Suillus luteus
Suillus luteus | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Boletales |
Family: | Suillaceae |
Genus: | Suillus |
Species: | S. luteus
|
Binomial name | |
Suillus luteus | |
Synonyms[1] | |
|
Suillus | |
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Pores on hymenium | |
Cap is convex | |
Hymenium is adnate or subdecurrent | |
mycorrhizal | |
Edibility is edible |
Suillus luteus is a bolete fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus. A common fungus native all across Eurasia from Ireland to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Commonly referred to as slippery jack or sticky bun in English-speaking countries, its names refer to the brown cap, which is characteristically slimy in wet conditions. The fungus, initially described as Boletus luteus ("yellow mushroom") by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, is now classified in a different fungus family as well as genus. Suillus luteus (literally "yellow pig", from its greasy look in rain) is edible, though not as highly regarded as other bolete mushrooms. It is commonly prepared and eaten in soups, stews or fried dishes. The slime coating, however, may cause indigestion if not removed before eating. It is often sold as a dried mushroom.
The fungus grows in
Taxonomy and naming
The slippery jack was one of the many species first described in 1753 by the "father of taxonomy" Carl Linnaeus, who, in the second volume of his Species Plantarum, gave it the name Boletus luteus.[2] The specific epithet is the Latin adjective lūtěus, meaning "yellow".[3] The fungus was reclassified as (and became the type species of) the genus Suillus by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1796.[4] Suillus is an ancient term for fungi, and is derived from swine.[5] In addition to the British Mycological Society approved name "slippery jack",[6] other common names for this bolete include "pine boletus" and "sticky bun"—the latter referring to its resemblance to the pastry.[7]
German naturalist
In works published before 1987, the slippery jack was written fully as Suillus luteus (L.:
In their 1964
Chemical analysis of pigments and chromogens showed that Suillus was more closely related to Gomphidius and Rhizopogon than to other boletes, and hence Suillus luteus and its allies were transferred from the Boletaceae to the newly circumscribed family Suillaceae in 1997.[18] Molecular studies have reinforced how distantly related these fungi are from Boletus edulis and its allies.[19]
Description
The cap is chestnut, rusty, olive brown, or dark brown in color and generally 4–10 cm (rarely to 20 cm) in diameter at maturity.[20] The cap has a distinctive conical shape, later flattening out. It is slimy to the touch, bare, smooth, and glossy even when dry, and the cuticle is easily peeled off. The tiny, circular pores of the tubes are initially yellow but turn olive to dark yellow with maturity. Like the skin of the cap, they can be readily peeled away from the flesh.[21]
Tubes comprising the hymenophore on the underside of the cap are 3–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) deep, with an attachment to the stipe ranging from adnate to somewhat decurrent. The pores are tiny, numbering 3 per mm in young specimens and 1–2 per mm in maturity.[15] The stipe is 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) tall and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) wide.[22] It is pale yellow and more or less cylindrical but may bear a swollen base. A membranous partial veil initially links the stipe with the edge of the cap. When it ruptures, it forms a membranous, hanging ring.[21] The top side of the ring is whitish, while the underside is characteristically dark brown to violet. This species is one of the few members of the genus Suillus that have such a ring.[21] Above the ring, the stipe features glandular dots—minute clumps of pigmented cells. Below the ring, the stipe is dingy white, sometimes streaked with brownish slime.[23] In humid conditions, the ring has a gelatinous texture.[15] The white flesh of the entire fungus does not discolour when damaged, and is soft—particularly in mature specimens.[21] It has a "pleasant" taste and lacks any distinctive odour.[15]
The
Similar species
Good field characteristics for Suillus luteus include the slimy brown cap, glandular dots on the upper stipe, and prominent purplish ring. A frequent lookalike is Suillus granulatus, which is another common, widely distributed and edible species occurring in the same habitat. Suillus granulatus is yellow fleshed and exudes latex droplets when young, but most conspicuously bears neither a partial veil nor a ring.[24] Other than that, Suillus luteus is unlikely to be confused with other mushrooms, especially if its preferred habitat under pine trees and the whitish partial veil are considered. In Europe, the related Suillus grevillei is found under larch and has a yellow cap, while immature fruit bodies of Gomphidius glutinosus may look comparable from above but have gills rather than pores underneath.[21] In North America, Suillus borealis and S. pseudobrevipes also have partial veils, but lack the distinctive ring of S. luteus.[5] S. cothurnatus forms a band-like ring on the stipe that tends to be brownish rather than purplish.[25]
In some specimens of S. luteus, the partial veil separates from the stipe (rather than the cap margin), leaving cottony patches of veil hanging from the cap margin. In this state, fruit bodies can be confused with those of S. albidipes. Unlike S. luteus, however, S. albidipes does not have glandular dots on its stipe.[15]
Distribution and habitat
Suillus luteus can be found all over the
In Ecuador, Pinus radiata plantations were planted extensively around
In southern Brazil, it has been recorded in plantations of slash pine (P. elliottii) in the municipalities of Pelotas, Nova Petrópolis and Canela in Rio Grande do Sul, and Colombo in Paraná.[37] It is particularly common in plantations in Patagonia.[38] Suillus luteus is the commonest bolete encountered in the Falkland Islands, where it is found in windbreaks and gardens.[39]
In South Africa, Suillus luteus has been occasionally recorded under pines in Bloemfontein, Johannesburg and Royal Natal National Park.[40]
Ecology
Suillus luteus is a
The
The fungus has been shown to provide a protective effect against
Suillus luteus fruit bodies are sometimes infested with larvae, though not nearly as often as S. granulatus or B. edulis.[21] Damage from maggots is much more common in warmer months, and rare late in the season with cooler weather.[26] In a Finnish study, researchers found that 70–95% of fruit bodies collected from typical forest habitats were infested with larvae; the most common species were the flies Mycetophila fungorum, Pegomya deprimata, and Pegohylemyia silvatica.[56] In contrast, other studies have shown that fruit bodies collected from pine plantations are relatively free of larvae.[57] The fungus produces microscopic crystals of oxalic acid at the surface of its hyphae, a feature that is thought to help deter grazing by the springtail species Folsomia candida.[58]
Edibility
Suillus luteus is an
In
Slippery jacks do not keep for long after picking,[21]. Zeitmar considers them unsuitable for drying,[20] as their water content is too high. They are suited for frying,[20] or cooking in stews and soups, either alone or with other mushroom species.[70] Puréeing the mushroom is not recommended, however: "We once made the mistake of running it through a blender to make a soup. The result was a substance recommending itself for use when hanging wallpaper."[25] S. luteus and other Suillus species may cause allergic reactions in some people[71] or digestive problems that appear to result from consuming the slimy skin.[25] The fungus is better cooked before eating, and some authors recommend discarding the glutinous cuticle and tubes before cooking.[23][72] Moreover, the skin can spoil other fungi with which slippery jacks are collected.[20]
Inexpensive powdered S. luteus fruit bodies are sometimes added to the more expensive B. edulis mushroom soup powder, a fraudulent practice that is difficult to detect by microscope because the tissues are no longer intact.
See also
References
- ^ a b "GSD species synonymy: Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1177.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
- ^ Roussel HFA. (1796). Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu (in French). Caen, France: L.-J. Poisson. p. 34.
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- ^ "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. June 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
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- ^ Batsch AJGK. (1783). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin and German). Magdeburg, Germany: Apud Joannem Jacobum Gebauer. p. 99.
- ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse. 3 (9): 16.
- ^ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia vigentium. Switzerland: O. Doin. p. 155.
- ^ Hennings PC (1900). "Fungi (Eumycetes)". Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen. 1 (in German). Vol. 1. Leipzig, Germany: W. Engelmann. p. 195.
- ^ Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 646.
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- ^ a b c d e f Smith AH, Thiers HD (1964). A Contribution Toward a Monograph of North American Species of Suillus (Boletaceae) (PDF). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Privately published. pp. 67–68.
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- ^ Leonard P. (2012). "Fungi Key – Suillus". QMS Website. Queensland Mycological Society. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ^ Ratkowsky DA, Gates GM (2005). "An inventory of macrofungi observed in Tasmanian forests over a six-year period" (PDF). Tasforests. 16: 153–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2013.
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- ^ Karadelev M, Rusevska K, Spasikova S (2007). "The Family Boletaceae s.l. (Excluding Boletus) in the Republic of Macedonia" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Botany. 31 (6): 539–50.
- ^ Yağiz D, Afyon A, Konuk M, Helfer S (2006). "Contributions to the macrofungi of Kastamonu province, Turkey". Mycotaxon. 98: 177–80.
- ^ Kuo M. (November 2004). "Suillus luteus: The Slippery Jack". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
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External links
- Suillus luteus at MykoWeb