Annona squamosa

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Annona squamosa
Cross section of the fruit shown on right

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Annona
Species:
A. squamosa
Binomial name
Annona squamosa
Synonyms

Annona asiatica L.[3]
Annona cinerea Dunal
Guanabanus squamosus (L.)M.Gómez[4] Xylopia glabra L.[5]
Annona forskahlii DC.[6]

Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree or

Annona cherimola[6] (whose fruits often share the same name)[3] helping make it the most widely cultivated of these species.[9]
Annona squamosa is a small, semi-(or late) deciduous,[10] much-branched shrub or small tree 3 to 8 metres (10 to 26 feet) tall[7][10] similar to
Manila galleons docking in the Philippines brought it to Asia.[12]

Michał Boym's drawing of, probably, the sugar-apple, in his Flora Sinensis (1655)

The fruit is spherical-conical, 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) in diameter and 6–10 cm (2+1⁄4–4 in) long, and weighing 100–240 grams (3.5–8.5 ounces), with a thick rind composed of knobby segments. The colour is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties, and typically has a bloom. It is unique among Annona fruits in being segmented; the segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the innards.

The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard. The seeds are coated with the flesh, It is found adhering to 13-to-16-millimetre-long (1⁄2 to 5⁄8 in) seeds forming individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. It is soft, slightly grainy, and slippery. The hard, shiny seeds may number 20–40 or more per fruit and have a brown to black coat, although varieties exist that are almost seedless.[12][13] The seeds can be ground for use as an insecticide.[8]The stems run through the centre of the fruit connecting it to the outside. The skin is shaped like a Reuleaux triangle coloured green and rough in texture. Due to the soft flesh and structure of the sugar apple it is very fragile to pressure when ripe.

New varieties are also being developed in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The atemoya or "pineapple sugar-apple", a hybrid between the sugar-apple and the cherimoya, is popular in Taiwan, although it was first developed in the United States in 1908. The fruit is similar in sweetness to the sugar-apple, but has a very different taste. As its name suggests, it tastes like pineapple.

Description

Flower
Seedling
Branches

The fruit of A. squamosa (

tropical markets.[10]

Stems and leaves

A. squamosa leaves

Branches with light brown bark and visible leaf scars; inner bark light yellow and slightly bitter; twigs become brown with light brown dots (lenticels – small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue).[6]

Thin, simple, alternate

leaves[11] occur singly,[6] 5 to 17 centimetres (2 to 6+3⁄4 inches) long and 2 to 6 cm (3⁄4 to 2+3⁄8 in) wide;[10][6] rounded at the base and pointed at the tip (oblong-lanceolate).[10] They are pale green on both surfaces and mostly hairless[6] with slight hairs on the underside when young.[7] The sides sometimes are slightly unequal and the leaf edges are without teeth, inconspicuously hairy when young.[6][11]

The leaf stalks are 0.4 to 2.2 cm (1⁄8 to 7⁄8 in) long,[10] green, and sparsely pubescent.[6]

Flowers

Solitary or in short lateral clusters of 2–4 about 2.5 cm (1 in) long,[10] greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender[6] 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long stalk.[10] Three green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, 1.6 to 2.5 cm (5⁄8 to 1 in) long, and 0.6 to 0.75 cm (1⁄4 to 5⁄16 in) wide, three inner petals reduced to minute scales or absent.[7][10] Very numerous stamens; crowded, white, less than 1.6 cm (5⁄8 in) long; ovary light green. Styles white, crowded on the raised axis. Each pistil forms a separate tubercle (small rounded wartlike protuberance), mostly 1.3 to 1.9 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long and 0.6 to 1.3 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) wide which matures into the aggregate fruit.[6]

Flowering occurs in spring-early summer

nitidulid beetles.[14] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[15]

Fruits and reproduction

Fruits ripen 3 to 4 months after flowering.[16]

Aggregate and soft fruits form from the numerous and loosely united pistils of a flower[6] which become enlarged[10] and mature into fruits which are distinct from fruits of other species of genus[6] (and more like a giant raspberry instead).

The round or heart-shaped[6] greenish yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous[10] on a thickened stalk; 5 to 10 cm (2 to 3+7⁄8 in)[6][7] in diameter[10][11] with many round protuberances[6] and covered with a powdery bloom. Fruits are formed of loosely cohering or almost free carpels (the ripened pistels).[7]

The pulp is white tinged yellow,[7] edible and sweetly aromatic. Each carpel containing an oblong, shiny and smooth,[6] dark brown[7] to black, 1.3 to 1.6 cm (1⁄2 to 5⁄8 in) long seed.[6]

Nutrition and uses

Sugar-apples, (sweetsop), raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy393 kJ (94 kcal)
23.64 g
Dietary fiber4.4 g
0.29 g
2.06 g
Niacin (B3)
6%
0.883 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.226 mg
Vitamin B6
12%
0.2 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
14 μg
Vitamin C
40%
36.3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
24 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
5%
21 mg
Manganese
18%
0.42 mg
Phosphorus
3%
32 mg
Potassium
8%
247 mg
Sodium
0%
9 mg
Zinc
1%
0.1 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[17] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[18]

Sugar-apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B6, and provides vitamin B2, B3 B5, B9, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities.[19]

Chemistry

The

quercetin-3-O-glucoside.[22]

Bayer AG has patented the extraction process and molecular identity of the annonaceous acetogenin annonin, as well as its use as a biopesticide.[23] Other acetogenins have been isolated from the seeds,[24] bark,[25] and leaves.[citation needed
]

Distribution and habitat

Annona squamosa is native to the tropical Americas and West Indies, but the exact origin is unknown. It is now the most widely cultivated of all the species of Annona, being grown for its fruit throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, and China as far north as Suzhou;[26] it was introduced to southern Asia before 1590. It is naturalized as far north as southern Florida in the United States and as south as Bahia in Brazil, Bangladesh, and is an invasive species in some areas.[6][9][11]

Native
Neotropic
Caribbean:
St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands
.
Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Northern South America: Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela
Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Southern South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay[6]
Naturalised
Pacific: Samoa, Tonga
North America: Mexico, Belize
Afrotropic: Angola, Namibia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar
, Kenya
Australasia: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Indomalaya: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Palearctic: Cyprus, Greece, Lebanon, Malta,[6] Israel

Climate and cultivation

Like most species of Annona, it requires a tropical or subtropical climate with summer temperatures from 25 °C (77 °F) to 41 °C (106 °F), and mean winter temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F). It is sensitive to cold and frost, being defoliated below 10 °C (50 °F) and killed by temperatures of a couple of degrees below freezing. It is only moderately

drought-tolerant
, requiring at least 700 millimetres (28 in) of annual rainfall, and does not produce fruit well during droughts.

It will grow from sea level to an altitude of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) and thrives in hot dry climates, differing in its tolerance of lowland tropics from many of the other fruit bearers in the Annona family.

It is quite a prolific bearer, and it produces fruit within as little as two to three years. A five-year-old tree can produce as many as 50 sugar apples. Poor fruit production has been reported in Florida because there are few natural pollinators (honeybees have a difficult time penetrating the tightly closed female flowers); however, hand pollination with a natural fibre brush is effective in increasing yield. Natural pollinators include beetles (coleoptera) of the families

Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Scarabaeidae.[9][13]

Ecology

In the

fruit bat
(kabag or kabog), which then spreads the seeds from island to island.

It is a host plant for larvae of the butterfly Graphium agamemnon (tailed jay).

Uses

In traditional Indian, Thai, and Native American medicines, the leaves are boiled down with water, possibly mixed with other specific botanicals, and used in a decoction to treat dysentery and urinary tract infection.[27] In traditional Indian medicine, the leaves are also crushed for use as a poultice, and applied to wounds.[27] In Mexico, the leaves are rubbed on floors and put in hens' nests, to repel lice.[9] In Haiti, the fruit is known as cachiman and is used to simply make juice.[28] In Lebanon and Syria, it is made into a variety of desserts and sweets, referred to as ashta.[citation needed]

Gallery

  • Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar
    Annona squamosa fruit from Myanmar
  • Sugar apple (right), with Taiwanese "pineapple shijia" (atemoya) (left)
    Sugar apple (right), with Taiwanese "pineapple shijia" (atemoya) (left)
  • The sugar apple readily breaks open when ripe.
    The sugar apple readily breaks open when ripe.
  • A deconstruction of a sugar apple shows a lobe of fruit and pulpy segments with seeds.
    A deconstruction of a sugar apple shows a lobe of fruit and pulpy segments with seeds.
  • A sugar apple ready to eat
    A sugar apple ready to eat
  • Sugar apple (Annona squamosa) seeds
    Sugar apple (Annona squamosa) seeds
  • Red sugar apples from Myanmar
    Red sugar apples from Myanmar
  • Sugar apples in Taitung, Taiwan
    Sugar apples in Taitung, Taiwan
  • A sugar apple in Goiânia, Brazil
    A sugar apple in Goiânia, Brazil
  • Sugar apple tree in Philippines
    Sugar apple tree in Philippines
  • Two sugar apples in Bangladesh
    Two sugar apples in Bangladesh
  • A sugar apple in tree in Terai of Nepal
    A sugar apple in tree in Terai of Nepal

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146787183A146787185.en
    . Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  2. ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Annona squamosa L". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  3. ^ a b "Annona squamosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  4. ^ Dr. Richard Wunderlin, Dr. Bruce Hansen. "synonyms of Annona squamosa". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Florida. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  5. ^ Missouri Botanical Garden (1753). "Annona squamosa L". Tropicos. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Current name: Annona squamosa". AgroForestryTree Database. International Center For Research In Agroforestry. Archived from the original on 2011-05-26. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Compilation: Annona squamosa". Global Plants. JSTOR. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  8. ^
    OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  9. ^ a b c d Morton, Julia (1987). "Sugar Apple Annona squamosa". Fruits of warm climates. Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. p. 69. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kral, Robert. "Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 3. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  11. ^ a b c d e "Annona squamosa". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  12. ^ a b Morton, Julia (1987). "Annona squamosa". Fruits of warm climates. p. 69. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  13. ^ a b "Annona squamosa". AgroForestryTree Database. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  14. USDA
    , 1976
  15. ^ Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1-130.
  16. ^ Grant, Amy (2021). "What Is Sugar Apple Fruit: Can You Grow Sugar Apples". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  17. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  18. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  19. ^ "Benefits of Custard apple". 22 December 2014.
  20. ^
    PMID 23678817
    .
  21. ^
    PMID 21342663
    .
  22. S2CID 38336427
    .
  23. ^ Moeschler HF, Pfluger W; et al. (August 1987). "Insecticide US 4689232 A". Retrieved 2014-12-03.
  24. PMID 22609808
    .
  25. PMID 2348205
    .
  26. ^ "Sweetsop (Annona squamosa)". January 2020.
  27. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2016.10.003
    .
  28. ^ "Cachiman (Annona reticulata L.)". Carib Fruits. Retrieved 8 November 2020.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Annona squamosa.

Data related to Annona squamosa at Wikispecies

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Sweet-sop".
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