Makhzumi dynasty
Makhzumi dynasty | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
896–1286 | |||||||||||||
Capital | Walalah (northern Hararghe)[1] | ||||||||||||
Official languages | Arabic | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Harla Argobba | ||||||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||
• 896–928 (first) | Haboba | ||||||||||||
• 1279 (last) | ʿAbdallah | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 896 | ||||||||||||
• Ifat | 1285 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1286 | ||||||||||||
Currency | Dinar | ||||||||||||
|
The Makhzumi dynasty also known as Sultanate of Shewa or Shewa Sultanate, was a
It has recently been proposed that Shewa was not a unified Sultanate but rather a collection of smaller, autonomous political entities.[9]
History
The Shewa sultanate was one of the oldest documented Muslim states in the region. The state ran along Muslim trade lines and dominions known to the
Shewa Sultanate, established in 896, is the first Muslim state inland and according to the chronicle of the sultanate no major report of conversion to Islam was reported before the beginning of the 12th century.
Ifat or Yifat, established in early medieval times, was the easternmost district of Shewa Sultanate and was located in the strategic position between the central highlands and the Sea, especially the port of Zeila.
Based on Cerulli's study of the names of the princes J. D. Fage and Roland Oliver were convinced that the inhabitants of Shewa spoke Ethiopian Semitic language likely
List of Sultans
There were nine recorded Sulṭāns of Shewa, who asserted descent from Wudd ibn Hisham al-Makhzumi.[32] Although Makhzumi rulers names found initially in Harar are Arabic, other texts found elsewhere at a later date use traditional Ethiopian Semitic names alternatively.[33]
Ruler Name | Reign | Note | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Amir Haboba | 896–928 | Earliest documented ruler of Hararghe. Haboba is unable to quell tribal conflicts, appeals to the Abbasid caliphate for mediators. Abdicates in favor of Abbasid mediating party leader Abadir.[34]
|
2 | Amir Umar | ???–??? | Known as Father (Aw) Abadir Umar ar-Rida. Resolves tribal issues. Proselytized as far as Mogadishu.[35] Several tribes in the Horn of Africa venerate Abadir. The beginning of the Harari dynasty of rulers.[36] Tomb in Harar.[37] |
3 | Amir Muhiaddin | ???–??? | Known as Father (Aw) Barkhedle Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn. Proselytized as far as Maldives and Sri Lanka. Venerated by various tribes in the Horn of Africa and South Asia. Tomb near Hargeisa.[38] |
4 | Amir Eidal | ???–??? | Known as Father (Aw) Abdal.[39] |
5 | Amir Maya | ???–??? | He is succeeded by his daughter. |
6 | Queen Badit | ???–1063 | Daughter of King Maya, possibly Gudit who destroyed the Axum state[40][41] Harar chronicles lists her as Tedin Bint Maya Lama[42] Badit is stated to be a usurper as Islamic law prohibits female rulers.[43] The Emirate in Harar transitions from emirate to sultanate after the death of Badit. |
7 | Sulṭān Malasmaʿī | 1180–1183 | |
8 | Sulṭān Ḥusein | 1183–1193 | He is from Gidaya state.[44][45] |
10 | Sulṭān ʿAbdallah | 1193–1235 | |
11 | Sulṭān Maḥamed | 1235–1239 | Son of Sulṭān Ḥusein. |
12 | Sulṭān Ganah | 1252–1262 | The Abbasid caliphate to the Mongol Empire in 1258.[46]
|
13 | Sulṭān Mālzarrah | 1239–1252 | Son of Sulṭān Maḥamed. Married Fatimah Aydargun, daughter of Sulṭān ʿAli "Baziwi" ʿUmar of Ifat in 1245, and mother of Sultan Dilmārrah. |
14 | Sulṭān Girām-Gaz'i | 1262–1263 | Son of Sulṭān Ganah. The only other ruler in the region to hold the title Gazi "conqueror", aside from Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. Abdicated in favor of his elder brother. |
15 | Sulṭān Dilmārrah | 1263–1278 | Dhal Marrahan literally "Guide to the victory" in Harari and Argobba as well as other Ethiopian Semitic languages spoken by Christians of northern Ethiopia.[47] The state was in conflict with the people of Gidaya, Mora and Gabarge.[48] Son of Sulṭān Mālzarrah. Internal conflict, he was deposed by Dil Gamis. He was half-Walashma on his mother's side, and also married a Walashma princess. According to Harari texts a drought hit the Sultanate in 1272 killing a large number of the aristocracy and its rulers within two years.[49] |
16 | Sulṭān Dil-Gāmis | 1269–1283 | Assumes the Christian Axumite royal title "Dil" last used by Dil Na'od.[50] In 1270 Yekuno Amlak establishes Solomonic dynasty in the west with the assistance of Gafat mercenaries and Dil Gamis, whom provided aid to Amlak giving him an advantage over Zagwe.[51][52] According to Arabic texts found in Harar the previous ruler Dil-Marrah sought assistance from Yekuno Amlak in restoring his rule, and was briefly restored to the throne in July 1278, but was deposed again by August.[53] The Axumite title "Dil" would not be used again until the 16th century by Bati del Wambara. |
17 | Sulṭān ʿAbdallah | 1279–1279 | Son of Sulṭān Ganah. Briefly deposed Sulṭān Dilmārrah to restore the rule of the sons of Ganah. However, this rebellion was short lived, and Shewa would be annexed into Ifat the following year. |
See also
- Ethiopia in the Middle Ages
- History of the Horn of Africa
- Sultanate of Harar
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