Suillus bovinus

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Suillus bovinus
Suillus bovinus
Pine woods, Galicia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Suillaceae
Genus: Suillus
Species:
S. bovinus
Binomial name
Suillus bovinus
(L.) Roussel (1806)
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus bovinus L. (1753)
  • Agaricus bovinus (L.) Lam. (1783)
  • Ixocomus bovinus (L.)
    Quél.
    (1888)
  • Mariaella bovina (L.) Šutara (1987)
Suillus bovinus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate or decurrent
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Suillus bovinus, also known as the Jersey cow mushroom or bovine bolete, is a

pored mushroom of the genus Suillus in the family Suillaceae. A common fungus native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America and Australia. It was initially described as Boletus bovinus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, and given its current binomial name by Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1806. It is an edible mushroom
, though not highly regarded.

The fungus grows in

symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue, and is sometimes parasitised by the related mushroom Gomphidius roseus. Suillus bovinus produces spore-bearing fruit bodies, often in large numbers, above ground. The mushroom has a convex grey-yellow or ochre cap reaching up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, which flattens with age. Like other boletes, it has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap, rather than gills; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings, or pores. The pore surface is yellow. The stipe, more slender than those of other Suillus boletes, lacks a ring
.

Taxonomy and naming

Suillus bovinus was one of the many species first described in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" Carl Linnaeus, who, in the second volume of his Species Plantarum, gave it the name Boletus bovinus.[2] The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word bos, meaning "cattle".[3] The fungus was reclassified in (and became the type species of) the genus Suillus by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1796.[4] Suillus is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from the word "swine".[5] Lucien Quélet classified it as Viscipellis bovina in 1886.[6]

In works published before 1987, the species was written fully as Suillus bovinus (L.:

valid as far back as 1 May 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus's work.[7]

A limited genetic sampling of species in a 1996 study by Annette Kretzer and colleagues showed Suillus bovinus was related to a lineage that diverged to S. punctipes, S. variegatus and S. tomentosus.[12] A 2001 study found it was not closely related to other European species, and that all populations tested were closer to each other than any other and hence it was a cohesive species.[13]

Czech mycologist Josef Šutara

synonymous with Suillus.[15] Older synonyms for S. bovinus include those resulting from generic transfers to Agaricus by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1783, and the now-obsolete Ixocomus by Lucien Quélet in 1888.[1]

In 1951,

Western Cape Province, South Africa, differs from the main form by the staining reaction of the cap flesh, which turns dark or light greenish-blue upon injury.[16] Index Fungorum does not, however, recognize the variety as having independent taxonomic significance.[18]

Chemical analysis of pigments and chromogens showed that Suillus was more closely related to Gomphidius and Rhizopogon than to other boletes, and hence Suillus bovinus and its allies were transferred from the Boletaceae to the newly circumscribed family Suillaceae in 1997.[19] Molecular studies have reinforced how distantly related these fungi are from Boletus edulis and its allies.[20]

Description

Bisected fruit body

The

fruit body—colloquially called a mushroom—of Suillus bovinus is a basidiocarp which is smaller and daintier than most other boletes.[10] The cap is initially convex, then flat with a wavy margin and a grey-yellow or ochre with pink tinge in some specimens. It ranges from 3–10 cm (1+14–4 in) in diameter and has a sticky skin. The flesh is whitish, yellowish or clay-coloured and has a fruity smell.[8] Sometimes turning a pink tinge when bruised,[10] the flesh is spongy and rubbery.[21] Like other boletes, it has pores instead of gills that make up the hymenophore on the underside of the cap. Suillus bovinus has a characteristic compound pore layer, consisting of an outer layer of coarse, angular pores overlaying an inner layer of finer pores.[9] The pores are grey- to olive-yellow and generally decurrent,[8] comprising yellow to olive-yellow tubes that measure 0.3–1 cm (1838 in) long.[9] The stipe is 4–6 cm (1+122+14 in) tall, similar in colour to the cap, and tends to be narrower towards the base. With a diameter of 0.5–0.8 cm (1438 in),[8] it is more slender than those of other boletes.[10]

Closeup of pore surface

The

Cystidia are present on both the tube ends (cheilocystidia) and tube faces (pleurocystidia). There are no clamp connections in the hyphae of Suillus bovinus. The cap cuticle comprises filamentous, gelatinized hyphae with a diameter of 2.6–5.0 μm.[22] The mycelium has a pink tinge.[10]

The distinctive colour of the cap and pores make it hard to confuse with other species.[23] Often found in similar habitats is S. variegatus, though this species has a granular cap and dark olive pores,[21] which are smaller and not decurrent. It can also bruise blue.[10]

Distribution and habitat

Suillus bovinus is found in

Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora).[27] In China, it has been recorded from provinces Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang.[28]

Suillus bovinus has been introduced into other areas. In North America, where it is thought to have been introduced with Scots pine, it is found in the eastern United States, including North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and the Adirondack Mountains of New York.[29] It has been recorded infrequently under Scots pine in Australia,[30] where it has been found as far north as southern Queensland,[31] and in more southerly locations including New South Wales and Kuitpo Forest.[22] It has been recorded in New Zealand.[32] In South Africa, it grows with Pinus radiata.[33]

Ecology

Gomphidius roseus growing alongside Suillus bovinus

Suillus bovinus is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. Field work in pine forests in Sweden analysing the population structure of Suillus bovinus found that mushrooms were more abundant in younger forests and forests with disturbed areas, which contained a higher number of genets (colonies)—700 to 5700 per hectare—compared with 30 to 120 genets per hectare in mature stands. Older colonies in mature forests could be 17.5 m (57+12 ft) in diameter against 1.7–5.3 m (5+1217+12 ft) diameter in young forests.[25] Spore-bearing mushrooms (sporocarps) produce a huge number of spores (estimated in a Finnish study at 240 million to 1.2 billion per mushroom), of which only a small number grow successfully; this large number is thought to explain the larger numbers of colonies in disturbed and young forests, while the fungus' vegetative spread becomes more important in established forests.[34] Colonies of S. bovinus do not overlap, which indicates they suppress each other's growth.[25] The median lifespan of a colony was estimated to be 36 years.[35] Field work conducted in Swedish pine forests suggested that S. variegatus suppressed the growth of S. bovinus, as there was a negative correlation in occurrence.[36]

Suillus bovinus fruit bodies attacked by the yellow mould Dicranophora fulva

A Finnish study published in 1997 found that bacterial communities under P. sylvestris without mycorrhizae metabolised

Pisolithus tinctorius and Scleroderma citrinum. These fungi were proposed as an alternative for chemical fertiliser in arboriculture of pine trees.[38] Suillus bovinus has been shown to improve the tolerance of its host Pinus sylvestris to metal pollutants such as cadmium and zinc,[39][40] though not to hazardous organic compounds such as m-toluate.[39]

Experimental work in 1986 showed that Suillus bovinus could metabolise proteins and

saprophytic activity.[41]

The related rosy spike-cap (

mould that has been found growing on decaying S. bovinus fruit bodies in Europe and the United States.[43]

Edibility

Suillus bovinus tastes mild and is edible, although it is not highly regarded.[10] When cooked, it releases a lot of fluid, which can be collected and reduced or strained to make a sauce. Its flavour is made more intense by drying.[44] The soft and rubbery consistency of older specimens—as well as their proneness to maggot infestation—renders them almost inedible.[10] Fruit bodies are part of the later summer diet of the red squirrel in Eurasia, which collects the mushrooms and stores them in tree forks for a ready food supply after the onset of frost.[45] There are several fly species that often use S. bovinus fruit bodies to rear their young, including Bolitophila rossica, Exechia separata, Exechiopsis indecisa, Pegomya deprimata, and Pegohylemyia silvatica.[46]

References

  1. ^ a b "Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel 1806". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  2. ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1177. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  3. .
  4. ^ Roussell HFA. (1796). Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu (in French). Caen, France: L.-J. Poisson. p. 34.
  5. .
  6. ^ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia vigentium. Switzerland: O. Doin. p. 157. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
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  11. ^ "Suillus bovinus, Bovine Bolete mushroom". www.first-nature.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  12. JSTOR 3760972
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  14. ^ Šutara J. (1987). "Mariaella, a new boletaceous genus". Ceská Mykologie. 41 (2): 73–84.
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  16. ^ from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  17. ^ Singer R. (1962). "Diagnoses Fungorum novorum Agaricalium II". Sydowia (in Latin). 1 (1–6): 45–83 (see p. 82). Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  18. ^ "Record details: Boletus bovinus var. viridocaerulescens A. Pearson". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
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  25. ^ Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C (1980). "The boletes of Taiwan" (PDF). Taiwania. 25 (1): 166–84 (see pp. 178–80). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  26. from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
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  29. ^ Leonard P, Batchelor D (October 2010). "The slippery jack and how to find him: A field key to Suillus species in Australia and New Zealand" (PDF). Fungimap Newsletter (41): 4–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  30. ^ Leonard P. (2012). "Fungi Key – Suillus". Queensland Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  31. S2CID 85352273
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  43. ^ Ognev SI. (1966) [1940]. Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries. Vol. IV. Rodents. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 314–15. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  44. ^ Hackman W, Meinander M (1979). "Diptera feeding as larvae on macrofungi in Finland" (PDF). Annales Zoologici Fennici. 16: 50–83 (see pp. 55–56). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.

External links