Sulam
Sulam
סוּלַם سولم | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 32°36′20″N 35°20′04″E / 32.60556°N 35.33444°E | |
Grid position | 181/223 PAL |
Country | Israel |
District | Northern |
Council | Bustan al-Marj |
Population (2022)[1] | 2,710 |
Sulam (
In the Hebrew Bible
Sulam has been identified with the
History and archaeology
Overview
The village is situated on and around an archaeological tell (mound) and developed around the spring.[6] The core of the village has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt.[7]
Settlement periods
Various archaeological digs undertaken in Sulam have brought to light pottery and other remains from the
In December 2006, a trial excavation was undertaken on the southern slope of the tell, near the spring in the centre of the village, exposing four layers dated to the Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods.[12] It uncovered potsherds from the Roman (3rd century), Byzantine, and Early Muslim periods, as well as various finds from the Crusader (12th century), Mamluk (13th–15th centuries), and Ottoman (17th–19th centuries) periods.[12]
Another excavation, undertaken on the main street of the village and north of the spring at the end of 2007, uncovered building remains from the Early Islamic period (8th–10th centuries) and the late Ottoman period (19th century), as well as a
Remains discovered in the village include hiding complexes, tombs, and a church.[3]
Bronze Age
A 2004 salvage excavation exposed Early Bronze Age remains including part of a stone building and
Potsherds from the Middle Bronze Age were unearthed at a 2007 trial excavation.[11]
In the
Iron Age
A 2007 excavation discovered potsherds from the Iron Age.[11]
Roman and Early Byzantine periods
Mentioned by the name Sulem in 4th century CE works, such as the Onomasticon of
A 2004 salvage excavation unearthed Roman period remains including potsherds, coins, animal bones, and marble fragments.[8] 3rd-century potsherds were uncovered in the 2006 trial dig.[12]
Byzantine-Muslim transition
The 2006 trial excavation exposed a wall that was probably built before the Early Islamic period.]
Abbasid period
A 2003 salvage excavation undertaken at the southern end of the village uncovered a
Crusader period
The village was known to the Crusaders (12th century) under the name Suna.[14]
A thick burnt layer indicating prolonged activity with fire was exposed next to collapsed stone masonry and was dated to the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk period. The stratum of burnt earth and ashes has been exposed during various excavations on the tell and can be associated with prolonged activity at a kiln or oven.[7] The 2006 trial excavation also came across a grey layer from the Crusader period.[12]
Mamluk period
A wall and living space from the
Ottoman period
In 1517 the village was incorporated into the
Sulam was listed in the
The 2006 trial excavation unearthed building remains from the Ottoman period: from the early phase (17th–18th centuries) mainly potsherds, but from the later phase (the beginning of the 19th century) a stone-paved open area yielding, apart from potsherds, a large number of animal bones, indicating an animal-related activity.[12]
Pierre Jacotin named the village Soulin on his map from 1799.[18] Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, who visited the village in 1838, describe it as "small and dirty" and its inhabitants as "civil and friendly."[4] They also recount being approached by the Wely of Duhy who offered to take them to the shrine on the mountain, which he said was often visited by monks.[4]
In 1870–1871 an Ottoman census listed the village in the
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British authorities, Suolam had a population of 370; 366 Muslims and 4 Christians,[20] decreasing in the 1931 census to 328, all Muslim, in a total of 85 houses.[21]
In the 1945 statistics the population was 470, all Muslims,[22] while the total land area was 3,605 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[23] Of this, 4 dunams were allocated for citrus and bananas, 291 for plantations and irrigable land, 2,041 for cereals,[24] while 17 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[25]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p.167
- ^ a b Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 236
- ^ a b c d Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp.169-170
- ^ Wilson, 1881, 1884, p.31
- ^ a b Alexandre, 2008, Sulam
- ^ a b c d e f Dalali-Amos, 2/12/2009, Sulam
- ^ a b c Covello-Paran, 2006, Sulam
- ^ a b Covello-Paran, 2010, Sulam
- ^ a b Hanna, 2008, Sulam
- ^ a b c d Dalali-Amos, 14/2/2009, Sulam
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dalali-Amos, 05/12/2009, Sulam
- ^ Goren et al., 2004, p. 262.
- ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 87
- ^ al-Bakhīt, Muḥammad ʻAdnān; al-Ḥamūd, Nūfān Rajā (1989). "Daftar mufaṣṣal nāḥiyat Marj Banī ʻĀmir wa-tawābiʻihā wa-lawāḥiqihā allatī kānat fī taṣarruf al-Amīr Ṭarah Bāy sanat 945 ah". www.worldcat.org. Amman: Jordanian University. pp. 1–35. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
- S2CID 258602184.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 161.
- ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 169
- ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 256.
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 76
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 63
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 110
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 160
Bibliography
- Abu Zedan, Fadi (2019-12-29). "Sulam" (131). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Alexandre, Yardenna (2008-03-26). "Sulam" (120). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Cinamon, Gilad (2012-03-16). "Sulam" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
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(help) - Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Covello-Paran, Karen (2006-09-10). "Sulam" (118). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Covello-Paran, Karen (2010-02-07). "Sulam" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Covello-Paran, Karen (2011-03-28). "Sulam, Tel Shunem" (123). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Dalali-Amos, Edna (2009-02-14). "Sulam" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Dalali-Amos, Edna (2009-12-02). "Sulam" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Dalali-Amos, Edna (2009-12-05). "Sulam" (121). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Dalali-Amos, Edna (2011-12-04). "Sulam" (123). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Goren, Yuval; ISBN 9789652660206.
- Gosker, Joppe (2014-11-17). "Sulam" (126). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. p.112 - p. 114
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hanna, Butrus (2008-01-08). "Sulam" (120). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Karmon, Y. (1960). "An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine" (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- ISBN 965-208-107-8.
- Wilson, C.W., ed. (c. 1881). Picturesque Palestine, Sinai and Egypt. Vol. 2. New York: D. Appleton.
External links
- Welcome To Sulam (Shunem)
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: IAA, Wikimedia commons