Suillus bovinus
Suillus bovinus | |
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Suillus bovinus Pine woods, Galicia | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Boletales |
Family: | Suillaceae |
Genus: | Suillus |
Species: | S. bovinus
|
Binomial name | |
Suillus bovinus | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Suillus bovinus | |
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Pores on hymenium | |
Cap is convex | |
Hymenium is adnate or decurrent | |
mycorrhizal | |
Edibility is choice |
Suillus bovinus, also known as the Jersey cow mushroom or bovine bolete, is a
The fungus grows in
Taxonomy and naming
Suillus bovinus was one of the many species first described in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" Carl Linnaeus, who, in the second volume of his Species Plantarum, gave it the name Boletus bovinus.[2] The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word bos, meaning "cattle".[3] The fungus was reclassified in (and became the type species of) the genus Suillus by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1796.[4] Suillus is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from the word "swine".[5] Lucien Quélet classified it as Viscipellis bovina in 1886.[6]
In works published before 1987, the species was written fully as Suillus bovinus (L.:
A limited genetic sampling of species in a 1996 study by Annette Kretzer and colleagues showed Suillus bovinus was related to a lineage that diverged to S. punctipes, S. variegatus and S. tomentosus.[12] A 2001 study found it was not closely related to other European species, and that all populations tested were closer to each other than any other and hence it was a cohesive species.[13]
Czech mycologist Josef Šutara
In 1951,
Chemical analysis of pigments and chromogens showed that Suillus was more closely related to Gomphidius and Rhizopogon than to other boletes, and hence Suillus bovinus and its allies were transferred from the Boletaceae to the newly circumscribed family Suillaceae in 1997.[19] Molecular studies have reinforced how distantly related these fungi are from Boletus edulis and its allies.[20]
Description
The
The
The distinctive colour of the cap and pores make it hard to confuse with other species.[23] Often found in similar habitats is S. variegatus, though this species has a granular cap and dark olive pores,[21] which are smaller and not decurrent. It can also bruise blue.[10]
Distribution and habitat
Suillus bovinus is found in
Suillus bovinus has been introduced into other areas. In North America, where it is thought to have been introduced with Scots pine, it is found in the eastern United States, including North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and the Adirondack Mountains of New York.[29] It has been recorded infrequently under Scots pine in Australia,[30] where it has been found as far north as southern Queensland,[31] and in more southerly locations including New South Wales and Kuitpo Forest.[22] It has been recorded in New Zealand.[32] In South Africa, it grows with Pinus radiata.[33]
Ecology
Suillus bovinus is mycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with living trees by enveloping the tree's underground roots with sheaths of fungal tissue. Field work in pine forests in Sweden analysing the population structure of Suillus bovinus found that mushrooms were more abundant in younger forests and forests with disturbed areas, which contained a higher number of genets (colonies)—700 to 5700 per hectare—compared with 30 to 120 genets per hectare in mature stands. Older colonies in mature forests could be 17.5 m (57+1⁄2 ft) in diameter against 1.7–5.3 m (5+1⁄2–17+1⁄2 ft) diameter in young forests.[25] Spore-bearing mushrooms (sporocarps) produce a huge number of spores (estimated in a Finnish study at 240 million to 1.2 billion per mushroom), of which only a small number grow successfully; this large number is thought to explain the larger numbers of colonies in disturbed and young forests, while the fungus' vegetative spread becomes more important in established forests.[34] Colonies of S. bovinus do not overlap, which indicates they suppress each other's growth.[25] The median lifespan of a colony was estimated to be 36 years.[35] Field work conducted in Swedish pine forests suggested that S. variegatus suppressed the growth of S. bovinus, as there was a negative correlation in occurrence.[36]
A Finnish study published in 1997 found that bacterial communities under P. sylvestris without mycorrhizae metabolised
Experimental work in 1986 showed that Suillus bovinus could metabolise proteins and
The related rosy spike-cap (
Edibility
Suillus bovinus tastes mild and is edible, although it is not highly regarded.[10] When cooked, it releases a lot of fluid, which can be collected and reduced or strained to make a sauce. Its flavour is made more intense by drying.[44] The soft and rubbery consistency of older specimens—as well as their proneness to maggot infestation—renders them almost inedible.[10] Fruit bodies are part of the later summer diet of the red squirrel in Eurasia, which collects the mushrooms and stores them in tree forks for a ready food supply after the onset of frost.[45] There are several fly species that often use S. bovinus fruit bodies to rear their young, including Bolitophila rossica, Exechia separata, Exechiopsis indecisa, Pegomya deprimata, and Pegohylemyia silvatica.[46]
References
- ^ a b "Suillus bovinus (L.) Roussel 1806". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1177. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
- ^ Roussell HFA. (1796). Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu (in French). Caen, France: L.-J. Poisson. p. 34.
- ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ^ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia vigentium. Switzerland: O. Doin. p. 157. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
- ISBN 978-3-540-66493-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3.
- ^ "Suillus bovinus, Bovine Bolete mushroom". www.first-nature.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
- JSTOR 3760972.
- PMID 11682189.
- ^ Šutara J. (1987). "Mariaella, a new boletaceous genus". Ceská Mykologie. 41 (2): 73–84.
- ISBN 978-82-90724-36-3.
- ^ from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Singer R. (1962). "Diagnoses Fungorum novorum Agaricalium II". Sydowia (in Latin). 1 (1–6): 45–83 (see p. 82). Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ "Record details: Boletus bovinus var. viridocaerulescens A. Pearson". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- S2CID 2359393.
- PMID 17486973.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-222-79409-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7308-0737-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-14-063005-3.
- ^ PMID 33874369.
- ^ Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C (1980). "The boletes of Taiwan" (PDF). Taiwania. 25 (1): 166–84 (see pp. 178–80). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ISBN 978-0-930845-05-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
- ^ Leonard P, Batchelor D (October 2010). "The slippery jack and how to find him: A field key to Suillus species in Australia and New Zealand" (PDF). Fungimap Newsletter (41): 4–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Leonard P. (2012). "Fungi Key – Suillus". Queensland Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- S2CID 85352273.
- ISBN 978-0-442-21998-7.
- PMID 33874369.
- PMID 33874270.
- ISBN 978-1-139-50086-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
- doi:10.1139/w98-035.
- PMID 20702021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4020-4999-6.
- S2CID 20651950.
- JSTOR 2434461.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-1-4729-2085-0.
- ^ Ognev SI. (1966) [1940]. Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries. Vol. IV. Rodents. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 314–15. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ^ Hackman W, Meinander M (1979). "Diptera feeding as larvae on macrofungi in Finland" (PDF). Annales Zoologici Fennici. 16: 50–83 (see pp. 55–56). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
External links
- Media related to Suillus bovinus at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Suillus bovinus at Wikispecies