Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz | |||||
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Ottoman Caliph Amir al-Mu'minin Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Khan | |||||
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah) | |||||
Reign | 25 June 1861 – 30 May 1876 | ||||
Predecessor | Abdulmejid I | ||||
Successor | Murad V | ||||
Grand viziers | |||||
Born | 8 February 1830 Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | ||||
Died | 4 June 1876[1] Feriye Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire | (aged 46)||||
Burial | Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, Fatih , Istanbul | ||||
Consorts |
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Issue Among others | |||||
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Dynasty | Ottoman | ||||
Father | Mahmud II | ||||
Mother | Pertevniyal Sultan | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Tughra |
Abdulaziz (
Abdulaziz's reign began with the Ottoman Empire resurgent following
Early life
Abdulaziz was born at Eyüp Palace,
The Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque was built under the patronage of his mother. The construction work began in November 1869 and the mosque was finished in 1871.[10]
His paternal grandparents were Sultan
Abdulaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the material progress that was being achieved in the West. He was the first Ottoman sultan who traveled to Western Europe, visiting a number of important European capitals including Paris, London, and Vienna in the summer of 1867.
In addition to his interest in literature, Abdulaziz was also a classical music composer. He took a special interest in documenting the Ottoman Empire. Some of his compositions, together with those of the other members of the Ottoman dynasty, have been collected in the album European Music at the Ottoman Court by the London Academy of Ottoman Court Music.[14]
Reign
European tour
Abdulaziz cultivated good relations with
In 1869, Abdulaziz received visits from
Railroads
The first Ottoman railroads were opened between
Further decline of the empire
Also in 1867, Abdulaziz became the first Ottoman Sultan to formally recognize the title of
This financial turmoil increased the importance of Britain for the sureties regarding the Ottoman revenues from Egypt and Sudan.
By 1871, both Fuad Pasha and Âli Pasha were dead.
While no one event led to his being deposed, the crop failure of 1873 and his lavish expenditures on the
Death
This Death may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (November 2020) |
Following Sultan Abdulaziz's dethronement, he was taken into a room at Topkapi Palace. This room happened to be the same room that Sultan Selim III was murdered in. The room caused him to be concerned for his life and he subsequently requested to be moved to Beylerbeyi Palace. His request was denied for the palace was considered inconvenient for his situation and he was moved to Feriye Palace instead. He nevertheless had grown increasingly nervous and paranoid about his security. In the morning of 5 June, Abdulaziz asked for a pair of scissors to trim his beard. Shortly after this, he was found dead in a pool of blood flowing from two wounds in his arms.
Several physicians were allowed to examine his body. Among which "Dr. Marco, Nouri, A. Sotto, Physician attached to the Imperial and Royal Embassy of Austria‐Hungary; Dr. Spagnolo, Marc Markel, Jatropoulo, Abdinour, Servet, J. de Castro, A. Marroin,
Conspiracy theories
There are several sources claiming the death of Abdulaziz was due to an assassination. Islamic nationalist author Necip Fazıl Kısakürek claimed that it was a clandestine operation carried out by the British.[25]
Another similar claim is based on the book The Memoirs of Sultan Abdulhamid II. In the book, which turned out to be a fraud,[26][27] Abdulhamid II claims that Sultan Murad V had begun to show signs of paranoia, madness, and continuous fainting and vomiting until the day of his coronation, and he even threw himself into a pool yelling at his guards to protect his life. High-ranking politicians of the time were afraid the public would become outraged and revolt to bring Abdulaziz back to power. Thus, they arranged the assassination of Abdulaziz by cutting his wrists and announced that "he committed suicide".[28] This book of memoir was commonly referred to as a first-hand testimony of the assassination of Abdulaziz. Yet it was proven, later on, that Abdulhamid II never wrote nor dictated such a document.[26][27]
Abdülaziz's family was also convinced that he was murdered, according to the statements of one of his consorts Neşerek Kadın and his daughter Nazime Sultan.[29][30][31][32]
Honours, emblem
Honours
- Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865[33]
- United Kingdom: Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 14 August 1867[34]
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
- Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 24 June 1870[35]
- Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 14 December 1874[36]
Emblem
Family
Abdülaziz's harem was known because, although slavery in the Ottoman Empire had already been abolished, his mother Pertevniyal Sultan continued to send slave girls from the Caucasus.
Consorts
Abdülaziz had six consorts:
- Dürrinev Kadın (15 March 1835 - 4 December 1895). BaşKadin. Called also Dürrunev Kadın. Georgian, born Princess Melek Dziapş-lpa, before becoming a consort she was a lady-in-waiting to Servetseza Kadin, consort of Abdülmecid I. She had two sons and a daughter.
- Edadil Kadın (1845 - 12 December 1875). Second Kadın. She was Abkhazian, born Princess Aredba. She became Abdülaziz's consort at the time of his accession to the throne. She had a son and a daughter.
- Hayranidil Kadın (2 Novembre 1846 - 26 November 1895). Second Kadın after Edadil's death. She perhaps was of slave origin. She had a son and a daughter.
- Neşerek Kadın (1848 - 11 June 1876). Third Kadin. Called also Nesrin Kadın or Nesteren Kadin. Circassian, born in Sochi as Princess Zevş-Barakay. She had a son and a daughter.
- Gevheri Kadın (8 July 1856 - 6 September 1884). Fourth Kadın. She was Abkhazian and her real name was Emine Hanim. She had a son and a daughter.
- Yıldız Hanim. Baş Ikbal. Sister of Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın, consort of Abdülhamid II. She had two daughters.
In addition to these, Abdülaziz planned to marry the Egyptian princess
Sons
Abdülaziz had six sons: [39] [40] [41]
- Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin (11 October 1857 - 1 February 1916) - with Dürrinev Kadın. Favorite son of his father, he was born when Abdülaziz was still a prince and therefore was kept hidden until his accession to the throne. During his reign, Abdülaziz unsuccessfully attempted to change the law of succession to allow him to inherit the throne. He had six consorts, two sons and two daughters.
- Adile Sultan, who dedicated several poetic components to him. He had a consort but no child.
- Şehzade Mehmed Selim (28 October 1866 - 21 October 1867) - with Dürrinev Kadın. Born and died in Dolmabahçe Palace, buried in Mahmud II mausoleum.
- Abdülmecid II (29 May 1868 - 23 August 1944) - with Hayranidil Kadin. He never became sultan due to the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922, and was the last caliph of the Ottoman Empire.
- Şehzade Mehmed Şevket (5 June 1872 - 22 October 1899) - with Neşerek Kadın. Parentsless at the age of four, he was welcomed in Yıldız Palace by Abdülhamid II, who raised him with his children. He had a consort and a son.
- Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin (22 September 1874 - 19 October 1927) - with Gevheri Kadin. Fatherless at the Age of two, he was welcomed by Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin. Vice admiral and musician. He had four consorts, three sons and a daughter.
Daughters
Abdülaziz had seven daughters: [39] [42] [43]
- Fatma Saliha Sultan (10 August 1862 - 1941) - with Dürrinev Kadın. She married once and had a daughter.
- Nazime Sultan (February 25, 1866 - 9 November 1947) - with Hayranidil Kadin. She married once but had no children.
- Emine Sultan (30 November 1866 - 23 January 1867) - with Edadil Kadin. Born and died in Dolmabahçe Palace. Buried in the Mahmud II mausoleum.
- Esma Sultan (21 March 1873 - 7 May 1899) - with Gevheri Kadin. Fatherless at the age of three, she was welcomed with her mother by her half-brother Şehzade Yusuf Izzedin. She married once and had four sons and a daughter. She died in childbirth.
- Fatma Sultan (1874 - 1875) - with Yıldız Hanim. She was born and died in Dolmabahçe Palace, buried in Mahmud II mausoleum.
- Emine Sultan (24 August 1874 - 29 January 1920) - with Neşerek Kadın. Parentsless at the age of two, she was welcomed with her mother by her half-brother Şehzade Yusuf Izzedin. She married once and had a daughter.
- Münire Sultan (1876/1877 - 1877) - with Yıldız Hanim. She born posthumously and died as a newborn.
Annotations
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
- ^ Garo Kürkman, (1996), Ottoman Silver Marks, p. 46
- ISBN 0-550-18022-2, page 2
- ^ Britannica, Istanbul: When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.
- ^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930."
- ^ "Daniel T. Rogers, "All my relatives: Valide Sultana Partav-Nihal"".
- ^ "His profile in the Ottoman Web Site".
- ^ ""Women in Power" 1840-1870, entry: "1861-76 Pertevniyal Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire"".
- ISBN 0688033385.
- ^ "Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque Complex". Discover Islamic Art. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Royal French Women in the Ottoman Sultans' Harem: The Political Uses of Fabricated Accounts from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-first Century | History Cooperative". 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 25 October 2006.
- ^ "Non European Royalty Website, entry:"Egypt"". Archived from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
- ^ ""Women in Power" 1840-1870, entry: "1863-79 Valida Pasha Khushiyar of Egypt"".
- ^ European Music at the Ottoman Court, London Academy of Ottoman Court Music. CD album released on 6 November 2000. ASIN: B0000542KD.
- ^ a b c d "Voyage of Sultan Abdülaziz to Europe (21 June 1867 – 7 August 1867)".
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abd-ul-Aziz". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
- ^ CFOA History - Trains and Railways of Turkey
- ^ "Imperial Coach of the Sultan". www.rmk-museum.org.tr. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Mevzuat Dergisi, Yıl: 9, Sayı: 100, Nisan 2006: "Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Borçlanma Politikaları ve Sonuçları"".
- ^ a b c "Article 18 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)".
- ^ a b "Articles 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923)".
- ^ Ali Haydar Midhat Bey (1903). The Life of Midhat Pasha. London: JOHN MURRAY. pp. 89–90.
- PMID 20748260.
- ^ Davis, Claire (1970). The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 222. ASIN B000NP64Z2.
- ISBN 9789758180301.
- ^ a b "Murat Bardakçı, Abdülhamid'in hatıra defteri yoktur, bu isimdeki kitap sahtedir, inanmayın ve kullanmayın! (Turkish)". 25 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Prof. Dr. Ali Birinci, Sultan Abdülhamid'in Hatıra Defteri Meselesi (Turkish)".
- ISBN 9753520344.
- ISBN 9780292793903.
- ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 233.
- ^ "Abdülaziz Han'ın kızı: Babamın katledilişini gördüm - Timeturk Haber". www.timeturk.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ Harun Yahya, Adnan (2017). Mastermind: The truth of the British Deep State Revealed. Araştırma Publishing. p. 263.
- ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, p. 243, retrieved 29 April 2020
- ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 64
- ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1875, p. 103, retrieved 21 March 2019
- ^ Staat Oldenburg (1875). Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1875. Schulze. p. 33.
- ^ a b Karahüseyin, Güller; Saçaklı, Palin Aykut (2004). Dolmabahçe Sarayı Harem Dairelerinin Mekan Fonksiyonları Dairelerinim Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı Yayını Istanbul. pp. 86, 101.
- ISBN 978-1-400-87876-5.
- ^ a b Uçan 2019, p. 24-25.
- ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 232-233.
- ^ Brookes 2010, p. 278, 283-286, 291.
- ^ Uluçay 2011, p. 232-234.
- ^ Brookes 2010, p. 280-281, 286 -289.
- ^ Uçan 2019, pp. 21, 23.
- ^ Tunç, Muhammed Nuri (2013). Ceyb-i Hümâyûn Hazinesi ve Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi R.1288 (M.1872) Tarihli Ceyb ve Harc-ı Jâssa Defterlerinin Transkripsiyonu ve Değerlendirilmesi (PhD Thesis). Gaziantep University Institute of Social Sciences. p. 113.
Sources
- Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.
- Uçan, Lâle (2019). Son Halife Abdülmecid Efendi'nin Hayatı - Şehzâlik, Veliahtlık ve Halifelik Yılları (PDF) (PhD Thesis). Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- Uluçay, M. Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ötüken. OCLC 854893416.
External links
Media related to Abdül Aziz I at Wikimedia Commons
Works by or about Abdülaziz at Wikisource
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .