ground.[8] Other alpine plants such as Cardamine amara, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Luzula sudetica and Solidago virgaurea occur beyond their altitudinal zonation in very humid areas.[8]
Peatlands are common in the mountains occurring on high plateaus or in valley bottoms. Fens occur at slopes.[6]
Timber line
The higher mountains of the Sudetes lie above the
Geology
Geological research has been hampered by the multinational geography of the Sudetes with and the limitation of studies to state boundaries.[11][B]
Bedrock
The
Once the main phase of deformation of the orogeny was over
A NW-SE to WNW-ESE oriented strike-slip fault —the Intra-Sudetic fault— runs through the length of the Sudetes.[15] The Intra-Sudetic fault is parallel with the Upper Elbe fault and Middle Oder fault.[13] Other main faults at the sudetes are also NW-SE oriented, dextral and of strike slip type. These include the Tłumaczów-Sienna Fault and the Marginal Sudetic Fault.[19]
Volcanism and thermal waters
There are remnants of
There are
Uplift and landforms
The Sudetes forms the NE border of the
During the
Mass wasting
Other than debris flows there is little contemporary mass wasting in the mountains.[1] Avalanches are common in the Sudetes.[1]
History
The area around the Sudetes had by the 12th century been relatively densely settled
Some limited form of
Sudetes and "Sudetenland"
After
The term was used in a wider sense when on 1 October 1933 Konrad Henlein founded the Sudeten German Party and in Nazi German parlance Sudetendeutsche (Sudeten Germans) referred to all autochthonous ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia. They were heavily clustered in the entire mountainous periphery of Czechoslovakia—not only in the former Moravian Provinz Sudetenland but also along the northwestern Bohemian borderlands with German Lower Silesia, Saxony and Bavaria, in an area formerly called German Bohemia. In total, the German minority population of interwar Czechoslovakia numbered around 20% of the total national population.
Sparking the
After
Economy and tourism
Part of the economy of the Sudetes is dedicated to tourism.
In the Sudetes there are many spa towns with sanatoria. In many places the developed tourist base – hotels, guest houses, ski infrastructure.
The nearest international airports are Dresden Airport in Dresden and Wrocław Airport in Wrocław.
Notable towns
Towns in this area with more than 10,000 inhabitants include:
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Gallery
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"Hell" on Szczeliniec Wielki,Table Mountains
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Góry Sokole
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Table Mountains
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A view from Zygmuntówka refuge, Owl Mountain range (Góry Sowie)
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Tripoint of Germany, Czech Republic, and Poland in the Eastern Upper Lusatia
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Monastery ruins on the Oybin
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Zittau Mountains with the Hochwald mountain
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Rock Gate (Felsentor)
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View towards the Jizerskohorské bučiny National Nature Reserve
See also
- Mount Ślęża
- Main Sudetes Trail
- Książ
- Wambierzyce
- Kłodzko Fortress
- Srebrna Góra
- Chojnik
- Niesytno Castle
- Grüssau Abbey
- Izera railway
- Lower Silesian Voivodeship
- Tourism in Poland
- Crown of Polish Mountains
- Wilczka Falls Nature Reserve
Notes
- ^ Not to be confused with a glacial refugium.
- ^ Alfred Jahn's geomorphological studies of the Polish Sudetes in 1953 and 1980 exemplify this.[11]
- ^ Geologist Tom McCann lists the main Variscan terranes that make up much of the Sudetes as the Moldanubian, Góry-Sowie-Klodzko, Teplá Barriandian, Lusatia-Izera terrane, Brunovistulian terrane. The first three lie in the central Sudetes while the last two in the west and central Sudetes.[15]
- ^ Contrary to this case S-type granites are typically thought to come into existence concurrently or slightly after orogeny.[17]
- ^ Some volcanic rocks may be as young as of Early Pliocene age.[20]
- ^ Fission track dating yields various possibilities about the Late Cenozoic uplift of the Sudetes. Possibly the last uplift pulse begun 7 to 5 million years ago.[25]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Migoń, Piort (2008). "High-mountain elements in the geomorphology of the Sudetes, Bohemian Massif, and their significance". Geographia Polonica. 81 (1): 101–116.
- ^ .
- ^ Schütte (1917), Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototype, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup, p. 141
- ^ Schütte (1917), Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototype, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup, p. 56
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 133200850.
- ^ a b c d e Barzdajn, Wladyslaw (2004). "Rehabilitation of silver fir (Abies alba Mill) populations in the Sudetes". Report of the second (20–22 September 2001, Valsaín, Spain) and third (17–19 October 2002, Kostrzyca, Poland) meetings (Report). pp. 45–51.
- ^ S2CID 86962680.
- ^ a b c d Křížek, M. (2007). "Periglacial landforms above the alpine timberline in the High Sudetes" (PDF). In Goudie, A.S.; Kalvoda, J. (eds.). Geomorphological variations. Prague: ProGrafiS Publ. pp. 313–338.
- ^ Wistuba, Małgorzata; Papciak, Tomasz; Malik, Ireneusz; Barnaś, Agnieszka; Polowy, Marta; Pilorz, Wojciech (2014). "Wzrost dekoncentryczny świerka pospolitego jako efekt oddziaływania dominującego kierunku wiatru (przykład z Hrubégo Jeseníka, Sudety Wschodnie)" [Eccentric growth of Norway spruce trees as a result of prevailing winds impact (example from Hrubý Jeseník, Eastern Sudetes)]. Studia I Materiały CEPL W Rogowie (in Polish). 40 (3): 63–73.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e Mazur, Stanisław; Alexandrowski, Paweł; Kryza, Ryszard; Oberc-Dziedzic, Teresa (2006). "The Variscan Orogen in Poland". Geological Quarterly. 50 (1): 89–118.
- ^ S2CID 140166878.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-86239-245-8.
- ^ Mazur, Stanisław; Aleksandrowski, Paweł; Turniak, Krzysztof; Awdankiewicz, Marek (2007). "Geology, tectonic evolution and Late Palaeozoic magmatism of Sudetes – an overview". Granitoids in Poland. Vol. 1. pp. 59–87.
- ^ S2CID 129243888.
- ^ S2CID 129844097.
- ^ a b Józef, Oberc (1991). "Systems of main longitudinal strike-slip faults in the vicinity of the Góry Sowie Block (Sudetes)". Kwartalnik Geologiczny. 35 (4): 403–420.
- ^ a b c d e Birkenmajer, Krzysztof; Pécskay, Zóltan; Grabowski, Jacek; Lorenc, Marek W.; Zagożdżon, Paweł P. (2002). "Radiometric dating of the Tertiary volcanics in Lower Silesia, Poland. II. K-Ar and palaeomagnetic data from Neogene basanites near Lądek Zdrój, Sudetes Mts". Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae. 72: 119–129.
- ^ .
- ^ Dowgiałło, Jan (2000). "The Sudetic geothermal region of Poland–new findings and further prospects" (PDF). Proceedins of the World Geothermal Congress. World Geothermal Congress. Kyushu–Tohoku, Japan. pp. 1089–1094.
- ^ a b c d e Migoń, Piotr (2011). "Geomorphic Diversity of the Sudetes – Effects of the structure and global change superimposed". Geographia Polonica. 2: 93–105.
- ^ Migoń, Piotr (1997). "Tertiary etchsurfaces in the Sudetes Mountains, SW Poland: a contribution to the pre-Quaternary morphology of Central Europe". In Widdowson, M. (ed.). Palaeosurfaces: Recognition, Reconstruction and Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation. Geological Society Special Publication. London: The Geological Society.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Migoń, Piotr; Łach, Janusz (1998). "Geomorphological evidence of neotectonics in the Kaczawa sector of the Sudetic Marginal Fault, southwestern Poland". Geologia Sudetica. 31: 307–316.
- ^ Charles Higounet. Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter (in German). p. 167.
- ^ .
- ^ S2CID 153221684.
- .