Suillus spraguei

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Suillus spraguei
Found in New Hampshire, US
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Suillaceae
Genus: Suillus
Species:
S. spraguei
Binomial name
Suillus spraguei
Synonyms[5]
  • Boletus murraii Berk. & M.A.Curtis, 1872[1]
  • Boletus spraguei Berk. & M.A.Curtis, 1872[1]
  • Boletus pictus Peck, 1873[2]
  • Suillus pictus (Peck) Kuntze, 1898[3]
  • Boletinus pictus (Peck) Lj.N.Vassiljeva, 1978[4]
Suillus spraguei
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, including the painted slipperycap, the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus. Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history, and is also frequently referred to as Suillus pictus in the literature. The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh, dry to the touch, and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks. On the underside of the cap are small, yellow, angular pores that become brownish as the mushroom ages. The stalk bears a grayish cottony ring, and is typically covered with soft hairs or scales.

Suillus spraguei grows in a

eastern white pine, and the fruit bodies grow on the ground, appearing from early summer to autumn. It has a disjunct distribution, and is found in eastern Asia, northeastern North America, and Mexico throughout the range of the host tree. The mushroom is edible; opinions about its quality vary. The mushroom bears a resemblance to several other Suillus species, including the closely related S. decipiens
; the species can be differentiated by variations in color and size.

Taxonomy, phylogeny, and naming

Suillus spraguei has had a complex

fungal naming.[7] In 1945 Singer reported that the name Boletus pictus was illegitimate because it was a homonym, already being used for a polypore mushroom described by Carl Friedrich Schultz in 1806.[6][nb 1] The name was officially switched to Suillus spraguei in 1986 (Otto Kuntze had previously transferred the taxon to Suillus in 1898).[5][nb 2]

Phylogeny and relationships of S. spraguei and related species based on ITS sequences[12]

A 1996

phylogenetic relationships and clarify the taxonomy of the genus. The results indicate that S. spraguei is most closely related to S. decipiens. The species S. granulatus and S. placidus lie on a branch sister to that containing S. spraguei.[12] These results were corroborated and extended in later publications that assessed the relationships between Asian and eastern North American isolates of various Suillus, including S. spraguei. The analysis supported the hypothesis that Chinese and U.S. S. spraguei and S. decipiens were each other's closest relatives, and the clade that contained them could be divided into four distinct subgroups: S. decipiens, U.S. S. spraguei, China (Yunnan) S. spraguei, and China (Jilin) S. spraguei.[13][14]

The

specific epithet spraguei is an homage to the collector Sprague, while pictus means "painted" or "colored".[15] Suillus spraguei is commonly known as the "painted slipperycap",[16] the "painted suillus", or the "red and yellow suillus".[17] It is also called the "eastern painted Suillus" to contrast with the "western painted Suillus" (Suillus lakei).[18]

Description

The pores are large, angular, and arranged radially.

The cap of the fruit body is 3 to 12 cm (1.2 to 4.7 in) in diameter, and depending on its age, is either conic to convex, to somewhat flattened at maturity. The cap margin is initially rolled downward before straightening out, often with hanging remnants of partial veil (appendiculate).[19] The cap surface is covered with densely matted filaments that are rough and scale-like. The scales are pink to brownish red, fading to a pale brown-gray or dull yellow in maturity. Under the scales, the cap surface is yellow to pale yellow-orange. While many other Suillus species have a sticky or slimy cap, S. spraguei is dry. The flesh is yellow.[20]

The cap surface has scales or mats of reddish hairs; in this older specimen the scales have separated somewhat, exposing more yellow flesh underneath.
The partial veil is beginning to tear, exposing the pore surface.

The pores on the underside of the cap are yellowish and angular, measuring 0.5 to 5 mm (0.02 to 0.20 in) wide, and formed by tubes that extend 4 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) deep.

tomentose, with scales at the top, and a ring on the upper half of the stem. Below the ring the stem is fibrillose, covered with a mat of soft hairs. Its color at the top is yellow, but with wine-red to reddish-brown scales below, underlaid with a pale yellow to grayish color.[20] The stem is usually solid, rarely hollow.[16] The tissue of all parts of the fruit body—cap, pores, and stem—will turn brownish shortly after being bruised or injured.[17][20]

In deposit, such as with a

basidia), while in face view they appear oblong. The spores are not amyloid, meaning that they do not absorb iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent.[23] The basidia (the spore-bearing cells in the hymenium) are thin-walled, four-spored, and have dimensions of 17–19 by 5–7.8 µm. In the presence of potassium hydroxide, they appear hyaline (translucent), and they become pale yellow to nearly hyaline in Melzer's reagent.[5]

Various parts of the mushroom display characteristic color reactions to chemical tests commonly used in mushroom identification. The cap cuticle will turn a blackish color with the application of a drop of potassium hydroxide (KOH), iron sulfate (FeSO4) solution, or ammonia solution. The mushroom flesh turns grayish-green to greenish black with a drop of FeSO4, and olive to greenish black with KOH or NH4OH.[19]

Edibility

Suillus spraguei is an

Québec described the mushroom as a poor edible ("comestible médiocre"), and warned of a slightly acidic taste and disagreeable flavor.[24] Michael Kuo's 2007 book 100 Edible Mushrooms rates the taste as mediocre, suggesting "its sluglike consistency has all the palatability of unflavored gelatin." The book recommends frying the thinly sliced mushroom in butter or oil until it acquires a crispy texture.[18]

Similar species

S. decipiens is a lookalike species.

S. spraguei is a popular edible among novice mushroom hunters as it is readily identifiable due to both its appearance and its association with white pine. This renders it unlikely to be confused with other species,

hazel rather than reddish to brownish. It is found in the southeastern United States, from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Texas.[29]

Ecology, habitat and distribution

The eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) is the predominant North American mycorrhizal associate of Suillus spraguei.

In nature, Suillus spraguei forms

ascospores. The perithecia are pimply and give the surface a roughened texture.[35]

The S. spraguei fruit body on the right is being attacked by the bolete mold Hypomyces completus.

A Japanese field study found that S. spraguei was the dominant fungus in a 21-year-old stand of Korean pine, both in terms of ectomycorrhizae (measured as percentage of

mycelia), rather than by colonization of spores.[37]

Suillus spraguei has a disjunct distribution[38] and is known from several localities in Asia, including China,[39] Japan,[40] Korea,[41] and Taiwan.[42] In North America, its range extends from eastern Canada (Nova Scotia)[20] south to the Carolinas, and west to Minnesota.[19] It has also been collected in Mexico (Coahuila and Durango).[38] Furthermore, the species has been introduced to Europe (Germany, Lower Saxony; Netherlands).[43][44][45][46]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ According to Streinz (1862), Boletus pictus Schultz is probably the same species as Polyporus perennis (L.) Fr.,[5] currently known as Coltricia perennis.[8]
  2. ^ Palm and Stewart consider Kuntze responsible for the transfer to Suillus; other authorities, including the taxonomic databases Index Fungorum[9] and MycoBank,[10] instead cite Smith and Thiers' 1964 monograph on North American species of Suillus.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b Berkeley MJ. (1872). "Notices of North American fungi". Grevillea. 1 (3): 35.
  2. ^ Peck CH. (1873). "Report of the Botanist (1869)". Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 23: 128.
  3. ^ Kuntze O. (1898). Revisio Genera Plantarum (in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig, Germany: Arthur Felix. p. 535.
  4. ^ "Boletinus pictus (A.H. Sm. & Thiers) Lj.N. Vassiljeva 1978". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  5. ^
    JSTOR 3793035
    .
  6. ^ a b Singer R. (1945). "The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae)". Farlowia. 2: 223–303.
  7. JSTOR 3754872
    .
  8. ^ "Polyporus perennis (L.) Fr. 1821" (International Mycological Association). MycoBank. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
  9. ^ "Suillus pictus (Peck) A.H. Sm. & Thiers". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  10. ^ "Suillus pictus A.H. Sm. & Thiers 1964". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  11. ^ Smith AH, Thiers HD (1964). A Contribution Toward a Monograph of North American Species of Suillus (Boletaceae). p. 31.
  12. ^
    JSTOR 3760972
    .
  13. ^
    PMID 11020303
    .
  14. S2CID 86035482
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 0-472-85610-3
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 0-395-91090-0
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-271-02891-0
    .
  18. ^
    ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9
    .
  19. ^ a b c d e Bessette et al. (2001), pp. 246–47.
  20. ^
    ISBN 3-7682-1062-6
    .
  21. ^
    ISBN 0-8131-9039-8
    .
  22. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7
    .
  23. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  24. ISBN 978-2-7621-2617-4
    .
  25. ^ Given in the source as Fuscoboletinus ochraceoroseus, but this species has since been transferred to the genus Suillus. See Suillus ochraceoroseus at Index Fungorum.
  26. ISBN 0-89815-169-4
    .
  27. ^ Bessette et al. (2001), p. 233.
  28. ^ Bessette et al. (2001), pp. 242–43.
  29. ^ Bessette et al. (2001), p. 234.
  30. ^
    doi:10.1139/b86-290
    .
  31. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.11.001
    .
  32. JSTOR 3793215
    .
  33. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01727.x
    .
  34. ^ Bessette et al. (2001).
  35. JSTOR 3760079
    .
  36. S2CID 27649536
    .
  37. JSTOR 1514761
    .
  38. ^
    The Field Museum
    . Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  39. JSTOR 3755085. Archived from the original
    on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
  40. ^ Murata Y. (1976). "The boletes of Hokkaido I. Suillus Micheli ex S. F. Gray m. Snell". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 17: 149–58.
  41. ISSN 0445-4650
    .
  42. ^ Yeh K-W, Chen Z-C (1980). "The boletes of Taiwan (I)" (PDF). Taiwania. 25 (1): 166–84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18.
  43. ^ Bas C. (1973). "Boletinus pictus, ein amerikanischer Röhrling im Nordwesten Deutschlands gefunden" (PDF). Westfälische Pilzbriefe (in German). 9 (3–5): 45–50.
  44. ISSN 1430-595X
    .
  45. ISSN 0929-7839
    .
  46. ^ Arnolds E, Chrispijn R (2011). Paddenstoelen in Nationaal Park Het Drents-Friese Wold 2008–2010. Rapport Paddenstoelen Werkgroep Drenthe (PDF) (in Dutch). Beilen: Paddenstoelen Werkgroep Drenthe. p. 59.

Cited text

  • Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). Boletes of North America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1
    .

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