Suillus brevipes

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Suillus brevipes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Suillaceae
Genus: Suillus
Species:
S. brevipes
Binomial name
Suillus brevipes
(Peck) Kuntze (1898)
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus brevipes Peck (1885)
  • Boletus viscosus Frost (1885)
  • Rostkovites brevipes (Peck)
    Murrill
    (1948)
Suillus brevipes
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex or flat
Hymenium is adnate or decurrent
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Suillus brevipes is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. First described by American mycologists in the late 19th century, it is commonly known as the stubby-stalk or the short-stemmed slippery Jack. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) produced by the fungus are characterized by a chocolate to reddish-brown cap covered with a sticky layer of slime, and a short whitish stipe that has neither a partial veil nor prominent, colored glandular dots. The cap can reach a diameter of about 10 cm (3+7⁄8 in), while the stipe is up to 6 cm (2+3⁄8 in) long and 2 cm (3⁄4 in) thick. Like other bolete mushrooms, S. brevipes produces spores in a vertically arranged layer of spongy tubes with openings that form a layer of small yellowish pores on the underside of the cap.

Suillus brevipes grows in a

ponderosa pine. The fungus is found throughout North America, and has been introduced to several other countries via transplanted pines. In the succession of mycorrhizal fungi associated with the regrowth of jack pine after clearcutting or wildfires, S. brevipes is a multi-stage fungus, found during all stages of tree development. The mushrooms are edible, and are high in the essential fatty acid linoleic acid
.

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically as Boletus viscosus by American mycologist

William Alphonso Murrill renamed it as Rostkovites brevipes in 1948;[6] the genus Rostkovites is now considered to be synonymous with Suillus.[7]

subsection Suillus of genus Suillus, an infrageneric (a taxonomic level below genus) grouping of species characterized by a cinnamon-brown spore print, and pores less than 1 mm wide.[8]

The

specific epithet is derived from the Latin brevipes, meaning "short-footed".[9] The mushroom is commonly known as the "stubby-stalk"[10] or the "short-stemmed slippery Jack".[11]

Description

The cap flesh is white or pale yellow, and does not change color when cut.
The pores on the underside of the cap are minute, typically 2–3 per millimeter.

The

cap cuticle can be peeled from the surface. The tubes are yellow, becoming olive-green with age, and they have an attachment to the stipe that ranges from adnate (with most of the tube fused to the stipe) to decurrent (with the tubes broadly attached, but running somewhat down the length of the stipe). They are typically up to 1 cm (3⁄8 in) deep, and there are about 1–2 tube mouths (pores) per millimeter.[14] The pores are pale yellow, round, 1–2 mm wide, and do not change color when bruised.[15]

The stipe is white to pale yellow, dry, solid, not bruising, and pruinose (having a very fine whitish powder on the surface). A characteristic feature of many Suillus species are the glandular dots found on the stipe—clumps of hyphal cell ends through which the fungus secretes various metabolic wastes, leaving a sticky or resinous "dot". In S. brevipes, the form of the glandular dots is variable: they may be absent, slightly underdeveloped or obscurely formed with age. The stipe is usually short in comparison to the diameter of the cap, typically 2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+3⁄8 in) long and 1–2 cm (3⁄8–3⁄4 in) thick. It is either of equal width throughout, or may taper downwards; its surface bears minute puncture holes at maturity, and is it slightly fibrous at the base.[16] Collections made in New Zealand tend to have a reddish coloration at the very base of the stipe.[17] The flesh of the mushroom is initially white, but turns pale yellow in age. The odor and taste are mild. The spore print is cinnamon-brown.[18]

Microscopic characteristics

The

cystidia that are found on the face of a gill) are roughly cylindrical with rounded ends, thin-walled, and 40–55 by 5–8 µm. The cells often have brown contents, and in the presence of 2% potassium hydroxide (KOH) will appear hyaline (translucent) or vinaceous (red wine-colored); in Melzer's reagent they become pale yellow or brown. The cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the edge of a gill) are 30–60 by 7–10 µm, club-shaped to almost cylindrical, thin-walled, with brown incrusting material at the base, and arranged like a bundle of fibers. In KOH they appear hyaline, and are pale yellow in Melzer's reagent. Caulocystidia (found on the stipe) are 60–90 by 7–9 µm, mostly cylindrical with rounded ends, and arranged in bundles with brown pigment particles at the base. The caulocystidia stain vinaceous in KOH. The cuticle of the cap is made of a layer of interwoven gelatinous hyphae that are individually 2–5 µm thick; the gelatinous hyphae are responsible for the sliminess of the cuticle.[16] There are no clamp connections in the hyphae.[15]

Edibility

Sources recommend peeling off the slimy cap cuticle before eating the mushroom.

Like many species of the genus Suillus, S. brevipes is edible, and the mushroom is considered choice by some.[18][19] The odor is mild, and the taste mild or slightly acidic.[9] Field guides typically recommended to remove the slimy cap cuticle, and, in older specimens, the tube layer before consumption.[9][20] The mushrooms are common in the diet of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park.[21]

The fatty acid composition of S. brevipes fruit bodies has been analyzed. The cap contained a higher lipid content than the stipe—18.4% of the dry weight, compared to 12.4%. In the cap, linoleic acid made up 50.7% of the total lipids (65.7% in the stipe), oleic acid was 29.9% (12.4% in the stipe), followed by palmitic acid at 10.5% (12.6% in the stipe).[22] Linoleic acid—a member of the group of essential fatty acids called omega-6 fatty acids—is an essential dietary requirement for humans.[23]

Similar species

Several Suillus species which grow under pines could be confused with S. brevipes. S. granulatus has a longer stipe, and distinct raised granules on the stipe. S. brevipes is differentiated from S. albidipes by not having a cottony roll of velar tissue (derived from a partial veil) at the margin when young. S. pallidiceps is by distinguished its pale yellow cap color; and S. albivelatus has a veil.[15] S. pungens has a characteristic pungent odor, compared to the mild smell of S. brevipes, and like S. granulatus, has glandular dots on the stipe.[18] Boletus flaviporus is also similar.[24]

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal DNA sequences shows that the most closely related species to S. brevipes include S. luteus, S. pseudobrevipes, and S. weaverae.[25]

Ecology

S. brevipes appears early in the succession of mycorrhizal fungi during the regrowth of pine after wildfire.

Suillus brevipes is a

ppm), lead (200 ppm), and nickel (20 ppm).[34]

During the regrowth of pine trees after disturbance like

rhizomorphs produced by the fungus may serve as an adaptation that helps it to survive and remain viable for a period of time following disturbance.[37]

Habitat and distribution

Suillus brevipes grows singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in late summer and autumn. A common—and sometimes abundant—mushroom, it occurs over most of North America (including Hawaii

USDA Forest Service in 1955.[41][42] Other introductions have also occurred in exotic pine plantations in Argentina, India, New Zealand,[43][44] Japan, and Taiwan.[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Suillus brevipes (Peck) Kuntze 1898". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
  2. ^ "Boletus viscosus Vent. 1863". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
  3. ^ Peck CH. (1885). "Report of the Botanist (1884)". Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 38: 110.
  4. JSTOR 3792925
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  5. ^ Kuntze O. (1898). Revisio Generum Plantarum (in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig: A. Felix. p. 535.
  6. ^ Murrill WA. (1948). "Florida boletes". Lloydia. 11: 29.
  7. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
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  8. ISBN 978-3-87429-254-2
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  9. ^
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  14. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7
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  15. ^
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  16. ^
    ISBN 978-3-7682-1062-1
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  17. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429056. Open access icon
  18. ^
    ISBN 978-0-520-03656-7
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  19. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2
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  20. ISBN 978-0-472-85610-7
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  21. ^ Mattson DJ, Podruzny SR, Haroldson MA (2002). "Consumption of fungal sporocarps by Yellowstone Grizzly Bears" (PDF). Ursus. 13: 95–103.
  22. doi:10.1080/0028825x.1973.10430293
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  23. PMID 19022225
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  24. OCLC 797915861
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  25. JSTOR 3760972
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  26. ^ Grand LF. (1968). "Conifer associated and mycorrhizal syntheses of some Pacific Northwest Suillus species". Forest Science. 14 (3): 304–12.
  27. ^ Doak KB. (1934). "Fungi that produce ectotrophic mycorrhizae". Phytopathology. 24: 7.
  28. ^
    JSTOR 3793215
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  29. S2CID 59942804
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  30. doi:10.1139/b72-122
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  31. ^ Morrison TM, Burr R (1973). "Physiology of the mycorrhizas of Radiata Pine". Report of Forest Research Institute for 1972, New Zealand Forest Service. 1: 19–20.
  32. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1982.tb04482.x
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  33. ^ Molina R, Trappe JM (1982). "Patterns of ectomycorrhizal host specificity and potential among Pacific Northwest conifers and fungi". Forest Science. 28: 423–58.
  34. ^ McCreight JD, Schroeder DB (1982). "Inhibition of growth of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi by cadmium, lead, and nickel in vitro". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60 (9): 1601–5.
  35. S2CID 85061542
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  36. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00140-1
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  37. doi:10.1139/cjb-76-2-218
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  38. ISBN 978-1-58008-339-3
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  39. ISSN 0085-6223
    .
  40. ISBN 978-0-88880-355-9
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  41. JSTOR 3761516
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  42. ^ Vozzo JA. (1971). "Field inoculations with mycorrhizal fungi". In Hacskaylo E (ed.). Mycorrhizae, proceedings of the first North American conference on mycorrhizae. April 1969. Forest Service Misc. Publication 1189. US Department of Agriculture. pp. 187–96.
  43. ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3
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  44. ISSN 0379-5179
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  45. ^ Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C (1983). "Boletes of Taiwan 4" (PDF). Taiwania. 28: 122–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.

External links

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